Irrigation Control System Research Articles

Results of a simulation to propose an automated irrigation & monitoring system in crop production using fast charging & solar charge controller

In daily operations related to farming or gardening, watering is the most important cultural practice. Especially in rice cultivation huge amount of water is used. In conventional method continuous standing water is kept above paddy field during whole growing period of rice crop, though it is not necessary to keep continuous standing water in the field. The alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) irrigation systems are a modern technology which saves water as well as increases crop yield. This AWD is being practiced manually in Bangladesh. This proposed model aims to make the AWD irrigation system into automated AWD irrigation system. However huge amount of electric power and fuel are being consumed by irrigation system in the country. The other aims of the proposed model are use of renewable energy instead of electric and fuel energy to save and secure future resources. To fulfil the country's feed, enhance the economy and develop availability of water automation in AWD is an essential requirement. Smart irrigation system occupies an exact amount of water at the correct location. It saves time and decreases hard work. It also makes a country self-sufficient in the food section. The traditional watering system is long time consumed where automation in AWD mitigate the time duration. It can also sense the weather behavior. During the rainy season it checks the possibility of rain and acts like that with help of the multi-level sensors. So, it can improve production efficiency as well. For this reason, an automatic irrigation control system has been designed with sensors, solar panels, fast charger, and battery. The sensors detect the dynamic water above and below ground surface. All this set up is controlled by Arduino microcontroller. Online Wi-fi ESP8266 module is used to control automated online monitoring to get feedback from sensors. A fast charger is used as back up part in AWD method. This whole circuit is more efficient and works automatically and manually.

Will the Adoption of Early Fertigation Techniques Hinder Famers’ Technology Renewal? Evidence from Fresh Growers in Shaanxi, China

Fertigation technology is key to solve water pollution and inefficient fertilizer use. However, some early techniques cannot adapt to the current situation of labor shortages and large-scale planting. Therefore, it is necessary to consider farmers’ willingness to adopt more adaptive techniques. Specifically, we focus on whether early technology adoption will hinder technology renewal and whether the factors affecting the adoption of early and latest techniques are consistent. Through theoretical analysis and a survey, we find that farmers’ endowments such as income and labor force only affect the adoption intentions to the high-cost technique (Intelligent Irrigation Control System), but not early techniques (Venturi injector and Differential pressure tank), while farmers’ information processing ability and information acquisition channels affect both. Finally, the results of Propensity Score Matching show that early technology adoption will not become an obstacle to technology renewal.

Optimization and feasibility analysis of pico-hydro generation system used in small agricultural pipe network

Remote monitoring and control of irrigation can be realized by using agricultural automatic irrigation technology. Power supply is important to ensure the normal operation of automatic irrigation monitoring and control system. Using pipeline water flow as the energy source could solve the problem of power shortage outside the city. In order to fully utilize the water flow energy, we proposed a pico-hydro generation system in this paper, including the optimized power generation module and its peripheral circuit. Firstly, different structures of 3-D impeller models are constructed. These models are analysed and compared with each other using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the optimized impeller model is selected. Finally, the peripheral circuit is designed based on the hydraulic turbine output using the optimized impeller structure. The results show that the impeller model with 7 blades, each of which is with the angle of 53°, has a stable flow pattern. And the water energy utilization efficiency is as high as 82.1%.

Significance to the Horticulture Industry

Significance to the Horticulture Industry

Application of reflectance based vegetation index to derive dual crop co-efficient for summer sesame

Dual crop co-efficient approach was applied to estimate seasonal water requirement for summer sesame using reflectance based vegetation indices. Field experiment was conducted to collect the required various crop physiologic parameters and NDVI data for the study crop during 2018 and 2019. Basal crop co-efficients and soil evaporation co-efficients collected from FAO-56 for initial mid and end stages of summer sesame were adjusted for study area using local weather parameters. Spectrum® Field Scout CM 1000 NDVI Meter were used to collect the NDVI data at various stages of study crop. The NDVI was measured from crop canopy and soil surface at 7 days intervals between 12.00 to 13.00 clocks. NDVI Based Basal Crop Co-efficient and Soil evaporation co-efficient were derived using standard methods. FAO estimated crop co-efficients were compared with NDVI based crop co-efficients. The co-efficient of determination of the fitted regression equation was found to be 0.836 and 0.765 for drip irrigation and 0.783 and 0.867 for surface control irrigation system for summer sesame during 2018 and 2019, respectively. Crop growing stage wise water requirement per unit area was estimated for both treatments. Results indicates that among these two methods, NDVI method estimate lowest water requirement in both cases i.e. total water requirement and during all the crop growth stages for both irrigation systems while daily crop water requirement was lower for all growth stages in drip system as compare with control system.

Internet of Things based Smart Irrigation Control System for Paddy Field

This study aimed to establish a water-saving irrigation technique-based Smart Field Cultivation Server (SFCS) for paddy field irrigation by employing information and communication technologies. The development of SFCS considered the requirement on rice growth, pest development, and fieldwork management. The proposed SFCS is equipped with a solar power supply system and consisted of sensors including illumination, air temperature, air humidity, water level, soil moisture content, soil electronic conductivity, and soil temperature. Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is used for data transmission due to the data size and transmitting frequency. A smartphone-based application (APP) has been developed for users to monitor field environment by tabular, dashboard panel, and whisker chart box, provides multiple data display ways for different purposes. Moreover, a proposal for a water-saving irrigation technique named system of probiotics rice intensification (SPRI) has been integrated into the APP. With the developed APP, farmers will receive fieldwork reminders by calendar day that water-saving irrigation may be possibly implemented. The SFCS is not only shown ability on the field monitoring but also links the gap between the fieldwork application and modern technology.

Development of mobile-based apps towards smart farming technology in Agro Innovation Park (Tagrinov) Management

As an effort to optimize the use of smart farming technology aimed at increasing efficiency in agriculture, a study was carried out at Agro-Innovation Park (Tagrinov), a place for education and learning of innovative home yard utilization concept. The smart farming applied in Tagrinov were irrigation control systems, pH and nutrition control systems of hydroponic plant, and temperature and humidity control in aeroponic systems. Those three monitoring and controlling systems were integrated in the mobile apps called Tagrinov 4.0. The deployment of control mechanism involved some systems, namely communication testing of android application using firebase server for irrigation; the Arduino Mega 2560 for pH level and nutrition control of hydroponic plant, and the Arduino Uno, DHT22 and DS18B20 sensors for temperature and humidity control of the aeroponic system. The test results showed some advantages of smart farming application in Tagrinov. Irrigation control system using internet network can be easily carried out by users. Arduino makes the system automatic, the pH sensor works as pH meter, the nutrients turn on and off when the pH value and nutrients are appropriate. The aeroponic sensor system read the temperature and humidity in the parent seed nursery, to activate the sprayer and makes the water become mist. All smart farming technologies were operated through mobile apps making these systems more efficient.

Sustainable Irrigation System for Farming Supported by Machine Learning and Real-Time Sensor Data.

Presently, saving natural resources is increasingly a concern, and water scarcity is a fact that has been occurring in more areas of the globe. One of the main strategies used to counter this trend is the use of new technologies. On this topic, the Internet of Things has been highlighted, with these solutions being characterized by offering robustness and simplicity, while being low cost. This paper presents the study and development of an automatic irrigation control system for agricultural fields. The developed solution had a wireless sensors and actuators network, a mobile application that offers the user the capability of consulting not only the data collected in real time but also their history and also act in accordance with the data it analyses. To adapt the water management, Machine Learning algorithms were studied to predict the best time of day for water administration. Of the studied algorithms (Decision Trees, Random Forest, Neural Networks, and Support Vectors Machines) the one that obtained the best results was Random Forest, presenting an accuracy of 84.6%. Besides the ML solution, a method was also developed to calculate the amount of water needed to manage the fields under analysis. Through the implementation of the system it was possible to realize that the developed solution is effective and can achieve up to 60% of water savings.

Development of a heat pulse sensor for measuring matric suction on soilless substrates

Crops cultivated in greenhouse normally use soilless substrates as a growing medium. In this production process, strict control of the application of water and fertilizers is required. The availability of sensors that measure accurately and at low cost the matric suction in the culture medium enables the automation of irrigation. Currently available sensors have deficiencies such as reduced sensitivity at low suctions, interference from ambient temperature and being affected by the salinity of the substrate. The cost of commercially available sensors is also a challenge. In this context, the objective of this study was to develop a heat dissipation sensor for measuring matric suction in the range of 0 to 5 kPa, as required by most agricultural substrates. The sensor consists of two parts, the first being an active core comprised of a heat source and a temperature sensor. The second part is a specially designed porous body that comes to hydraulic equilibrium with the medium in which the sensor is inserted. The porous body was produced using sintered glass microspheres. The data acquisition system uses the Arduino Uno platform. Sensors were calibrated and tested using a coconut fiber substrate submitted to water tensions between 0 and 10 kPa, using Haines’ funnels. Good correlations were observed between temperature variations in the sensor and water tension variations in the substrate between 0 and 5 kPa. The low cost and the adequate sensitivity of the sensor indicate that it can be used in the automatic control of irrigation systems in cultivation of plants in substrates.

Digital technologies for optimization of moisture parameters of calculated soil’s layer

The article presents the results of the development of a digital technology for optimizing the parameters of moisture in the calculated soil layer. The introduction of precision irrigation technologies requires the development of new approaches to the development of decision support systems for their technical implementation in modern high-level programming languages. The developed computer program for determining the optimal moisture parameters of the calculated soil layer for the main irrigated crops of the Saratov region is easy to use and easily integrated into digital automated irrigation control systems.

RETRACTED: Adum3210 chip based design of the control system of water lifting irrigation based on the internet of things

In the control system of water lifting irrigation of wind power generation, the communication line is open line, and there are many auxiliary equipment nearby, which makes the control system vulnerable to external interference and causes the control system to have poor stability. For this reason, the design of the control system based on the Internet of things is proposed. The Internet of things technology is introduced to design the GPRS network part of the controller. The GPRS network module is connected with the microcontroller to improve the system performance by using the network to drive the irrigation equipment; According to the power consumption of the collector, the power of the photovoltaic cell and the capacity of the lithium polymer cell suitable for the system are obtained, and the solar power supply module is designed; Taking max13052 chip as the core, combined with Dual Digital Isolator adum3210 chip, the can interface is designed by programming its corresponding pin. Based on the hardware environment, the system control software is designed. The speed of the three-phase asynchronous motor is controlled by the frequency conversion vector, and the real-time control is achieved by the Quasi-Z source inverter. The experimental results show that under the condition of gust wind speed and step wind speed, the anti-interference performance of the control system in this paper is strong, and the energy consumption is low, which has certain feasibility.

Метод отримання водно-фізичних властивостей ґрунтів за фракціями їхнього гранулометричного складу

The method of obtaining water-physical properties of soils (basic hydrophysical characteristics (BHC) and moisture conductivity function) is presented. These properties, or functions, allow us to describe the vertical movement of moisture in unsaturated soils as one of the components of the expenditure item of the water balance. They are widely used in the substantiation of water reclamation and in the modeling of moisture transfer in the soil. The method is based on laboratory studies of soil samples taken in the field on the granulometry composition. The results of laboratory test now in Ukraine are usually obtained by the method of Kaczynski with two components, the percentage of clay and sand. They are graphically, with the help of integral (cumulative) curves are transformed into data corresponding to the international classification - with three components: the content of sand, dust, clay. The latter fractional distribution is used by the world community of soil scientists. Therefore, using data on the content of sand, silt, clay, using a computer program with open access "Rosetta" USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) the water-physical properties in the form of water constants: the saturated soil moisture, the residual soil moisture, the saturated hydraulic conductivity, and the coefficients of the equations of the mathematical model of van Genuchten are calculated. The publication provides examples of calculation of water-physical properties of soils by the presented method of dark chestnut soils and ordinary chernozems. The advantages of the proposed method include the low complexity of experimental studies, the availability of analyzes and the presence of many experimental studies of the granulometry composition of soils, including in literary sources. As a development of the research direction, the author shows the application of the obtained dependence for modeling moisture transfer during water reclamation (irrigation in irrigation control systems.). Regarding the directions of future research, the publication recommends comparing the accuracy of obtaining water-physical properties of soils by different methods, as well as obtaining an important water constant - the field capacity (FC) as the lowest field moisture content.

Functional design of smart evaporative irrigation for mina-padi system in Indonesia

The smart evaporative irrigation is offered as an appropriate option in regulating irrigation water more effective. Smart means the system of irrigation is automatically controlled by a floating ball valve based on evaporation and evapotranspiration rate without electrical power. The objective was to evaluate the functional design of the evaporative irrigation on water demand aspect particularly for Mina-padi (paddy–fish farming). The system was evaluated based on the experimental field in the lab-scale since 10 July 2020. There were three irrigation regimes, i.e., continuous flooded (CR), wet (WR), and dry (LR) regimes. During the vegetative growth stage, the smart evaporative irrigation worked well. The irrigation was supplied by a floating ball valve automatically according to the evapotranspiration rate. The actual water levels were well kept and fitted to the setpoint as indicated by low mean absolute error (MAE). The CR regime needs more irrigation water and evaporated more water through the evapotranspiration process. Its rate was highest ranged between 5.81 – 6.6 mm/day. On the other hand, the LR regime has the lowest evapotranspiration rate in between 1.65 – 4.09 mm/day. The irrigation control system became crucial for control the evapotranspiration rate in which less irrigation water evaporate less water.

Application of Internet Communications in Agricultural Electromechanical Drainage and Irrigation Pumping Station

With the gradual advancement of electric energy substitution, the power consumption of agricultural electromechanical drainage and irrigation pumping station increases rapidly. It is urgent to update and transform the pumping station. Aiming at the substitution scenario of electric energy for agricultural irrigation and drainage, the technology of internet communications are combined in the application. It focuses on the design of two systems: monitoring and warning of operation conditions, and charging management of pumping stations. An electrical control cabinet integrated with power supply and control is designed by using PLC control system. This control cabinet is installed in the pump house of irrigation and drainage area. Some control terminals can be connected to it, and each terminal can be connected with a load that can work or shut down independently. These two systems store and analyse the operation conditions and electricity charge information. They also establish database and exchange data with external power supply companies and water resources management bureaus through internet communications. They are used to realize intelligent control and management. It is of great significance to establish a perfect integrated power supply control system for agricultural irrigation and drainage.

Research and Design of Over - irrigation Control System for Underwater Pouring Concrete of Pile Foundation

The quality of the pile head is the control difficulty of the concrete cast-in-situ pile technology when the bored piles, especially the deep foundation piles, are filled with underwater concrete. The hammer method and volume estimation method are widely used to control concrete over-irrigation height in the existing technology. However, in the actual operation, these two methods are inclined to cause mis-judgment by the field technicians, so it is difficult to accurately determine the over-irrigation height, resulting in the under-irrigation or the excessively high over-irrigation height of the pile head, which seriously affects the construction quality and greatly increase the cost of engineering costs. In order to solve this problem, combining modern sensing technology and communication technology, an over-irrigation height control system of underwater concrete cast-in-situ pile was developed in this paper based on the principle that the buoyancy changes at a certain depth due to the difference between the mud weight and the concrete proportion of the bored pile. The system is mainly composed of sensor based on Hall effect, data acquisition module, wireless communication module, remote network server and monitoring terminal, and serial tests were carried out. The test results show that the system can accurately monitor the concrete level to reach the pre-set height in advance, and timely alarm for overrun, and it is easy to operate and has high popularization value.

Irrigation control system design for paddy field by means of internet of things

During this time the control of the water level that is done is still using manual tools in the form of floodgates placed between rice fields and irrigation. Given the importance of controlling and monitoring the level of irrigation water in rice fields, the authors get the idea to create a control system to close the irrigation floodgates on rice fields for farmers. In addition to notification in the form of a SMS (Short Message Service) reply to the telegram application, the open and close irrigation door system in paddy fields is a major alternative that is very useful for farmers to prevent crop failures if the water in the paddy fields exceeds the limit. In this system utilizing the work of ultrasonic sensors to measure any changes in water level in the paddy fields, then the data will be received and processed in the nodemcu and water level notifications will be sent to the telegram, to drive the irrigation door on the paddy using a servo motor that will open and close the irrigation door on rice fields automatically according to the conditions specified. if the water level is <2 cm, the irrigation door will open, the buzzer will not sound. And if the water level below> 2 cm, the irrigation door will be closed, the buzzer will sound as a sign that the water needs in the field are sufficient. While the notification in the form of an sms will be sent to the telegram.

Design of Intelligent on Romote Irritation Control System based on Cloud Database

Aiming at the problems of low artificial efficiency, poor irrigation precision and unequal resource distribution in large-scale shed planting, a design scheme of remote irrigation control system based on cloud database is proposed. As a communication means between greenhouse and monitoring station, LoRa realizes the wireless interaction between sensor layer, actuator layer and network layer. Establish human-computer interaction interface between mobile devices and PCs, namely WeChat small program, to realize the parameterized regulation and management of greenhouses. Establish a cloud database to store relevant data and form a chart for big data research and manual reference. The experimental results show that the designed intelligent irrigation system is simple to install, has no cable constraints, high practicability, strong real-time performance and flexible control mode, and is suitable for medium and large-scale shed planting.

Design of Load Control System Using DTMF

In agricultural sectors, one of the problems faced by the farmer is the water usage for watering schedule sometimes was wasted. With inefficient irrigation system, the water wastage could occur and resulting the excessive moisture for the soil and damaging the crops. The load control system in agricultural sectors especially for irrigation system is very important since it can affect the efficiency and the productivity of the operationsThe agricultural sectors also have many latest technologies implemented to the system such as irrigation system, temperature and humidity detection system and many other systems in order to operate efficiently so it can give profitable outcome. So, a desired load control system using Dual-Tone Multiple Frequency (DTMF) will be design for irrigation system in order to overcome the inefficiency of manual irrigation system. By using DTMF to control the irrigation system, it will consume less time and it can be control in a wide range. Firstly, by using Arduino IDE software, the coding for this control system is written with C++ language. Then, it will be compiled to make sure the coding working without any errors before it is uploaded into the Arduino Uno board. The coding will then be uploaded by connecting the Arduino Uno board to the computer via USB. Next, the schematic layout design of this control system will be simulated using Proteus 8 and Fritzing software. After the simulation of the circuit is successful, the construction of the hardware will take place. The hardware of this load control system that be assembled first is connecting the cell phone to the DTMF decoder by using 3.5mm jack. Then, from the DTMF decoder it will be connected to the Arduino Uno board. The 4 channel 12V relay then connected to the output port of the Arduino Uno. In conclusion, this irrigation control system works when the user sent the signal using cell phone and it will be received by the other cell phone that attach to the DTMF decoder

A Study of an Algorithm for the Surface Temperature Forecast: From Road Ice Risk to Farmland Application

The presence of road ice has always been a key issue during winter months. A reliable forecast system capable of predicting the Land Surface Temperature (LST) and, consequently, its formation is one of the best strategies to operate towards reducing both vehicles accidents and waste of chemical solvents used for prevention which have a significant economic and environmental impact. Hence, the Meteo Expert Centre (MEC) has developed an algorithm for LST forecasts able to issue ice risk warnings as well. This algorithm operationally works every day in real-time and it is here tested, first, on a paved area of the Pedemontana Lombarda motorway and the Milano Linate airport airstrip, and, afterwards, since the LST plays a crucial role in understanding phenomena of energy exchange between soil, vegetation, and atmosphere, its knowledge and prediction becomes relevant also for other purposes such as agricultural management and irrigation system control, further experiments are carried out over two agricultural fields, one in the North and the other in the South of Italy during the SIM (Smart Irrigation Management) project. All LST analyses showed encouraging results with reasonable high values of statistical scores, in both applications on asphalted and different vegetated terrains, demonstrating that the developed algorithm has a high versatility even on completely different types of surfaces, and it can be applied as a valid tool for road ice risk warnings too.

Improved Patient Safety Due to Catheter-Based Gas Bubble Removal During TURBT

TURBT (transurethral resection of bladder tumor) is a standard treatment for bladder cancer. Gas bubble formation is caused by the heating of the RF-electrode from the resectoscope, which causes visual impairments and can also lead to explosive gas formation. The purpose of this work is to find a proper technical solution for removing the air bubbles and toxic gases during electro-resection thereby providing patient safety as well as better operating comfort for surgeons. A continuously controlled irrigation system and catheter based simultaneous suction system was designed, implemented and tested, with an average removal rate of 70% of the air bubbles and gases that appeared inside the urinary bladder. The setup was tested using a dedicated phantom.