Irrigation Application Research Articles

Drip irrigation and new fertilizer application technology for cotton variety C-8286 in the condition of global climate change

Prior studies have demonstrated that using furrow irrigation to develop the growing stage of upland cotton in Uzbekistan dictates when to schedule irrigation. The paper presents additional research on cotton irrigation timing variety C-8286 and how it affects irrigation crop water productivity and seed-lint yield as well as new fertilizer application technology under furrow and drip irrigation technology. Field research was carried out in silt loam soils of Samarkand province, Uzbekistan, in 2021 and 2022. When developing the irrigation schedule Fc with regard to field water content capacity (Fc), the stages of development from germination to blooming and from blooming to boll creation, and maturity were taken into consideration. The optimal development, growth, and output of seed lint for the. C-8286 cotton variety were achieved in drip irrigation technology with irrigation scheduling of 75-75-70% of Fc, wetting front layer of 50-50-50 cm during the abovementioned three growth stages, respectively where the seed-lint yield totaled 5.20 t ha-1. Irrigation scheduling of 75-75-70% Fc for cotton variety C-8286 and drip irrigation ought to be regarded as appropriate procedures for both aforementioned types of cotton grown on silt loam soils in Samarkand province and for comparable soil-climatic circumstances of Uzbekistan and Central Asia.

Effect of biochar addition on water–salt distribution and growth of winter wheat in coastal saline‐alkali soils under brackish water irrigation

AbstractTo investigate water‐saving and yield‐enhancing improvement programmes suitable for saline‐alkali soils in the Yellow River Delta region, this study conducted outdoor pot experiments utilizing local moderately saline‐alkali soils as research subjects. The primary focus was to examine the impact of biochar addition on water and salt distribution in saline‐alkali soils and its effect on winter wheat growth under brackish water irrigation conditions. The study design established three different irrigation water mineral concentrations (0, 2 and 4 g L−1) during the research. Two types of biochar, wheat straw biochar (WB) and corn straw biochar (CB), were used with four different applications (0, 5, 10 and 20 t ha−1). There were 21 treatments; each replicated three times. These findings demonstrated that brackish water irrigation and biochar application contributed to a notable increase in soil water content (SWC), with increases ranging from 12.8 to 83.9% across treatments. Using brackish water for irrigation increases soil salt content (SSC) and exacerbates soil salinization. However, the application of biochar counteracts this effect by reducing soil salinity and mitigating the degree of salinization. Treatments applying biochar mostly increased SSC, but proper application had a salinity‐reducing effect, reducing SSC by up to 15.2%. And biochar reduced the soil sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), mitigating the adverse effects of high salinity on winter wheat. Finally, the application of biochar promoted the growth of winter wheat and increased yield, with the treatment applying 10 t ha−1 of CB (K2Y10) producing the greatest yield under brackish water irrigation conditions and increased by 18% compared with the treatment without biochar (CK0). In summary, considering the aspects of water conservation, salt reduction and yield increase, the most effective saline land improvement programme for this region involved using 2 g L−1 brackish water for irrigation in combination with applying K2Y10. This approach balances addressing soil salinity, enhancing water conservation and maximizing crop yields.

Trocas gasosas e crescimento de algodoeiro colorido sob estresse salino e aplicação de ácido salicilico

ABSTRACT The occurrence of water sources with high salt content stands out as a limiting factor for the expansion of irrigated agriculture in the semi-arid region. In this context, it is essential to look for strategies to mitigate the effects of salt stress, and the application of salicylic acid stands out. The objective of this study was to evaluate gas exchange and growth of the naturally colored cotton cv. BRS Jade under saline water irrigation and foliar application of salicylic acid under semi-arid conditions. The experiment was carried out in containers adapted as drainage lysimeters, under open air conditions at the Center of Science and Agri-Food Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande in Pombal, Paraíba, Brazil. A randomized block design was adopted, in a 5 × 5 factorial scheme, with treatments resulting from the combination of five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.3, 1.8, 3.3, 4.8, and 6.3 dS m-1) associated with five concentrations of salicylic acid - SA (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.0 mM), with three replicates. Water salinity from 0.3 dS m-1 limited the photosynthetic efficiency and therefore the growth of cotton cv. BRS Jade. Foliar application of SA at concentration of 6.0 mM mitigated the effects of salt stress on the stomatal conductance and leaf transpiration of these plants. However, SA concentrations ranging from 0 to 6.0 mM reduce the internal CO2 concentration, growth in stem diameter and plant height, and root and stem dry mass accumulation of cotton plants cv. BRS Jade.

Comparative Economics of Maize Crop in Kharif and Rabi Season

This study offers a detailed comparative analysis of maize crop cultivation in the kharif and rabi seasons within the agricultural landscape of Gonda District. 50 respondents were carefully selected from various villages in the block, with proportional representation for Marginal, Small, and Medium-sized farmers. The research delves into the economics of maize cultivation, emphasizing factors such as the cost of cultivation, input expenses, income generation, and input-output ratios. In the kharif season, it was distinguished that the cost of cultivation of maize with the farm's size. Marginal farms spent an average of ₹ 48125.93 per hectare, small farms incurred ₹ 51002.89, and large farms invested ₹ 54295.17. Similarly, during the rabi season, the cost of cultivation increased with farm size, with marginal farms investing an average of ₹ 52397.57, small farms spending ₹ 55444.93, and large farms allocating ₹ 58604.68 per hectare. Crucially, the study found that input-output ratios remained consistent across farm sizes in both seasons, reflecting uniform agricultural practices. The findings underscore the importance of efficient management, the adoption of advanced agricultural techniques, the use of high-quality seeds, and the timely application of irrigation and plant protection practices in enhancing net income, particularly on marginal farms.

Assessing the Impact of Water Conservation on Cooling Potential of Two Turfgrass Species

Highlights Empirical CWSI was developed for 'Westcoaster' tall fescue and ‘Tifgreen’ hybrid bermudagrass. The canopy temperature of both species was monitored under multiple irrigation scenarios. Deficit irrigation might reduce the cooling benefits of irrigated urban lawns. Abstract. Canopy temperature provides valuable information for efficient irrigation management and for detecting drought injury in a fast and non-destructive way. It also helps quantify the trade-offs between water conservation and the cooling benefit of the irrigated urban landscape, a critical issue in semiarid inland southern California with limited available water resources. Two adjacent hybrid bermudagrass and tall fescue irrigation trials were conducted to determine canopy temperature changes under a wide range of irrigation treatments from 2017 to 2019 in Riverside, California, USA. The canopy temperature data were also used to develop an empirical crop water stress index (CWSI) for each species. The CWSI values ranged from -0.15 to 0.71 for tall fescue and from -0.28 to 0.54 for hybrid bermudagrass. We observed a moderate correlation between visual rating scores (VR) and CWSI values for tall fescue (r = -0.68) and hybrid bermudagrass (r = -0.61). The fitted linear regression between VR and CWSI data suggested CWSI thresholds close to zero for both species to maintain their acceptable visual quality. The irrigation level consistently showed a significant effect on canopy temperature for both species. On average, a 10% decrease in irrigation application increased the canopy temperature of tall fescue and hybrid bermudagrass by 1.3°C and 0.9°C, respectively. Therefore, deficit irrigation might reduce the cooling benefits of irrigated urban lawns in the semiarid climate of inland southern California. Keywords: Canopy temperature, Evapotranspiration, Smart irrigation controller, Urban heat island, Urban irrigation, Water conservation.

Analysis of technical efficiency and yield gap of potato farmers in Nepal

The productivity of potato production in Nepal is low compared to neighbouring countries because of a range of production constraints. Potatoes are an important staple crop and commodity for many communities throughout Nepal, thus imperative to improve their performance for the benefit of smallholder producers and consumers. This study aims to identify the technical efficiency and yield gap of potato farmers. Farm-level data from 300 potato farmers randomly selected from three districts of Nepal is used to estimate a stochastic frontier model. The model allows us to estimate the production elasticity coefficients of inputs, determinants of efficiency and technical efficiency of potato farmers. Results showed that among the production variables, seed rate and labour used were positive towards potato production, whereas seed source, extension contact, variety type, and irrigation used were negatively significant factors that influences the technical inefficiency. The mean technical efficiency value of potato farmers was 68%, and there was clear scope to increase potato production by 32% with the better use of available resources. The potential yield gap can be reduced if the adoption of proper agricultural practices such as the use of improved potato varieties with formal seed sources with recommended seed rates along with irrigation application. Such efforts from policymakers and other concerned stakeholders would help improve domestic production and reduce the dependency on potato imports.

Effects of Organic tea concentration and application methods on growth and yield of Greenhouse Cucumber (Cucumis sativum L.) in Owo, South-western Nigeria

Organic tea (mixture of Organic Manure Extract and Spent Bleaching Extract) is used as nutrient complements in agriculture and horticulture to increase plant growth and yield. In this study a 2 X 4 factorial experiment used CRD (Completely Randomized Design) to examined the effect of compost tea herein referred to as OT [organic tea (extract made from SBE and composted manure extract (OM)] as bio-stimulants at four different concentrations (0, 20, 30, and 40 %) on the growth and fruit yield in cucumber (Cucumis sativum L.) under greenhouse condition using foliar (FO) and drip irrigation (DR) application methods. Vegetative parameters (vine length, number of branches, number of leaf per plant, leaf area, and stem girth) were studied at 50% flowering stage and yield parameters (Date to flower initiation, No of male flower, No of female flower, male/female flower ratio, number of fruit/plant, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight/plant) and yield / hectare, at harvest. From the experiment organic tea application via folia method exhibited enhanced vegetative growth while application via drip irrigation was found to be more effective in influencing the yield parameters significantly. Plants that received 20% OT showed variability, but were not significantly different from control plants (0%). Similarly, plants treated with 40% OT extract showed enhanced vegetative growth and fruit yield with good quality, but high diseases infection. This study therefore provides important information on the utilization of OT and application method for increased cucumber production in the study area.

Effect of halophilic bacteria as a sustainable strategy to reduce soil salinity in raspberry (Rubus idaeus) cultivation

The raspberry (Rubus idaeus) is the main crop of Jocotepec municipality, being dedicated to protected agriculture, chemical fertilization causes soil salinization, which results in the crop´s not developing its maximum potential. To evaluate the effect of halophilic bacteria as a sustainable strategy to reduce soil salinity in raspberry cultivation, the present research assessed a production unit located at the Jocotepec Municipality, Jalisco state, Mexico. The evaluated halophilic bacteria treatments were doses of 7 L/ha, 5 L/ha, and 3 L/ha plus an absolute control, on three intervals - of 15 days application in saturated furrow irrigation. The assessed soil variables were pH and EC; in the plants: plant height, number of loaders, stem diameter, and number of boxes produced. The evaluation of the effect of halophilic bacteria on the quantitative variables was carried out with an ANOVA in the SAS® Studio 2023 software, in a completely randomized block design, after complying with normality of residuals and homogeneity of variances assumptions associated with the Tukey means comparison statistical test (p < 0.05). The results show a direct effect of the halophilic bacteria dosage on the soil EC decrease, from 2.35 ds/m (Control) to 1.81 ds/m (Dose 5 L/ha), values equivalent to light salinity (< 2 ds/m). Regarding the agronomic variables, improvements were evident in the evaluated characteristics.

Impact of Irrigation Scheduling and Nitrogen Management Through Drip Irrigation System on Nutrient Content and Uptake of Rabi Maize (Zea mays L.)

The state of the soil's nutrients can be significantly impacted by improper irrigation and nitrogen application, which may accelerate nutrient losses and cause soil erosion and ground water pollution. A field experiment was conducted during consecutive two rabi seasons of the years 2021 and 2022 at Regional Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India to study the “Impact of irrigation scheduling and nitrogen management through drip irrigation system on nutrient content and uptake of rabi maize (Zea mays L.)”. The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand in texture, with low organic carbon and available nitrogen, medium available phosphorus and high potassium with soil pH 8.21. The experiment was carried out in split plot design with four levels of irrigation scheduling based on Alternate Day Pan Evaporation Fraction (ADPEF) were considered in main plot viz., I1 : Irrigation scheduling at 0.8 ADPEF, I2 : Irrigation scheduling at 1.0 ADPEF, I3 : Irrigation scheduling at 1.2 ADPEF and I4 : Control (Flood irrigation) and three nitrogen management treatments viz. N1 : 100% RDN through inorganic fertilizer, N2 : 75% RDN through inorganic fertilizer + Bio NPK consortium, N3 : 50% RDN through inorganic fertilizer + Bio NPK consortium + 5 t/ha FYM were assigned in sub plots, comprised of 12 treatment combinations. Result of the experiment showed that irrigation scheduling at 1.2 ADPEF (I3) recorded significantly higher N content in grain and stover and it was remained at par with irrigation scheduling at 1.0 ADPEF (I2) during 2021, 2022 and pooled analysis. P and K content in grain and stover was found non-significant due to various irrigation scheduling treatments during individual years and on pooled basis. Irrigation scheduling at 1.2 ADPEF (I3) recorded significantly higher N, P uptake by grain and stover and K uptake by grain during 2021, 2022 and on pooled basis. K uptake by stover found significantly higher under irrigation scheduling at 1.2 ADPEF (I3) during 2021-22 and pooled basis. While K, uptake by stover found non-significant. Nitrogen management with 100% RDN through inorganic fertilizer recorded significantly the highest N content in grain and stover and pooled analysis. While, P and K content grain and stover found non- and pooled analysis. Application of 100% RDN through inorganic fertilizer found significantly higher N, P and K uptake by grain and stover and pooled basis. Interaction effect of irrigation scheduling and nitrogen management treatments was found significantly higher N uptake by grain and K uptake by stover (pooled basis) under irrigation scheduling at 1.2 ADPEF with 100% RDN through inorganic fertilizer (I3N1).

Water Microturbines for Sustainable Applications: Optimization Analysis and Experimental Validation

The use of microturbines in irrigation applications represents a great opportunity for increasing sustainable energy generation. Irrigation systems have water flow that can be used to generate electricity based on microturbines that are acceptably configure such, that efficiency in crop irrigation is not affected. This research validates this use of microturbines through a system designed specifically for the characterization of microturbine generation technology. This system includes a closed water pumping circuit capable of working under, different water flow settings, as well as flow, pressure, and electricity generation sensors. For this system, the production range of the microturbines and the pressure loss associated with the various proposed configurations are characterized and specifically quantified for the best performance. After design and characterization of a scalable microturbine system, the feasibility and benefits of this application to supporting most relevant crops supplied by localized irrigation are analysed. The experiments demonstrate the greatest benefit with the implementation of 15 series microturbines each at 80 V, alongside non-Citrus fruit, where a favourable balance is achieved for the amortization period in vineyards and citrus fruit. The results validate a profitable and sustainable design for electricity generation, with return on investment rates of up to 53%. Therefore, this research offers real and extensive applications, while being scalable to rural, residential, urban and industrial settings.

Influence of Various Mulching Techniques and NAA Application on Flowering and Nut Parameters of Cashew Cv. BPP- 8 under Odisha Condition

A trial was conducted at All India Coordinated Research Project on Cashew, (OUAT), Ransinghpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha in the year 2021-22 to access the effect of mulches and NAA application on cashew cultivar BPP- 8. The experiment consisted of nine treatments and three replications in a Randomized Block Design. The treatments were T1- Only irrigation, T2- Irrigation + Polythene mulch, T3- Irrigation+ NAA @ 100 ppm, T4- Irrigation + Stone mulch, T5- Irrigation + Residue mulch, T6- Irrigation + Polythene mulch + NAA @ 100 ppm, T7- Irrigation + Stone mulch + NAA @ 100 ppm, T8- Irrigation + Residue mulch + NAA @ 100 ppm, T9- No irrigation (control). Irrigation was applied at the rate of 200 litres per plant after that, the root zone of the plants were covered with different types of mulching materials. NAA @ 100 ppm was sprayed at three stages viz. pre-flowering, flowering stage and after fruit set. The result revealed significantly positive impact of various mulches along with irrigation and NAA application on cashew cultivation. Treatment T6 (Irrigation + Polythene mulch + NAA @ 100 ppm) most effectively improved total number of flowers per panicle (488.80), maximum male flowers (424.94), maximum hermaphrodite flowers (66.42), highest sex ratio (0.136), number of nuts per panicle (4.08), nut yield per tree (12.07 kg), nut retention (27.50 %), nut weight (8.52 g), nut length (3.33 cm) and nut breadth (2.68 cm).

Effects of water and fertilizer regulation on soil physicochemical properties, bacterial diversity and community structure of Panax notoginseng

Improper irrigation and fertilization can result in soil compaction, solidification, and acidification, consequently disrupting the equilibrium of the soil microbial community. The objective was to enhance the microbial environment in Panax notoginseng soil, augment bacterial diversity, increase community abundance, and establish a scientific and theoretical foundation for Panax notoginseng cultivation. Panax notoginseng field planting experiment was carried out from 2019 to 2021, involving two controlled variables: irrigation (W) and fertilizer application (F). Three irrigation levels were established, denoted as W1 (0.6 FC), W2 (0.75 FC), and W3 (0.9 FC). A total of 1440 kg•hm−2 of soluble organic fertilizer was applied throughout the entire growth cycle, with varying proportions allocated to each growth stage. Four fertilization levels were designated as F1 (rooting stage: seedling stage: flowering stage: fruiting stage = 25 %: 25 %: 25 %: 25 %), F2 (20 %: 25 %: 30 %: 25 %), F3 (15 %: 30 %: 30 %: 25 %), and F4 (10 %: 40 %: 20 %: 30 %), total 12 treatments. Non-irrigated and non-fertilized CK treatments were employed as control. Soil physicochemical attributes, bacterial diversity, community structure, and functional characteristics across various water and fertilizer treatments were comprehensively assessed utilizing the quotient-weighted TOPSIS method. The results showed that coupled irrigation and fertilization treatments had a significant impact on various soil parameters of Panax notoginseng, including total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, organic carbon, pH, water content, and bacterial alpha diversity (P < 0.05). Moreover, coupled irrigation and fertilization treatments had a highly significant influence on soil water content during the rooting stage, seedling stage, and fruiting stage (P < 0.01). Total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, water content, and pH emerged as the primary environmental factors significantly shaping the structure of the soil bacterial community. In the W2F4 treatment, soil total nitrogen, organic carbon content, pH, Chao1, Shannon index, and functional abundance in categories such as chemoheterotrophy, aerobic chemoheterotrophy, nitrogen fixation, nitrate reduction, nitrogen respiration, and nitrate respiration were notably higher compared to other water-fertilized treatments. Furthermore, the W2F4 treatment ranked first in the TOPSIS comprehensive evaluation. Consequently, the W2F4 treatment emerged as the optimal irrigation-fertilization strategy for enhancing soil microbial activity and fertility in Panax notoginseng cultivation. This study establishes a theoretical foundation for enhancing the microbiological environment of Panax notoginseng soils, augmenting soil bacterial diversity, increasing community abundance, and ultimately elevating soil fertility for the efficient and high-quality cultivation of Panax notoginseng.

Effect of scheduling of irrigation on yield and economics of safflower genotypesunder limited water availability conditions

A field experiment was carried out to find out the effect of irrigation schedules for a suitable variety of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) using 3 genotypes and seven irrigation schedules.. The seed yield of safflowerwas significantly influenced by safflower genotypes. The seed yield of safflower was significantly higher in DSH 184 (1253 kg /ha) which was followed by TSF-1 (1123 kg /ha). While NARI-6 recorded the lowest yields (972 kg /ha). The seed yield of safflower differed significantly due to the application of irrigation at critical stages of the crop. The crop received 3 irrigations each at the Stem elongation stage + Early flowering stage + Seed filling stage resulting in significantly superior yields (1489 kg/ha) which was followed by 2 irrigations each at the Stem elongation stage + Early flowering stage (1408 kg/ha) and 2 irrigations each at the Stem elongation stage + Seed filling stage (1303 kg/ha). Crop grown completely under rainfed conditions recorded the lowest yield (776 kg/ha). The seed yield increased up to 47.88% by providing 3 irrigations each at Stem elongation, Early flowering and Seed filling stages as compared to rainfed conditions.

Impacts of irrigation on a precipitation event during GRAINEX in the High Plains Aquifer Region

Land use land cover change, including irrigation, impacts weather and climate. In this paper a precipitation event that occurred on the morning of 23 July 2018 during the Great Plains Irrigation Experiment (GRAINEX) is investigated. Six Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model-based experiments were conducted, which involved the increase or decrease of soil moisture by 5 % and up to 15 % over the irrigated croplands. These changes approximated soil moisture content in response to different levels of irrigation applications. An additional experiment, where irrigated land use was changed to grassland, was conducted to capture pre-irrigation land use and its impacts. It was found that regardless of strength of irrigation, precipitation decreased. In addition, the model did not produce precipitation over non-irrigated land use. When grassland replaced irrigated agriculture, increases in precipitation were estimated. With increased irrigation, latent heat flux increased compared to the control simulation and decreased when irrigation decreased. On the other hand, sensible heat flux was decreased compared to control when irrigation increased. The planetary boundary layer over irrigated land use was shallower than over non-irrigated land use while over grassland it was higher than irrigated but lower than non-irrigated land use. The changes in precipitation, the surface energy balance, and the planetary boundary layer served as a reminder of irrigation's complex effects on the atmosphere. Additional analysis of other precipitation events during GRAINEX would be helpful to better understand the effects of irrigation.

Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on soil water and nitrogen distribution and water-nitrogen utilization of wolfberry in the Yellow River Irrigation Region of Gansu Province, China.

To address the problems of extensive field management, low productivity, and inefficient water and fertilizer utilization in wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) production, an appropriate water and nitrogen regulation model was explored to promote the healthy and sustainable development of the wolfberry industry. Based on a field experiment conducted from 2021 to 2022, this study compared and analyzed the effects of four irrigation levels [75%-85% θf (W0, full irrigation), 65%-75% θf (W1, slight water deficit), 55%-65% θf (W2, moderate water deficit), and 45%-55% θf (W3, severe water deficit)] and four nitrogen application levels [0 kg·ha-1 (N0, no nitrogen application), 150 kg·ha-1 (N1, low nitrogen application), 300 kg·ha-1 (N2, medium nitrogen application), and 450 kg·ha-1 (N3, high nitrogen application)] on soil water distribution, soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3 --N) migration, yield, and water-nitrogen use efficiency of wolfberry. The soil moisture content of the 40-80 cm soil layer was higher than those of 0-40cm and 80-120cm soil layer. The average soil moisture content followed the order of W0 > W1 > W2 > W3 and N3 > N2 > N1 > N0. The NO3 --N content in the 0-80 cm soil layer was more sensitive to water and nitrogen regulation, and the cumulative amount of NO3 --N in the soil followed the order of W0 > W1> W2 > W3 and N3 > N2 > N1 > N0 during the vegetative growth period. There was no evidently change in soil NO3 --N accumulation between different treatments during the autumn fruit. The yield of wolfberry under the W1N2 treatment was the highest (2623.09 kg·ha-1), which was 18.04% higher than that under the W0N3 treatment. The average water consumption during each growth period of wolfberry was the highest during the full flowering period, followed by the vegetative growth and full fruit periods, and the lowest during the autumn fruit period. The water use efficiency reached a peak value of 6.83 kg·ha-1·mm-1 under the W1N2 treatment. The nitrogen uptake of fruit and nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency of fruit first increased and then decreased with increasing irrigation and nitrogen application. The treatment of W1N2 obtained the highest nitrogen uptake of fruit and nitrogen recovery efficiency of fruit, which were 63.56 kg·ha-1 and 8.17%, respectively. Regression analysis showed that the yield and water-nitrogen use efficiency of wolfberry improved when the irrigation amount ranged from 315.4 to 374.3mm, combined with nitrogen application amounts of 300.0 to 308.3 kg·ha-1. Additionally, the soil NO3 --N residue was reduced, making it an optimal water and nitrogen management model for wolfberry planting. The present findings contribute novel insights into the production of wolfberry with saving water and reducing nitrogen, which helps to improve the level of wolfberry productivity in the Yellow River irrigation region of Gansu Province and other areas with similar climate.

Application of nasal irrigation in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis

Nasal irrigation (NI) for the local treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has some specificity due to the deep anatomical site of the sinuses. The purpose of this review is to help standardize the application of NI in healthcare practice, improve the prevention and treatment of CRS, and facilitate further research on the local treatment of CRS in the future. We searched the PubMed database for 342 articles in the last decade, using the keywords “saline nasal irrigation” and “chronic rhinosinusitis.” We summarize the studies on the mechanism of action, rinsing solution, rinsing apparatus, and rinsing method of NI for CRS. NI plays an important role in the treatment of CRS, and it is a beneficial low-risk treatment. Isotonic saline is the most accepted flushing solution, and large-volume low-pressure flushing bottles are the flushing devices with the best flushing effect and are generally tolerated by patients. Phage, colloidal silver, and hydrogen can be further studied as components of rinses. NI plays an important role in the treatment of CRS, and it is a beneficial low-risk treatment. Further high-quality and expanded sample size studies on other flushing solutions, flushing head position, flushing frequency, and treatment courses are still needed, and lessons learned in practice.

Wheat GSPs and Processing Quality Are Affected by Irrigation and Nitrogen through Nitrogen Remobilisation.

The rheological properties and end-use qualities of many foods are mainly determined by the types and levels of grain storage proteins (GSPs) in wheat. GSP levels are influenced by various factors, including tillage management, irrigation, and fertiliser application. However, the effects of irrigation and nitrogen on GSPs remain unclear. To address this knowledge gap, a stationary split-split block design experiment was carried out in low- and high-fertility (LF and HF) soil, with the main plots subjected to irrigation treatments (W0, no irrigation; W1, irrigation only during the jointing stage; W2, irrigation twice during both jointing and flowering stages), subplots subjected to nitrogen application treatments (N0, no nitrogen application; N180, 180 kg/ha; N240, 240 kg/ha; N300, 300 kg/ha), and cultivars tested in sub-sub plots (FDC5, the strong-gluten cultivar Fengdecun 5; BN207, the medium-gluten cultivar Bainong 207). The results showed that GSP levels and processing qualities were significantly influenced by nitrogen application (p < 0.01), N240 was the optimal nitrogen rate, and the influence of irrigation was dependent on soil fertility. Optimal GSP levels were obtained under W2 treatment at LF conditions, and the content was increased by 17% and 16% for FDC5 and BN207 compared with W0 under N240 treatment, respectively. While the optimal GSP levels were obtained under W1 treatments at HF conditions, and the content was increased by 3% and 21% for FDC5 and BN207 compared with W0 under N240 treatment, respectively. Irrigation and nitrogen application increased the glutenin content by increasing Bx7 and Dy10 levels in FDC5, and by increasing the accumulation of Ax1 and Dx5 in BN207. Gliadins were mainly increased by enhancing α/β-gliadin levels. Correlation analysis indicated that a higher soil nitrate (NO3-N) content increased nitrogen remobilisation in leaves. Path analysis showed that Dy10, Dx5, and γ-gliadin largely determined wet glutenin content (WGC), dough stability time (DST), dough water absorption rate (DWR), and sedimentation value (SV). Therefore, appropriate irrigation and nitrogen application can improve nitrogen remobilisation, GSP levels, and processing qualities, thereby improving wheat quality and production.

Water productivity of barley crop under laser land leveling technique and minimum tillage

ABSTRACTLaser land leveling is an important method that helps to improve the spatial distribution of irrigation water and fertilizers applications, subsequently reduce water, nutrient, and energy inputs to agriculture and contributes to increasing productivity. Thus, the aim of the study was to improve the productivity of the barley crop grown in sandy lands under conditions of water scarcity and the negative impact of climate change in Egypt by using laser leveling and the minimum tillage method. Two experiments were conducted during the 2020/2021 and 2021/2022 seasons at the Nubariya farm, Buhaira Governorate, Egypt to study the effects of laser leveling and minimum tillage (zero – tillage, 10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm) affecting the distribution of soil moisture, water stress, effectiveness of water application, yield characteristics, water productivity, and some quality parameters of the barley crop. The statistical analysis’ findings revealed a considerable influence of both laser soil leveling and minimum depth of plowing on productivity, water productivity and quality properties of barley crop. Laser leveling with a plowing depth of 10 cm gave the most favorable values of the soil moisture content at the root-zone as well as better grain yield and water productivity in addition to improve the quality properties of barley. The grain yield has improved by 12.65% and 10.41%, while water productivity has increased by 12.75% and 10.06% during the seasons 2020/2021 and 2021/2022, respectively. This increase is likely the result of improving soil moisture distribution and increasing irrigation application efficiency, which resulted in less water stress in the root zone and subsequently increased yield, water productivity and quality properties of barley during the two growing seasons. Generally, the application of laser land leveling as eco-friendly practice will help in sustaining barley productivity in Egypt particularly in the sandy soil regions. According to this study, laser-assisted precision field leveling has the potential to improve grain yield and crop establishment, water productivity and barley quality properties in addition to achievement of the highest net income for farmers.

Deficit Irrigation on Fruit Yield and Quality of Sweet Pepper

Background: Deficit irrigation is an approach to use less water in crop growth in places where water resources are the limiting factor for agricultural production, to maximize the production per unit of volume of water available. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of four levels of irrigation applied to replenish soil moisture depletion on the growth and yield of two sweet pepper cultivars. Methods: The experiment was performed on field conditions from January to June 2020 in a randomized block experimental design with three repetitions arranged in divided plots, the main plot was the four irrigation depths, and the sub-plots were the two cultivars (Tres Filos and Pepón) for a total of eight treatments. The irrigation depths applied corresponded to 60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% of the crop evapotranspiration. Results: The ANOVA (analysis of variance) of the main factors indicates that for the irrigation treatment factor, the number of fruits per plant for the two varieties is statistically equal when irrigation is applied at 120, 100 and 80% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and greater than the one obtained with irrigation at 60% of ETc. For the cultivars factor, the number of fruits per plant and the fruit yield (g plant-1) in the different irrigation treatments was higher in the cv Tres Filo, but the weight of the fruit was higher in the cv Pepón. Conclusion: The application of irrigation at 60% of the ETc represents a saving of 40% of the volume of water compared to the application at 100% of ETc. The reduction in the number of fruits per plant, fruit weight, and average yield (g plant-1) of both cultivars was only 4.21%, 7.47%, and 11.95%, respectively. Therefore, if the limiting factor for agricultural production is water availability, it is advisable to irrigate at 60% of the ETc and increase the surface for irrigation to increase total production.

Improving the Growth and Production of Beets by Fertilizing with Fish Water and Spraying Lentil Extract

The experiment was conducted in the fields belonging to the Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, at Al-Jadriya Complex / Station A, for the autumn season of 2022-2023. The aim was to study the effect of water fish irrigation and water lens plant extract foliar application on the growth and productivity of beetroot. The experiment included two factors: the first factor was water fish irrigation with five concentrations (A) Control treatment (irrigation with river water and recommended fertilization), (B) Water fish irrigation at 25% concentration, (C) water Fish irrigation at 50% concentration, (D) Water Fish irrigation at 75% concentration, (E) Water fish irrigation at 100% concentration. The second factor was the foliar application of water lens plant extract, including (T1) Control treatment, (T2) Foliar application of extract at 0.25% concentration, (T3) Foliar application of extract at 0.50% concentration, (T4) Foliar application of extract at 0.75% concentration, (T5) Foliar application of extract at 1% concentration. The experiment was designed using a completely randomized block design with three replications, and a total of 25 treatments per replication. The means were compared using the Least Significant Difference (L.S.D) test at a significance level of 0.05. The results were as follows: Water fish irrigation treatments showed significant superiority in yield indicators, including root diameter, dry weight, height, and total yield. Treatment (E) gave the highest averages in root dry weight and total yield, while the largest root diameter was observed in treatment (D). As for root height, the highest average was recorded in treatment (C). The results of water lens plant extract foliar application showed a significant effect on yield indicators, with treatment (T5) outperforming in root dry weight, root height, and total yield. The interaction treatment ET5 showed the highest average total yield per hectare, reaching 1372 kg/ha.