Duration Of Irradiation Research Articles

Defect-dependent mechanical and electrical properties of laser-processed CuO nanowires

Narrow bandgap p-type semiconducting metal oxide nanowires (NWs), such as copper oxide (CuO), have gained significant attention for their potential in the development of electrical nano-devices. Tailoring the mechanical and electrical properties of CuO NWs is crucial for optimizing their functionality in specific applications. In this study, we employ nanosecond laser irradiation to precisely modify the properties of individual CuO NWs by inducing point and line defects, including oxygen vacancies and dislocations. Through controlled laser irradiation, we observe a gradual enhancement in the concentration of oxygen vacancies within CuO NWs until reaching a saturation point. The accumulation of vacancies leads to a substantial residual stress, resulting in lattice distortion and misfit. This high residual stress serves as a catalyst for the nucleation of dislocations, subsequently leading to a meaningful enhancement in plasticity. Remarkably, the density of dislocations demonstrates a strong correlation with the duration of laser irradiation. Prolonged irradiation leads to a thermally activated restoration process, where the dislocation configuration transitions from a random distribution to ordered dislocation loops. Mechanical characterization tests indicate that pristine CuO NWs exhibit brittleness, while laser irradiation renders them ductile with improved plasticity. Furthermore, the laser processing of CuO NWs demonstrates an enhancement in their electrical conductivity and optical absorbance.

Revision Rates After Primary Allograft ACL Reconstruction by Allograft Tissue Type in Older Patients.

While there is extensive literature on the use of allograft versus autograft in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, there is limited clinical evidence to guide the surgeon in choice of allograft tissue type. To assess the revision rate after primary ACL reconstruction with allograft and to compare revision rates based on allograft tissue type and characteristics. Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Patients who underwent primary allograft ACL reconstructions at a single academic institution between 2015 and 2019 and who had minimum 2-year follow-up were included. Exclusion criteria were missing surgical or allograft tissue type data. Demographics, operative details, and subsequent surgical procedures were collected. Allograft details included graft tissue type (Achilles, bone-patellar tendon-bone [BTB], tibialis anterior or posterior, semitendinosus, unspecified soft tissue), allograft category (all-soft tissue vs bone block), donor age, irradiation duration and intensity, and chemical cleansing process. Revision rates were calculated and compared by allograft characteristics. Included were 418 patients (age, 39 ± 12 years; body mass index, 30 ± 9 kg/m2). The revision rate was 3% (11/418) at a mean follow-up of 4.9 ± 1.4 years. There were no differences in revision rate according to allograft tissue type across Achilles tendon (3%; 3/95), BTB (5%; 3/58), tibialis anterior or posterior (3%; 5/162), semitendinosus (0%; 0/46), or unspecified soft tissue (0%; 0/57) (P = .35). There was no difference in revision rate between all-soft tissue versus bone block allograft (6/283 [2%] vs 5/135 [4%], respectively; P = .34). Of the 51% of grafts with irradiation data, all grafts were irradiated, with levels varying from 1.5 to 2.7 Mrad and 82% of grafts having levels of <2.0 Mrad. There was no difference in revision rate between the low-dose and medium-to high-dose irradiation cohorts (4% vs 6%, respectively; P = .64). Similarly low (0%-6%) revision rates after primary ACL reconstruction were seen regardless of allograft tissue type, bone block versus all-soft tissue allograft, and sterilization technique in 418 patients with mean age of 39 years. Surgeons may consider appropriately processed allograft tissue with or without bone block when indicating ACL reconstruction in older patients.

Utilization of Webcam Cameras as X-Ray Image Capture (kV Settings and Shutter Sensors)

The result of x-ray imagery is generally in the form of film sheets. To obtain an image, the film must pass through the process of processing with chemicals. Departing from these problems, efforts were made to develop digital x-ray detectors using much cheaper devices. By using voltage variations and also sensors that aim to find out the difference in the quality of the resulting image. The contribution of this study is that the system can display negative image results from webcam camera captures that have previously passed the image processing process with the Matrix Laboratory (MATLAB) Application. The measurement ranges used are 60, 65, and 70 kV. with a set mA of 25mA, a duration of irradiation of 1 second, and a moderate intensity of illumination light. From the measurement results, it shows that the X-ray Image Capture Tool can be compared with the image results from the Philip brand DR with the MSE value obtained, which is 34.8775 with parameters Phototransistor BPT1331, 70kV, and 25mA. And the lowest MSE value is 61.7615 with parameters LDR, 66kV, 25mA. The results of this study indicate that the tool can be used to capture X-rays.

APPLICATION OF ULTRAVIOLET LED SYSTEMS IN THE GRAIN PROCESSING AND COMPOUND FEED INDUSTRIES

The materials of the article outline the features of the use of ultraviolet LED systems in industry, and propose a solution for their use in the grain processing and compound feed industry. Ultraviolet light (UV) is a well-researched and widely used means of decontamination and disinfection of surfaces, air, water, and food. Usually, far ultraviolet radiation (or ultraviolet C, UVC) with a wavelength of 254 nm is used, which corresponds to the peak absorption of wave energy by the DNA of a living cell. There is a mathematical mechanism for calculating the parameters of radiation in relation to its effect on microorganisms: a curve describing the microbial death depending on the increase in the radiation dose received by the bacteria and formulae for the relationship between the three main parameters (dose, radiation flux and exposure duration). Ultraviolet lamps (tubes) are commonly used, on the basis of which a large number of emitters have been developed for different needs. There are also emitters for grain and feed disinfection in use, but only outside of industrial production lines. Ultraviolet irradiation is not used directly on manufacturing lines so far. However, it can be used to reduce the microbial burden of a feed or food product prior to packaging the finished product. For this purpose, ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (LEDs) available on the world market today can be used. However, their use faces difficulties: ultraviolet LEDs emit wavelengths longer than lamps (at about 275 nm or more), which requires an increase in the duration of irradiation, which is undesirable for industrial processing of products directly on the line. However, the small size of the UVC LEDs will allow them to be installed in grain processing and feed mills inside equipment (magnetic separators, gravity feeders, etc.) with appropriate protection against damage by moving material. In addition, suspended emitters of any configuration can be placed above belt conveyors that move material at a certain speed. This approach will require certain measures to control the efficiency of irradiation (requires microbiological studies) and to protect personnel from the harmful effects of ultraviolet rays (means of personal and collective protection, measurement of radiation intensity).

Deep UV-LED induced nitrate-to-nitrite conversion for total dissolved nitrogen determination in water samples through persulfate digestion and capillary electrophoresis

BackgroundCapillary electrophoresis (CE) with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) is widely used for water quality monitoring. However, there is currently no reported CE method for detecting total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), a crucial parameter for assessing water eutrophication. One challenge is the high sulfate concentration (100 mM) introduced during persulfate digestion, leading to overlap of nitrate (from TDN) and poor electrical stacking of nitrate in CE-C4D analysis. ResultsWe introduced an in-capillary UV-LED induced photoreaction to convert nitrate to nitrite, which can be baseline-separated from sulfate via the CE method, enabling accurate quantification of nitrate concentration derived from nitrite. A 2 nL post-persulfate digested sample solution within a fused silica capillary was exposed to UV-LED irradiation at the capillary tip. Subsequently, photoreduction-produced nitrite was electrophoretically separated from sulfate in an acidic buffer (pH = 3.7) within the same capillary, followed by contactless conductivity detection. The nitrate-to-nitrite conversion efficiency was influenced by irradiation wavelength, power, and duration, reaching a maximum efficiency of 77.4% when employing two 230 nm LEDs for 5 min. For more general applications, two 255 nm LEDs were used, providing a conversion efficiency of (66.4 ± 3.3)% (n = 11) for 5 min of irradiation. The proposed CE-C4D method exhibits a detection limit of 13 μM (0.18 mg N/L) and has been successfully employed for TDN determination in lake water samples. SignificanceThis innovative approach not only enhances the attractiveness of the CE-C4D method for the determination of water quality indicators but also highlights the potential for integrating deep-UV LEDs into environmental analysis.

Transcriptome analysis reveals different red and blue light duration promote growth and main medicinal ingredients of Dendrobium nobile Lindl

Dendrobium nobile Lindl (D. nobile) is a traditional Chinese medicinal plant that has high medicinal value. Different duration of red and blue light plays vital roles in the regulation of growth and main medicinal ingredients in plants. Based on the optimal red-blue combination of light (R: B=1:2) screened in the previous stage, we used RNA sequencing technology to explore the effects of irradiation duration of 3 h (A), 6 h (B), 9 h (C), and 12 h (D) on the growth and main medicinal components. The results showed that different lengths of the combined red and blue light could significantly promote photosynthesis and antioxidant system, and increase main medicinal ingredients content in D. nobile within 120 d. Besides, group B had the most obvious effect on promoting growth at 30–60 d. The accumulation of polysaccharides, flavonoids, and other major medicinal components was maximum within 30–60 d. Moreover, the transcriptomic analysis showed that there were 4646 differential genes between group B and CK, of which 1952 were up-regulated, and 2694 were down-regulated. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Ontology (GO) analyses revealed that AUX1, AUX/IAA, GH3, SAUR, DELLA, TF, ARR-A, ARR-B, TCH4 in the phytohormone signaling pathway, PAL, COMT, POD, β-Glucosidase in the phenol propane biosynthesis pathway, ISA, OTSB, GN4 and other genes in the starch and sucrose metabolic pathway are key genes in group B which regulate the physiology and main medicinal ingredients of D. nobile. In conclusion, this study provides a preliminary interpretation of the effects of different irradiation durations of red and blue combined light on the growth and accumulation of medicinal components of D. nobile, and provides some theoretical and experimental basis for its high-quality artificial cultivation.

Effects of Blue-Light Laser Irradiation on the Enzymatic Activities and Sporulation of Trichoderma atroviride Grown on Rice Husks

Light is known to impact various aspects of Trichoderma, with possible implications for industrial and agricultural applications. In this study, we investigated the irradiation of Trichoderma atroviride with blue light using a laser source system. We determined the cellulase and protease activities and the effects of UV–Vis absorption of the filtrated culture on conidia formation, dimension, and behavior, and on the apparent chlamydospore abundance, as a function of irradiation duration, dose of irradiation, and moment of irradiation. We show that the effects on the enzymatic activities range from positive to neutral to negative. Compared with previous studies, our stimulation with light does not show a drastic negative effect on the cellulase (CMC-ase) activity, but it seems to delay the maximum activity over time. The effects on the proteases are partially in agreement with the only previous study reported for the light effects on protease activity. The number of conidia is increased upon irradiation, representing an expected behavior, and we show for the first time to the best of our knowledge that the conidia dimensions and chlamydospore number also increase. Our data also suggest that the highest dose resulted in the conidia clustering around the liquid–air interface, suggesting an increased hydrophobic character.

Effect of Attenuated Light Through Translucent Zirconia on the Interfacial Adaptation and Polymerization of Resin Cements.

The first objective was to determine if dual-curing of resin cement with reduced light could affect interfacial adaptations of zirconia restoration. The second objective was to examine whether cement type and pretreatment method of universal adhesive affected interfacial adaptation. The final objective was to compare the polymerization degree of cement under different reduced-light conditions. Inlay cavities were prepared on extracted third molars. Translucent zirconia restorations were milled using Katana UTML (Kuraray Noritake) in three groups with restoration thicknesses of 1, 2, and 3 mm, respectively. Each group had three subgroups using different cementation methods. For subgroup 1, restorations were cemented with self-adhesive cement. For subgroup 2, universal adhesive was applied and light cured. After the restoration was seated with conventional resin cement, light curing was performed. For subgroup 3, after adhesive was applied, the restoration was seated with conventional resin cement. Light curing was performed for the adhesive and cement simultaneously. After thermocycling, interfacial adaptation at the restoration-tooth interface was investigated using swept-source optical coherence tomography imaging. Finally, polymerization shrinkage of the cement was measured using a linometer and compared under the conditions of different zirconia thicknesses and light-curing durations. Interfacial adaptation varied signficantly depending on the zirconia thickness, pretreatment, polymerization mode and cements used (p < 0.05). The effects of the adhesive and polymerization shrinkage differed signficantly, depending on the reduced light under the zirconia (p < 0.05). Lower curing-light irradiance may lead to inferior adaptation and lower polymerization of the cement. Polymerization of resin cement can differ depending on the light irradiance and exposure duration.

Dynamic modeling and response characteristics of a solar-driven polygeneration system coupled with hydrogen and thermal energy storage

In this paper, a solar-driven polygeneration system integrated with a solid oxide fuel cell, an absorption chiller, hydrogen storage, and thermal energy storage is proposed for maximally utilizing solar energy and addressing the supply–demand mismatch issue on the time scale. The dynamic model and energy management strategy of the proposed system are constructed, and the short- and mid-term dynamic response characteristics against step perturbations are investigated. Based on eco-office load demands during the typical summer and winter solstices, the long-term dynamic response behaviors of the system load-tracking are also studied. The results demonstrate that: the output dynamic response times are less than 1 s for the photovoltaic, 3–22 s for the proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell, and about 25 s for the solid-oxide fuel cell, all demonstrating short-term transient response characteristics in response to step perturbations of external parameters. In contrast, the dynamic response behaviors of the parabolic trough collector and the absorption chiller elapse 10 to 30 min to reach a stable value in response to the step changes, exhibiting typical mid-term dynamic response characteristics. Furthermore, the outputs of the system could fully satisfy the eco-office load demands in summer, while grid electricity is required to supply parts of power or heat for about 11 h in the morning and evening due to the low solar irradiation and short daylight duration in winter.

Complex Ice Chemistry: A comparative study of electron irradiated planetary ice analogues containing methane

Various Solar System objects are covered in layers of ice that are dominated by H2O, CH4, and N2 and in which complex chemical processes take place. In this work, the influence of composition and irradiation duration on the volatile irradiation products of mixed CH4:N2, CH4:H2O, and CH4:H2O:N2 ices after electron irradiation are studied. The ices were irradiated for 2 or 4 h with 5 keV electrons, followed by a temperature programmed desorption, where the desorption of the volatile irradiation products was observed. The formation of C2Hx and C3Hx is observed in all ices and for both irradiation times. For the ices containing H2O, molecules as large as tentatively identified C4Hx and C5Hx are observed to co-desorb with water, whereas for CH4:N2 a continuous desorption signal is observed instead of a sharp desorption peak. A decrease in signal intensity from the 2 to the 4 h irradiation is observed for most m/z signals in CH4:H2O and CH4:H2O:N2 ices, whereas the opposite is recorded for CH4:N2, where in general larger signal for longer irradiation duration is seen. The addition of nitrogen to the CH4:H2O ice did not lead to clear identification of different molecules, but instead to a decrease of the observed signal for complex molecules, suggesting that the addition of nitrogen to the CH4:H2O mixture primarily leads to a more effective incorporation of material in an organic residue. The analysis of the residue will be subject of future work to complement the findings in this study.

Kajian Penggunaan LED pada Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kailan dengan Sistem Hidroponik Dalam Ruangan

The use of LED (Light Emitting Diode) in indoor hydroponic systems can optimize the process of photosynthesis in plants. This can be a replacement of sunlight during plant growth. This study aims to examine the treatment of LED light intensity and duration of irradiation on the vegetative growth of kailan (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra L) in indoor hydroponic systems. This experimental study consisted of 5 treatments: exposure to white (A1) and blue (A2) LED lights, exposure time of 16 hours (B1) and 20 hours (B2) and sunlight (K0) as a control in a greenhouse. Treatment with LED lights placed in the growth chamber. Treatment consisted of 4 replicates with a total of 20 plants. The results showed that the white LED light intensity and 20 hours of irradiation time were better than other treatments including plant height, stem diameter, leaf width, leaf length, number of leaves, fresh weight, root weight and water efficiency.

Advances in the Bioregulation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Low-Level Laser Therapy During Bone Formation: A Narrative Review

This article reviews the progress of research on the modulation of the biological effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and the influence of the basic LLLT parameters and irradiation scenarios. A thorough search of the literature in the PubMed, Web of Science and Embase databases, including articles published in peer-reviewed journals, was conducted to collect relevant information on LLLT and MSCs. A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases was performed using the keywords "Low level laser," "mesenchymal stem cells," " cell proliferation," and "osteogenic differentiation." The search was limited to studies published in English between 2009 and 2022, including in vitro and in vivo studies. LLLT has the potential to promote MSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, with significant applications in bone tissue engineering. Factors that influence the biological effects of LLLT on MSC include cell type, culture medium, duration of irradiation, the frequency of laser irradiation, irradiation spot size, and type of light flux distribution. The limitations of this review include heterogeneous experimental conditions and the inability to design experiments that consider all influencing factors simultaneously.

Predicting Photocatalytic Properties of Metal Coupled Mn-TiO2 Particle Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) as a Potential Filler in LED’s Encapsulant

This study addresses yellowing discoloration in LEDs caused by TiO2 particle degradation in encapsulants. The commonly added TiO2 particles will enhance light reflectance, and accelerate photodegradation but will decrease LED lifespan by lowering lumen quality and causing chromaticity change. To mitigate these effects, Mn particles were coupled with TiO2 particles using photo-reduction. This research examined three parameters Mn2+ ions concentration, UV irradiation duration, and annealing temperature, and the successful Mn-TiO2 coupling achieved. The resulting Mn-TiO2 particles, synthesized at 20 ppm Mn2+ ions and 200 °C annealing temperature, exhibited superior dispersibility and minimal agglomeration compared to TiO2 particles. Next, the photocatalytic performance of Mn-TiO2 particles was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). These particles exhibited the lowest photodegradation with a rate constant of 0.03092 min−1 and achieved a photodegradation efficiency of 79.92% at 60 min, amongst the others. Photodegradation of methylene blue followed a 1st-order kinetic model. Despite a slightly higher refractive index (RI), epoxy thin films with Mn-TiO2 particles displayed higher transmittance. Mn-TiO2 particles can thus serve as fillers in LED encapsulants to increase RI, reduce photodegradation, and enhance TiO2 particle dispersion. Copyright © 2023 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked sausages by ultraviolet irradiation.

Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation has been widely employed to disinfect food, however, the efficacy of UV irradiation in degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked sausages has not been explored. In this article, the UV degradation ability of PAHs in smoked sausages was investigated with different UV irradiation conditions, including different irradiation powers, durations and wavelengths. The effects of UV radiation on the quality of sausages were also evaluated, and potential degradation mechanisms were elucidated. The results showed that the irradiation duration was the primary determinant of PAHs degradation, achieving 84.4% and 84.2% degradation rates at 16 W and 32 W power for 30 min, respectively. Among the three UV wavelengths assessed, 254 nm demonstrated a significantly higher degradation rate for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), PAH4 and PAHs compared to 365 nm and 310 nm. To further explore the degradation mechanism, UV irradiation was combined with water, 0.1 mol/L hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) and 0.1 mol/L ascorbic acid (vitamin C) coatings. The 0.1 mol/L H2 O2 coating exhibited the most pronounced degradation effect, suggesting that the highly reactive oxygen hydroxyl radicals (·OH) generated by UV irradiation played a critical role in initiating redox reactions. This systematic investigation paves the way for developing novel strategies to eliminate PAHs or other organic contaminants from smoked sausages. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dynamics of laser-induced formation of color centers in a lithium fluoride crystal

The dynamics of the laser-induced formation of aggregate color centers under the action of the first (950 nm) and second (475 nm) harmonics of a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser has been studied. During the irradiation of the samples with laser radiation, the photoluminescence spectra of the induced centers were repeatedly measured. It was found that intensity of the spectral luminescence band of F3+ centers exceeds intensity of the band of F2 centers in samples with color centers induced by the first harmonic. At the same time, the opposite ratio of the intensities of these bands was observed in the luminescence spectra of color centers produced by second harmonic radiation for the same energy of laser pulses. It has been established that the observed effect is caused by different degree of heating of the crystalline medium in the regions of passage of laser filaments. Heating accelerates the migration of kinetic particles that carry out the aggregation process. The ratio of the concentrations of F2 and F3+ centers depends on the ratio of the duration of irradiation and the lifetime of kinetic particles, which significantly depends on temperature. A multiphoton-tunneling mode of interband ionization of a crystalline substance was implemented in the experiment. It is shown that the identity of the absorption spectra of color centers induced by the first and second harmonics of femtosecond laser radiation is a new distinguishing characteristic of experimental implementation of the tunneling ionization mechanism in experiment.

Evolution of surface recombination property of silicon wafers during laser irradiation by differential photocarrier radiometry

Understanding the surface recombination property of semiconductor materials is beneficial for improving the performance of optoelectronic devices. In this paper, differential photocarrier radiometry (PCR) is carried out to investigate the evolution of the surface recombination velocities of silicon wafers induced by laser irradiation. The PCR signal and the surface recombination velocities were found to be strongly dependent on the quality of the wafer surface and the duration of laser irradiation. The native oxide surface was more susceptible to laser irradiation than the Al2O3 passivated surface due to more surface defects being annealed. A surface-defect annealing model was used to explain the transient behavior of the PCR signal and the surface recombination velocity.

Research on Laser-Induced Damage Post-Restoration Morphology of Fused Silica and Optimization of Patterned CO2 Laser Repair Strategy.

Fused silica has become the preferred optical material in the field of inertial confinement fusion (ICF) due to its excellent performance; however, these costly optical elements are vulnerable, and their manufacture is time-consuming. Therefore, the restoration of laser-induced damage for these optical elements is of great value. To restrain the post-restoration raised rim problem in the CO2 laser repair process to improve the restoration quality, the separate influences of key parameters of laser power, irradiation duration, and laser beam diameter on post-restoration pit morphology are compared in combined simulation and experimental studies. An optimized, patterned CO2 laser strategy is proposed and verified; the results indicate that, with the strategy, the rim height decreases from 2.6 μm to 1.52 μm, and maximal photo thermal absorption is decreased from 784.2 PPM to 209.43 PPM.

Facile synthesis of polystyrene‐coated carbon nanotubes via microwave‐assisted in‐situ polymerization and tuning of the DC electrical conductivity and impedance characteristics

AbstractAn attempt has been made to tune the DC electrical conductivity and impedance characteristics of the nanocomposites by coating carbon nanotubes (CNTs). A microwave‐assisted in‐situ polymerization approach is utilized to coat the CNTs with polystyrene and no initiators are used. The nanocomposites are characterized by FE‐SEM, TEM, FT‐IR, Raman and TGA. Based on the morphological studies, a polystyrene layer is detected on the CNTs. According to the TGA results, the weight loss in the temperature range of polystyrene decomposition increases with increasing microwave irradiation time, suggesting a higher polystyrene content. Moreover, the DC electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites, as well as the real and imaginary impedance and dielectric permittivity are explored. It is shown that increasing the irradiation time decreases the DC electrical conductivity and dielectric permittivity but increases the real and imaginary impedance. Since the thickness of the polystyrene layer depends on the duration of microwave irradiation, our method can be used to tune the electrical conductivity and impedance characteristics. This can be applied to practical situations where a particular resistance is required.

PENGARUH DAYA LAMPU ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED) GROWTH TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN FISIKA TANAMAN SELADA SISTEM HIDROPONIK

Lettuce is a horticultural crop that has many enthusiasts and is widely cultivated using hydroponic systems. One important factor for plant growth is the need for sufficient light to support the process of photosynthesis. Efforts to overcome the lack of light is to use artificial light that comes from LED lights. This study aims to determine the effect of ultraviolet LED growth lamp power on the growth of lettuce plants. This study was divided into two groups: the control group without irradiating LED growth lamps and the experimental group using irradiation of LED growth lamps with a duration of irradiation of 4 hours at night. Parameters observed included plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves and leaf color in the third week. Analysis of research data used a non-parametric statistical test, namely the Kruskal Wallis test with the help of SPSS 23. The results showed that the power treatment of LED growth lamps had a significant effect on plant height, leaf length, leaf width and number of leaves. However, the power treatment of LED growth lamps did not significantly affect leaf color. The results showed that the best treatment was obtained at 18 watts of power.

The Effect Of Different Curing Time on Giomer’s Fluoride Release

Dental caries is one of the chronic disease of the oral cavity with a prevalence of 45,3% in indonesia. Fluoride is one of the substance that could help in preventing carries and secondary carries. Fluoride can also be found in restorative materials used in dentistry that could release fluoride ions inside the oral cavity. The aim of this study is to determine the differences of different curing time on giomer’s fluoride release.The method used in this study is experimental laboratory design using 27 giomer samples that are divided into 3 groups based on the duration of irradiation of 20 seconds, 40 seconds, and 60 seconds. Fluoride-release were observed by immersing the polymerized restorative material into artificial saliva and then tested using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 570 nm. One way ANOVA test showed differences in fluoride levels in the 3 treatment groups with p 0.05. There was a significant difference in fluoride levels between polymerized giomer restorative materials with curing time of 20, 40, and 60 seconds.