Iron Sulfate Research Articles

Iron deficiency anemia and anemia of chronic disease – what is known?

Anemia is the most common disease in the world, affecting about 30–40% of people. Children, adolescents, and women are most often affected by anemia. The main causes of true iron deficiency (ID and IDA) are insufficient iron intake, increased iron loss (chronic bleeding), increased iron requirement, and impaired iron absorption (gastrointestinal diseases). Chronic diseases, inflammatory conditions, autoimmune diseases, obesity cause an increase in the synthesis of hepcidin in the liver and block the entry of iron into the bloodstream, leading to functional iron deficiency. Anemia of chronic diseases (ACD) or anemia of chronic inflammation (the second most common anemia) is associated with the fact that iron is present in the body, but the absorption of iron in various areas is limited. Until recently, it was believed that treatment with iron supplements in the absence of iron deficiency does not bring benefit to patients with ACD. The opinion has been repeatedly expressed about the harm of iron therapy, since iron is necessary for the growth of some pathogenic microorganisms and tumor cells. However, the real clinical significance of these mainly theoretical provisions is unknown. Therefore, the prescription of iron preparations for anemia is justified and logical. Ferrous sulfate (ferrous iron) is most often prescribed orally due to its low cost, high bioavailability and effectiveness. The drug Tardiferon, containing iron sulphate 247.25 mg (in terms of iron (II) 80.00 mg), is widely used in patients with IDA and ID, since divalent iron has a high ability to overcome the intestinal barrier by “passive” transport and quickly create high concentrations in the blood, restoring the level of hemoglobin and iron stores in the body. The drug Tardiferon has a relatively low dose of iron – 80 mg with slow-release technology to avoid irritating effects on the intestine, contributing to good tolerability. A number of studies confirmed a high safety profile – patients did not refuse to take the drug due to side effects. Timely examination and identification of patients with anemia allows you to prescribe an effective correction. The drug Tardiferon promotes rapid restoration of hemoglobin and iron stores in the body and has good tolerability.

Optimizing liquid‐applied iron sulfate rate and application interval for dollar spot suppression on golf course fairways

AbstractIron sulfate applications reduce dollar spot severity on golf course turfgrass, but further optimizing the use of iron sulfate may increase efficacy and encourage more widespread adoption by golf course superintendents. Three iron sulfate rates (9, 18, 36 kg ha−1), two application intervals (7 and 14 days), three water volumes (306, 612, and 1223 L ha−1), and combinations with fertilizer and fungicide products were evaluated at field locations in Madison, WI, Bloomington, MN, and Blacksburg, VA, in 2018 and 2019. Iron sulfate rate decreased dollar spot at all locations in a dose‐dependent manner, and 7‐day applications were more efficacious than 14‐day applications. Water volume had no impact on disease severity at any location and combining iron sulfate with fertilizer had minimal impact as well. These results demonstrate improved iron sulfate strategies for dollar spot management and can be implemented by golf course superintendents in areas where fungicide resistance and fungicide regulations limit the use of traditional fungicides.

Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC), Aluminium Sulfate, and Iron Sulfate in Livestock Wastewater Treatment

This study investigates the effectiveness of chemical coagulation methods for treating livestock wastewater, a significant environmental concern due to the high levels of organic and inorganic pollutants it contains. The coagulants employed in this research include Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC), Aluminum Sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃·18H₂O), and Iron Sulfate (FeSO₄·7H₂O). Experimental results demonstrate that the treatment with PAC achieved the highest reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), with values decreasing from an initial concentration of 1431.32 mg/L to 700.18 mg/L, corresponding to a removal efficiency of 77.38%. Similarly, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD₅) values decreased from 1734.43 mg/L to 417.33 mg/L, achieving a removal efficiency of 75.68%. The Total Suspended Solids (TSS) also showed a significant reduction, reaching 112.02 mg/L after treatment, well below the regulatory limit of 150 mg/L as stipulated by QCVN 62-MT:2016/BTNMT. While Aluminum Sulfate and Iron Sulfate demonstrated some level of effectiveness, their results did not meet the regulatory standards, with residual COD, BOD₅, and TSS concentrations remaining above permissible limits. This study concludes that PAC is the most effective coagulant for livestock wastewater treatment, suggesting further optimization and potential application in agricultural settings to mitigate the environmental impact of livestock operations.

Self-limited and reversible surface hydration of Na2Fe(SO4)2 cathodes for long-cycle-life Na-ion batteries

Air stability is a crucial factor in the practical application of a battery material, as it profoundly affects the material's preparation, storage, and electrode fabrication processes. Sodium iron sulfate cathodes, despite their attractive attributes in cost and electrochemical performance, are widely believed to be unstable upon air exposure because of the sulfate group. Here we report remarkable air-stability of the Na2Fe(SO4)2-based (NFS) cathodes (minimal decay in 20 % RH air for 60 days, 91.9 % capacity retention after 3500 cycles in half cells) and their outstanding cycle performance in practically relevant pouch-type full cells (∼100 Wh kg-1 specific energy, >1000 cycle-life). Although the NFS cathodes do react with moisture H2O to produce Na2Fe(SO4)2⋅4H2O but the hydration is spatially confined at the NFS particles’ surface and not propagating into their bulk. Further, the structural changes are reversible when the surface-hydrated NFS particles are heated in the typical electrode vacuum-drying process, avoiding extra treatment and additional cost. This work reveals the promising properties of the NFS cathode materials towards high-performance and sustainable Na-ion batteries.

Synthesis of anatase powder by ilmenite digestion followed by selective thermal decomposition and leaching

This study investigates an innovative method for producing TiO2 from ilmenite ore through selective thermal decomposition and leaching. The focus lies on understanding the impact of co-existing sulfates on the decomposition temperature of TiOSO4. Insights into the decomposition mechanisms and parameters governing selective leaching efficiency are also presented. Ilmenite concentrate was digested with concentrated sulfuric acid, yielding titanium and iron sulfates. The digested cake was then calcined at different temperatures to induce thermal decomposition. Thermodynamic calculations were employed to model the decomposition reactions and investigate the influence of iron sulfates on TiOSO4 decomposition. Both thermodynamic evaluation and experimental results demonstrate that co-existing iron sulfates play a catalytic role in lowering the decomposition temperature of TiOSO4 from approximately 700°C to below 500°C, facilitating its conversion to TiO2. The calcined powder underwent selective leaching, first with water to remove soluble sulfates, followed by dilute acid to obtain a TiO2 precipitate. The precipitate was analyzed by different techniques.The XRD analysis confirmed the successful conversion of TiOSO4 to Anatase TiO2 during calcination and leaching. The SEM images show that the Anatase TiO2 powder displays a near-spherical morphology, with a particle size ranging from 50 to 200 nm. FTIR, DTA, and DTG analyses supported the thermodynamic calculations and XRD results, offering insights into the phase transformations during thermal decomposition and leaching. The thermodynamic evaluation and experimental results demonstrate that co-existing iron sulfates play a catalytic role in lowering the decomposition temperature of TiOSO4. By using the proposed method, anatase powder was successfully produced with minor impurities of iron, SiO2, and other metal oxides.

Dyeing ability of C. longa L. and T. stans (L.) Juss. Ex Kunth on unmordanted and mordanted silk and cotton fabrics

The work was on the extraction of both the C. longa rhizomes and the petals of T. stans using four different solvents (ethanol, ethyl acetate, water, and n-hexane). The dyeing potential of the C. longa and T. stans extracts was evaluated on cotton and silk fabrics without or with mordants using potash alum, phosphomolybdic acid, iron (II) sulphate, and tartaric acid at varied temperatures and tested for colour fastness properties (wash and light fastness). The pH and absorbance of the dye bath before and after dyeing were studied. However, cotton, which is cellulosic, was better dyed than silk, which is proteinous, which showed a better choice for fabrics dyeing at 80 °C; hence, it had a good colour efficiency. Iron (II) sulphate exhibited complexes in the octahedral configuration of the coordination six with CH2O- of cotton and NH3+ and COO- of silk fabric. In addition, it was also observed that the higher the dyeing temperature, the greater the dyeing intensity. The spectroscopic characterization of the extracts was determined with the help of UV-Vis and FTIR. The UV-Vis and FTIR spectral analyses revealed the chromophore, auxochrome groups, and functional groups, respectively, within the extracts. Curcumin and rutin were identified as being responsible for the dyeing of the fabric.

Impact of iron sulfate (FeSO4) foliar application on growth, metabolites and antioxidative defense of Luffa cylindrica (Sponge gourd) under salt stress

Salt stress is becoming a major issue for the world’s environment and agriculture economy. Different iron [Fe] sources can give an environmentally friendly alternative for salt-affected soil remediation. In this study the effects of Iron sulfate on Luffa cylindrica (Sponge gourd) cultivated in normal and saline water irrigated soil were examined. When FeSO4 (0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 ppm) were applied to salt affected soil, the length, fresh and dry biomass of sponge gourd plant roots and shoots inclined by an average of 33, 28, 11, 21, 18 and 22%, respectively. In plants irrigated with saline water, leaf count was raised successively (23–115%) with increasing concentration of FeSO4 (0.025-0.1 ppm) compared to stress only plants. The use of FeSO4 boosted sponge gourd growth characteristics in both normal and salt-affected soils compared to respective controls. The application of Iron sulfate under salt stress boosted photosynthetic indices such as chlorophyll a (22%), chlorophyll b (34%), carotenoids (16%), and total chlorophyll levels (22%). Iron sulfate application also exhibited incline in primary (total free amino acids, 50%; total soluble proteins, 46%) and secondary (total phenolics, 9%; flavonoid content, 51%) metabolites in salt-affected soils. Oxidative enzymatic activities such as catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and DPPH scavenging activity (36%) were also increased by foliar spray of FeSO4 in control and salt stressed L. cylindrica plants. FeSO4 had a considerable impact on the growth and development of Luffa cylindrica in normal and salt-affected soils. It is concluded that FeSO4 application can effectively remediate salt affected soil and improve the production of crop plants.

Decolorization of Acid Red 337 dye with hydroxyl and sulfate radical based advanced oxidation processes using different iron Catalyst: An experimental and statistical Investigation

The removal efficiencies of Acid Red 337 dye were investigated by combining advanced oxidation processes based on OH and SO4− radicals. The photocatalytic oxidation processes were carried out at the natural pH (5.4) and acidic pH (3.0) values of the dye solution. In the experiments, iron (II) sulfate (Fe2+) and potassium ferrioxalate (FeOx) were used as catalysts, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) were used as oxidants to compare dye removal efficiency and to determine the optimum doses. This comparison provided the opportunity to identify suitable catalysts and oxidants for dye removal. Furthermore, time-based comparisons were conducted from 2 to 10 min using the optimum catalyst doses. It was obtained that PMS was more effective as an oxidant in the presence of both iron catalysts for colour removal. The colour removal efficiency of 98.2 % was achieved in the PMS/Fe2+/UV process with doses of 1 mM PMS and 0.1 mM Fe2+ at pH 5.4 and an irradiation time of 10 min. In experiments using light-sensitive ferrioxalate (FeOx), colour removal was achieved in the PMS/FeOx/UV process with an efficiency of 97.8 %. Additionally, an artificial neural networks (ANNs) model effectively optimized the oxidation parameters, with predicted values closely matching the experimental data. The ANNs model yielded excellent statistical performance, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0317, 0.0223 and coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9690 and 0.9854 for UV/Fe2+/H2O2-UV/FeOx/H2O2 and UV/Fe2+/PMS-UV/FeOx/PMS oxidation systems respectively.

Optimizing the Preoperative Preparation of Sarcopenic Older People: The Role of Prehabilitation and Nutritional Supplementation before Knee Arthroplasty.

Age-related loss of skeletal muscle strength and mass is linked to adverse postoperative outcomes in older individuals with sarcopenia. Half of patients suffer from severe associated osteoarthritis requiring orthopedic interventions. Mitigating the onset and progression of sarcopenia before surgery is essential to improve the prognosis and reduce surgical complications. The aim of this research was to innovatively explore whether the preoperative period could be the appropriate timeframe to empower surgical resilience, through prehabilitation and dietary supplementation, in older sarcopenic patients undergoing knee arthroplasty. The current literature concerning the effectiveness of prehabilitation and dietary supplementation before knee arthroplasty in sarcopenic older individuals was reviewed, following the SANRA criteria, between December 2023 and February 2024. The study inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) prehabilitation and/or dietary supplementation interventions; (2) human participants aged 65 years and older; (3) relevant outcome reporting (functional status, postoperative complications, and patient-reported outcomes); and (4) articles written in English The extracted information included study characteristics, demographics, intervention details, outcomes, and the main findings. Merged prehabilitation and dietary supplementation strategies extrapolated from the current literature and involving strength, resistance, balance, and flexibility training, as well as essential amino acids, iron, vitamin D, adenosine triphosphate, and glucosamine sulphate supplementation, could improve the functional capacity, ability to withstand the upcoming surgical stressors, and postoperative outcomes in older people undergoing knee arthroplasty. Addressing complex links between knee osteoarthritis and sarcopenia in older individuals undergoing knee arthroplasty requires a multidimensional approach. Prehabilitation emerges as a crucial preliminary step, allowing the optimization of surgical outcomes. Nutraceutical integration, included in a comprehensive care plan, could have a synergic effect in achieving prehabilitation goals. Those interventions are essential for surgical resilience, in terms of muscle function preservation, recovery acceleration, and overall quality of life enhancement. Intensive collaboration among specialists could advance knowledge and the sharable consensus concerning the critical and evolutive field of perioperative care.

Chemotherapy Options in New Patients with Drug Susceptible Tuberculosis and Concurrent HIV Infection

The objective: to compare effectiveness and safety of isonicotinoylhydrazine-O,N' iron (II) sulfate dihydrate with the drug of isonicotinic acid hydrazide group in the complex therapy of patients with drug susceptible tuberculosis and HIV infection.Subjects and Methods. In 2020-2021, 40 patients with HIV infection and drug susceptible respiratory tuberculosis with a positive sputum test were examined in Moscow Regional Clinical TB Dispensary as a part of the post-registration observational study. The subjects were randomized into two groups – Main Group (MG) and Comparison Group (CG). Isonicotinoylhydrazine-O,N' iron (II) sulfate dihydrate was administered to the patients from MG as a part of regimen 1 of chemotherapy (instead of isoniazid). The effectiveness and safety of the investigational drug and comparator were evaluated. The primary effectiveness criteria included resolution of clinical symptoms of intoxication and sputum conversion. The secondary effectiveness criterion was positive X-ray changes. The safety criterion was the absence of adverse reactions.Results. During the study period, no adverse reactions were registered when isonicotinoylhydrazine-O,N' iron (II) sulfate dehydrate was used, as well as isoniazid. Good tolerability was noted as well as high compliance to treatment by patients. Thus, both in terms of effectiveness and safety, isonicotinoylhydrazine-O,N' iron (II) sulfate dihydrate is comparable to isoniazid as part of anti-tuberculosis chemotherapy for patients with drug susceptible tuberculosis and concurrent HIV infection.

Environmentally Benign and Expeditious Access to 4‐Aryl Methylene‐isoxazole‐5(4H)‐Ones Using Magnetically Separable Nanoparticles

AbstractAn environmentally benign and expeditious protocol was developed for the one‐pot multicomponent synthesis of 4‐aryl‐3‐methylisoxazol‐5(4H)‐ones by the condensation of aldehyde, hydroxyl amine hydrochloride, and ethyl acetoacetate in 50% aq. ethanol at 50 °C. The reaction was catalyzed by magnetically separable carbon microspheres co‐decorated with nanosized iron sulfide and magnetite nanoparticles in 10 wt% amount. The FeS1‐x‐Fe3O4/C nanocatalyst was prepared from iron(III) sulfate loaded iminodiacetate group functionalized styrene‐divinylbenzene based ion exchanger by pyrolysis reaction performed at 600 °C for 4 h. The use of magnetically separable heterogeneous catalyst, aqueous ethanol, short reaction time (30 min), and nonchromatographic purification methods are the striking features of the developed protocol. The isolated yield of the condensation products varied between 81% and 96%. Furthermore, the protocol exhibits high functional group tolerance and includes the use of noncorrosive, nonhazardous reaction conditions affording the product in excellent yields and short reaction time.

Tin separation and recovery using the successive conversion of the self-possessed sulfur from low-grade tin middling

Low-grade tin middlings generated from mineral processing of tin tailings are composed of high contents of arsenic and tin, which pose a huge threat to environmental safety if not properly disposed. An approach of arsenic and tin separation from it using a combined roasting process was proposed in this work. First with oxidizing roasting, FeAsS from the tin middling was decomposed to As4 (g) and oxidized to As4O6 (g), achieving the arsenic separation of 97.1%. More importantly, sulfur in FeAsS was oxidized to iron sulfate and retained in the residue, which could be used as curing reagent for tin separation in the followed self-sulfurization roasting. However, massive SO2 (g) generated from the decomposition of iron sulfate volatilized before it sulfurizing SnO2 in the roasting, causing a low tin recovery. CaO could convert iron sulfate to CaSO4, slow the release of SO2 (g) and insure a high S/Sn ratio in the roasting. Moreover, CaO decreased the residue sintering by converting FeS-FeO to Ca2Fe2O5, CaFeO2 and CaS. Tin recovery was promoted and could obtain 98.2%. This study provides a new technical route for the separation and recycle of arsenic and tin from a hazardous material of low-grade tin middling.

Eco-friendly and low-cost phytodyeing for wool, cotton and polyester textile materials using Parthenocissus Quinquefolia L. Fruit Extracts

This study investigates the extraction of natural colorant from fresh fruits of Parthenocissus quinquefolia L. and the application of the extracted dye to wool yarn, cotton, and polyester fabrics in the presence and absence of various mordants. The effect of mordant type on the dyeing quality with different mordanting methods was examined. Iron sulfate, tin chloride, alum, copper sulfate, and potassium dichromate were used as mordant. The effects of these mordants on the color of the dyed samples were investigated in terms of CIELab (L*, a*, b*) and K/S values. The light, washing and rubbing fastness of the dyed samples were evaluated according to ISO standards. While dyeing wool yarn without mordant produces reddish brown, and dyeing with mordant produces a wide range of colors from green to purple, blue and lilac tones are obtained in cotton fabric dyeing, and green, purple and brown tones are obtained in polyester fabric dyeing. While polyester fabrics are dyed with synthetic dyes at 130 oC, in this study they were dyed with natural dyes at 90 oC. As a result of dyeing, colors with high fastness are generally obtained.

Properties of Powders Synthesized from Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Silicate and Iron Sulfate

Properties of Powders Synthesized from Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Silicate and Iron Sulfate

Impact of Fe3+/Polyphenol Ratio in Iron-gall Ink on Superoxide Formation: Rationalizing Historic Recipes from a Kinetic Study.

Iron-gall inks, a vital part of our written cultural heritage, are at risk of complete loss due to degradation, a potential loss that we must urgently address. These inks are based on Fe3+-complexes with phenolic compounds, which grow to form a complex network of iron oxyhydroxides. Over time, these black inks turn into brownish tones, with extensive degradation in paper support leading to extensive breaking. The kinetics of iron-gall ink preparation explains the use of iron sulfate, FeSO4, in all ancient recipes to obtain a stable amorphous ink. The novelty of this work shows that a low ratio of Fe3+/polyphenol is a crucial factor in allowing the ink's growth without its degradation. This ratio also prevents the formation of superoxide. This was achieved through a comprehensive research methodology involving spectroscopic techniques in the visible and the near-infrared regions, stopped-flow spectrometry and electrochemical studies.

Determination of saturated dissolved oxygen concentration in iron sulfate solutions containing iron oxidizing microorganisms

Iron sulfate solutions and the extremophile lifeforms that can live within them are industrially and environmentally important in many applications and require proper assessments of solution properties. Determination of saturated dissolved oxygen concentration is an important parameter for monitoring iron biooxidation processes. However, its determination is not so straight forward using commercially available dissolved oxygen meters. Such meters utilize internal calculation models based on the saline properties of seawater which can be easily overlooked. A method for determination of the saturated dissolved oxygen concentration in acidic iron sulfate solutions with the inclusion of other inorganic salts is proposed in this work using the biooxidation of ferrous iron as an indicator measured with redox potential and converted to oxygen concentration through bioreaction stoichiometry. The technique was tested on a BioGenerator system over the course of four days and proved satisfactory in establishing a value for the saturated dissolved oxygen concentration of the bioreactor broth. Study of the lifespan properties of the microorganisms in absence of ferrous iron substrate was briefly examined to determine the effective handling period of solutions for assessment.

Gel dosimetry: An overview of dosimetry systems and read out methods

Gel dosimetry has emerged over the past three decades in response to a growing need in high-precision radiotherapy to assess, in three dimensions, the absorbed radiation dose, as would be administered in cancer patients. Radiation-induced reaction mechanisms are dependent on the class of gel dosimeter, with four classes emerging as primary dosimeters for use in radiation therapy dose verification: (i) Fricke gel dosimeters contain a Fricke solution consisting of ammonium iron (II) sulfate in an acidic solution of sulfuric acid. In Fricke systems an oxidation of ferrous ions results in a change in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation rate, which enables reading out Fricke gel dosimeters by use of MRI. The radiation-induced oxidation in Fricke gel dosimeters can also be visualized by adding a redox indicator. (ii) Polymer gel dosimeters exploit the radiation induced polymerization reaction of vinyl monomers and are predominantly read out by quantitative MRI or X-ray CT. (iii) Radiochromic dosimeters do not demonstrate a significant radiation-induced change in NMR properties but can be scanned by use of optical scanners (optical CT). In contrast to Fricke gel dosimeters, radiochromic gel dosimeters do not rely on the oxidation of a metal ion but exhibit a color change upon radiation. (iv) Radiofluorogenic dosimeters become fluorescent when exposed to ionizing radiation and can be read out with a planar scanning light beam. Likewise, the imaging modality used to extract quantitative dose information depends on the class of dosimeter being used, and three primary imaging modalities have emerged in this context: quantitative MRI, x-ray CT, and optical CT imaging. The accuracy and precision of the dose information extracted from gel dosimetry systems depends on both the dosimetric properties of the gel dosimeters and the readout technique, and the optimal readout method depends on the gel dosimeter response. Despite remaining an active field of research and illustrations of the application of gel dosimetry for the validation of clinical dose distributions, the utilizatio of gel dosimetry as a routine clinical dosimeter has been rather limited. However, with the introduction of new radiotherapy techniques that focus on organ motion compensation, new fractionation schemes, and extreme dose rates, the need for 3D radiation dosimetry is apparent. Even with the need for 3D dosimetry being apparent, gel dosimetry faces continued challenges in areas regarding the extraction of reproducible, accurate, and precise dose information. This review paper focuses on an introduction to gel dosimeter classes; a detailed examination of the three readout techniques with emphasis on the achievable accuracy, precision, and optimization of readout parameters; an outlook on future applications in emerging new radiotherapy techniques. We note that the introduction of theragnostic hybrid MRI-Linacs that combine an MRI-scanner and a clinical linear accelerator create new opportunities for inline polymer gel dosimetry. Likewise, the use of cone beam CT on linear accelerators opens up the possibility to read out gel dosimeters on the linac. Multiple optical CT designs have shown that optical CT gel dosimetry is eminently capable of providing high quality dosimetric information from clinically relevant treatment regimes. As a result, gel dosimetry provides exciting opportunities for 3D radiation dosimetry that were not available even a few years ago. The unique feature set of a properly executed gel dosimetry workflow allows for the extraction of dosimetric information, in 3D, that is not possible with any other dosimetry system and hence gel dosimetry provides exciting opportunities for clinical and research work in the area of radiation dose measurement.

Effective selenate removal using pH modulated synthesis of biogenic jarosite: Comparative insight with non-biogenic jarosite and biogenic schwertmannite

Selenium, a crucial trace element for many organisms, including prokaryotes and humans, is toxic at high concentrations, necessitating its removal from wastewater. This study investigates the use of jarosite, a naturally occurring iron sulfate mineral with excellent heavy metal attenuation properties, for selenate (Se(VI)) removal for the first time. Biogenic jarosite was synthesized through Fe(II) oxidation by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans at an initial pH ranging from 1.5 to 4.0 (J-1.5 to J-4.0). This resulted in the formation of morphologically diverse particles of biogenic jarosite owing to varying Fe(II) oxidation and precipitation rates. For comparative analysis, non-biogenic jarosite (J-90C) and biogenic schwertmannite (S-2.5) were also synthesized. At 0.2 mM initial Se(VI) concentration, J-2.5 demonstrated superior Se(VI) removal compared to J-3.5 and J-90C. At 2.0 mM Se(VI), J-2.5 still outperformed J-3.5 and J-90C although its overall removal efficiency decreased. Notably, at 0.2 mM concentration, Se(VI) removal by J-2.5 was 63 %, which is comparable to 77 % removal by S-2.5. Furthermore, sulfate release from J-2.5 was significantly lower than that from S-2.5 in both Se-free and Se-containing solutions. This study provides critical insights into the synthesis and application of biogenic jarosite as a replacement for metastable schwertmannite, emphasizing its potential as an excellent Se sink for wastewater treatment.

Green Synthesis of Sulphuric Acid Based on "Geber's Method": A Detailed Aspen Plus Simulation

Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) has a wide range of applications, but its current synthesis route via the contact process negatively impacts the atmospheric environment with harmful gaseous pollutants. Thus, based on the non-random two-liquids (NRTL) thermodynamic method, this study presents a detailed Aspen Plus V8.8 simulation of the green synthesis route of H2SO4 based on Geber's method developed already in the 18th century. The research investigates the efficiency and energy dynamics of the process through the analysis of key process parameters such as reactor's heat duty, vapor fraction, and molar extent of reaction in the selected configuration, using green vitriol (FeSO4∙7H2O) as a natural raw material. This study presented a novel manufacturing route that resulted in H2SO4 of 85.76% purity (33.71 kg/h), considering the chosen parameter space. The results highlight the impact of reactant component molar yield and fractional conversion of iron (II) sulfate (FeSO4) on heat duty and the optimal molar extent for maximizing H2SO4 production in a series of equilibrium reactors. In addition, appropriate operational parameters for the synthesis process were carefully specified, offering a pathway towards sustainable and eco-friendly H2SO4 production, which should emit zero greenhouse gases. Further optimization of the reactor conditions, can help maximize the yield of H2SO4, while minimizing energy consumption and byproduct formation. Developing advanced wastewater treatment units to purify the wastewater stream containing trace amounts of H2SO4 and dissolved sulfur trioxide (SO3) can mitigate environmental impact and ensure compliance with regulatory standards.

Possibility of using industrial by-product combinations to remediate cadmium and arsenic contaminated soil

It is inevitable to produce by-products in industrial and mining production, and how to deal with these by-products has become a major environmental issue. Meanwhile, many studies have shown that applying soil amendments is a feasible measure for effectively controlling soil pollution. Finding low-cost and efficient soil passivators is an effective way to safely utilize polluted soil. This article provides a method of “treating contamination with waste”. Through spinach pot experiments, different proportions and doses of granite powder (A, quarry waste), market purchased conditioner (B), “granite powder+iron sulfate mineral (titanium powder industrial waste)” (C), and “granite powder+iron sulfate mineral+market purchased conditioner” (CB) were used to treat soil co-contaminated with cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As). The results indicate that amendments affect the available Cd and As in soil by changing soil pH and cation exchange capacity. The amendment of A, B, C, and CB all has remarkable reduction rates of soil available Cd at 65.48 %, 57.02 %, 61.37 %, and 43.15 %, respectively, compared to the control. Both A and B increase the available As content in the soil and the As content in spinach. However, both C and CB reduced the available As content in the soil by 60.32 % and 12.48 %. CB treatment could simultaneously reduce the accumulation of Cd and As in spinach, increase chlorophyll content, and promote spinach growth. It was worth noting that the 3 % CB treatment has the best effect, with Cd and As content in spinach stems and leaves decreasing by 51.13 % - 69.62 % and 35.46 % - 59.53 %, respectively, and the repair cost being as low as 76.5 $ ton−1. Therefore, the combined application of granite powder, market purchased conditioner, and iron sulfate minerals for the remediation of Cd and As co-polluted soil was a cost-effective and environmentally friendly technology. However, applying these soil composite amendments also requires attention to adjusting with the soil type and with pollution type, which we are currently studying.