Ironstone Research Articles

Electricity supply chain hybrid long‐term demand forecasting approach based on deep learning—a case study of basic metals industry

AbstractDemand forecasting is a key parameter to achieve optimal supply chain management at different levels. The basic metals industry is one of the most energy‐intensive industries in the electricity supply chain. The impossibility of large‐scale energy storage, reservation constraints, and its high costs, limitations on electricity transmission lines capacity, real‐time response to high priority strategic demands, and variety of energy rates at different hours and seasons are issues that challenge the electricity supply chain. A hybrid approach is presented in this paper to improve the accuracy of long‐term demand forecasting in the electricity supply chain. The proposed approach uses wavelet decomposition and long short‐term memory (LSTM) neural networks to produce new predictors for demand forecasting in case of defective data. The data used in this study consists of the recorded hourly demand of Espidan Iron Stone (EIS) company and data of Mobarakeh Steel (MS) company in Isfahan Province. The understudy time series includes a lot of interruptions due to non‐production of the factory or power outages and spikes which cause uncertainty that makes the forecasting more difficult in comparison with continuous time series. Multiple machine learning models including decision trees (DTs), boosted and bagged trees (BGTs), support vector regression (SVR) models, extreme learning machines (ELMs), and a LSTM neural network model are employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in this paper. A comparison of the results obtained using the hybrid proposed approach and training machine learning (ML) methods shows a notable reduction in forecasting error.

0817 Conquering Two Sleep Birds with One Iron stone: The Case of Resolved Restless Sleep Disorder and Parasomnia with Iron Therapy

Abstract Introduction Restless Sleep Disorder (RSD) is characterized by frequent nocturnal movements of large muscle groups or a complaint of restless sleep by observers with associated daytime dysfunction.1 RSD, like other movement disorders of sleep, is associated with low iron stores.2 Children with RSD have increased NREM sleep instability and a propensity for parasomnia.2 No reports to date have demonstrated the use of iron therapy for parasomnia in patients with RSD. Furthermore, studies are limited in very young children with this disorder as they currently fall outside proposed diagnostic criteria.1 Report of Cases: A 2 year-old male presented to the sleep clinic with parental complaints of nightly sleep initiation and maintenance difficulty, mild snoring, restless sleep, episodes of sleepwalking and night terrors multiple times per week. Symptoms worsened over 6 months and were associated with daytime irritability and behavioral problems. Sleep quality measures assessed progress between visits: the PROMIS Sleep Disturbance (PROMIS SD) and Sleep Related Impairment (PROMIS SRI). Serum ferritin was initially 20ug/L. Polysmnogram demonstrated no significant sleep related breathing disorder, a large muscle group movement index of 14, periodic limb movement index of 3. Initial treatment included oral iron therapy, scheduled awakenings, and hypnotic dose melatonin. The sleep psychologist addressed limit setting and negative sleep associations with improved insomnia symptoms but parasomnia and restless sleep continued. The parent noted reduction in both movements and parasomnia frequency after one month of iron therapy. After a 3 month period on treatment, the parent reported complete cessation of the parasomnia, drastic reduction in restlessness, and near resolution of insomnia. Sleep quality measure PROMIS SD improved by 11, demonstrating reduced sleep disturbance. PROMIS SRI did not change. Ferritin level increased to 47ug/L. Conclusion RSD in a very young child with NREM parasomnia responded to oral iron therapy improving overall sleep quality. This case demonstrates the relationship between relative iron deficiency, RSD and associated parasomnia. Support (If Any) 1. DelRosso LM, Ferri R, Allen RP, et al. Consensus diagnostic criteria for a newly defined pediatric sleep disorder: restless sleep disorder(RSD).SleepMed.2020;75:335-340. 2. Leung W, Singh I, McWilliams S, Stockler S, Ipsiroglu OS. Iron deficiency and sleep - A scoping review. SleepMedRev.2020;51:101274

CLUSTERS OF MINERAL DEPOSITS OF THE SOUTHERN EAST SIBERIA AND PROSPECTS FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENT: AN OVERVIEW OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to identify the groups of closely spaced mineral deposits located in the Southern East Siberia and to describe these clusters. The mineral resource base of this region includes the deposits of lead, zinc, tungsten, tin, molybdenum, uranium, copper, gold, lithium, tantalum, niobium, silver, fluorite, zirconium, rare-earth metals, iron, mica, precious and semi-precious stones, oil, gas, and coal. Many of these deposits contain a significant part of the explored mineral reserves of Russia. The deposits are located in the tectonic structures of the Siberian platform (Tunguska syncline, Nepa arch, Cheremkhovo and Priangarie depressions), as well as in the fold belts framing the platform from the south and southeast (Baikal-Patom, Dzhida-Vitim, etc.). These structures and belts formed under the influence of plate tectonic and plume tectonic processes. This article describes the clusters of mineral deposits of the Angara, Sayan, Baikal and Transbaikalia regions. Currently, the most developed are the clusters located in the southern part of the study area (Shilka, Argun, Yeravnino, etc.). In the northern part (Mama-Bodaibo, etc.), the clusters have been either partially developed within the existing mining areas or are at the initial stage of development. In these territories, the road infrastructure, power supply and other facilities required for mining industry are either underdeveloped or lacking. Prospects for the regional development are related to the economic development of the territories adjacent to the Baikal-Amur railroad (BAM) and hydrocarbons production in the zone near the East Siberia – Far East oil pipeline. On the Siberian platform, mineral deposits formed during the stages of formation of its basement (Aldan, Anabar, and Sharyzhalgai shields) and platform cover (Tunguska syncline, and Nepa-Botuoba anticline). Within the fold frame, ore formation was associated with subduction, spreading, collision, and plume tectonic intraplate settings. To start the development of small-size deposits and mining of technogenic raw materials, it is advisable to establish exploration and production enterprises that can operate and manage expeditions and use compact ore-dressing plants.

Experimental comparative investigation on creep behavior of mineral cast, ultra-high-performance concrete, and natural stone for precision machinery structures

Precision machinery employs a variety of materials for its structures: welded steel, cast iron, mineral cast, ultra-high-performance concrete, and natural stone. The machine tool industry requires high control on the geometrical and dimensional stability of the machine structure in order to ensure precise and accurate parts in the micrometer range. This means that even the smallest deviation from the nominal values of the machine tool can result in unacceptable part tolerances. For this work, comparative experiments were set up to analyze and evaluate the influence of load on the creep behavior of three classes of materials: mineral cast, ultra-high-performance concrete, and natural stone.

The Influence of Mechanical Milling on the Electrical Conductivity of LiFeSi<sub>0.03</sub>P<sub>0.97</sub>O<sub>4</sub>/C Composite Materials

LiFeSi0.03P0.97O4/C composite materials with variations in duration of milling are 4, 8, 12, and 16 h have been synthesized successfully by solid-state process. The iron stone from Tanah Laut Kalimantan used as source of ion Fe and Glucose used as material coating. The result of XRD have shown all of the samples have a olivine LiFePO4 phase except for milling 16 h. The largest electrical conductivity was 1.75x10-8 S/cm observed in sample of 16 h.

Evaluation of Growth Performance of Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas) Seedlings on Different Soils in the Northern Guinea Savanna Agrological Zone of Nigeria

The preliminary study was carried out to evaluate the growth performance of Jatropha curcas seedlings on different soils at the nursery of the Federal College of Forestry Mechanization Afaka, Kaduna. Farm land soil, forest soil and granulated iron stone soil were sourced within the college premises and FRIN/JICA plantation. Jatropha curcas seedlings were sown on the different soils and each was replicated eight (8) times. The experiment was laid out in Complete Randomized Design (CRD). Growth parameters were collected forth nightly and was subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results revealed that there are significant (P>0.05) difference in the height, stem diameter and number of leaf among the three different soil for the growth assessment. The growth rate recorded from the farm land soil are statistical higher (P>0.05) in leaf width, plant height and stem diameter than the other two soil while the growth parameters assessed were significantly lower (P>0.05) in iron stone soil and forest soil. It is recommended based on the parameters assessed that soil from the farmland gives the best result for raising and nurturing of J. curcas in the nursery without addition of any plant nutrient media.

Using Iron Ore Waste As Aggregate in Making K.30 Quality Concrete

The main component of concrete is cement, water, and aggregate (fine and rough aggregate), with aggregate constituting between 50% and 60% of total volume. Iron stone coming from nature is a material alternative that can be used as rough aggregate in making concrete. This research was conducted by sieving iron ores with sieving particle sizes of 2mm, 2-5 mm, 5-8 mm, and 10-12 mm. The compressive strength test was conducted at 7, 14, and 28 days. The iron ore waste from iron processing can be used as aggregate for K 300 quality concrete because the concrete compressive test result after 28 days by using sieving particle sizes of mesh 20, mesh 5, mesh 8-10, and mesh 10-12 exceeded normal K 300 quality concrete with compressive strength scores of 30.12 MPa, 38.90 MPa, 36.75 MPa, and 32.10 Mpa respectively, while normal K 300 quality concrete had 28.86 MPa compressive strength.

Characterization, usage and provenance of building rocks in the Fortress of São José of Macapá (Amazon, Brazil)

The use of rocks in historical buildings is recurrent, and in the Amazon, it denotes the use of local materials or even those from other continents. In the military fortifications the most usual is the use of easily accessed rocks found in natural outcrops. These structures were pioneered in American cities colonized by Europeans. Historical building restoration involves knowledge of materials and the original quarry sources. With respect to fortresses, is important to understand how rock is used in different functions and treatments. Studying the Fortress of São José de Macapá in Amapá, Brazil, which is exemplary of the 18th century, this paper aims to characterize the rocks in military fortifications according to their architectural applications and their raw material source. For this characterization, mapping and mesoscopic analyses were carried out in association with the analytical techniques of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an analytical system (EDS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), and compressive resistance. The results indicated the use of sedimentary rocks and lateritic crusts from the geological environment of the implantation site and its surroundings. However, in the same geological context, they are classified as ferruginized sandstones (FSS), ferruginous lateritic crusts (FLC) and iron stones (IST), all of which are primarily composed of goethite, hematite, quartz and kaolinite. Due to their compositional, textural and physical characteristics, it was possible to correlate their uses and functions in the fortress, which indicated a formal and constructive logic that suited the raw materials available to the builders.

Immobilisation of geogenic arsenic and vanadium in iron-rich sediments and iron stone deposits

Determination of how geogenic arsenic (As) and vanadium (V) is mobilised from naturally-enriched soils and iron (Fe) stones is integral for understanding the potential risk to the environment from changed land use conditions. Thus, the association of As, V and Fe in As-enriched sediments and Fe stones in Tertiary sediments of Melbourne, Australia, was assessed using chemical extraction methods, micro focused X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. We show that the selective association of As with Fe during Fe stone formation has resulted in As enrichment of up to 60 times the concentration of surrounding soils, and 1000 times higher than mean As concentrations in world soils. In both soil and Fe stones, As was distributed with goethite as arsenate and relatively immobile under oxic conditions. The presence of V on the outer edge of the assessed Fe stone provided evidence of differences in historical As and V solubility; that is, As was immobilised by Fe during an earlier stage of Fe stone formation than V.

Local structure examination of mineral-derived Fe2O3 powder by Fe K-edge EXAFS and XANES

Fe K-edge XANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure) and EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) spectra have been used to investigate the local structures of hematite (Fe2O3) powders which were synthesized from local iron stone. The formation of hematite with various calcination temperature (500, 650, 800) °C was observed from XRD data of each powder, and Fe K-edge EXAFS and XANES were performed to sample with calcination temperature 800 °C. The XANES spectra confirmed the oxidation state of the powders. The energy position of the first pre-edge peak at (7113.5 ± 0.5) eV confirm Fe3+. The absorption edges of Fe2O3 powders was 7123.41 eV. The first EXAFS data analysis showed that Fe2O3 powder exhibited nearest-neighbor distances RFe-O = 1.56449 Å and RFe-Fe = 3.01449 Å. The XRD lattice parameter values for the sample is in a fair agreement with the nearest-neighbor distances according to the EXAFS data.

A Sui Dynasty (581-618) Iron Buddha: The Tale of Two Filial Sons

This article aims to ascertain the date and significance of what appears to be a Sui Dynasty (581-618) Iron Buddha by closely examining the artifact and the inscription on it. After a preliminary attempt to determine the ‘style’ of the Iron Buddha, more in-depth comparative analyses of it are carried out that focus on reconstructed dynastic calendars and the sexagenary dates in them, Buddhist iconography from the same period and the formulaic narrative and prayer-like entreaty passages found on them, and a companion Stone Guanyin piece located in the Detroit Institute of Arts. Summing up the results, in addition to substantiating the inscribed date found on the Iron Buddha, these analyses demonstrate that the Iron Buddha and Stone Guanyin were part of a larger story, one that was being played out during the Northern & Southern Dynasties period, when Chinese social order and the Confucian ideology supporting it were declining, replaced in many areas by the growing influence of Daoism and Buddhism. This story centers on the tale of two filial sons who commissioned these pieces, hoping, in still following the centuries-long Confucian tradition, to honor their deceased Father, while doing so within the context of a rising Buddhist worldview, one in which they wished him freedom from pain and re-birth in a better place.

Hematite from Natural Iron Stones as Microwave Absorbing Material on X-Band Frequency Ranges

This study has been investigated the effect of hematite as microwave absorbing materials (RAM) on X-Band frequency ranges. Hematite was succesfully processed by coprecipitation method and calcined at 500 °C for 5 hour. It was synthesized from natural iron stones from Tanah Laut, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraxtion (XRD), conductivity measurement, Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM), and Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The result was shown that hematite has conductivity value on (2.5–3).10−7 S/cm and be included as dielectric materials. The hysterisis curve was shown that hematite was a super paramagnetic materials. The product was mixed on paint with procentage 10% of total weight and coated on steel grade AH36 with spray methods. Then, the maximum of reflection loss on x – band’s frequency range (8,2-12,4) GHz was -7 dB on frequency of 10.5 GHz. It mean that almost 50% electromagnetic energy was absorbed by hematite.

ENERGY RESOURCES AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIA

Russia is rich in energy reserves that are essential to an industry and in a household use. Its mineral wealth is abound with various raw materials such as earth oil, natural gas, coal of every geological types and metamorphose phases (from pure humic coal to boghead coal and from liptobiolith to friable lignite), iron stone, uranium, aurum and others. Russia has the exceptional mineral resources pool. The specificity of the Russian raw-material base is a complexity. The base is included almost all types of minerals: fuel-power reserves (oil, gas, coal, uranium); ferrous metals (iron, manganese, chromian stones); nonferrous and rare metals (cuprum, plumbum, zink, nickelic, aluminium materials, algam, wolframite, molybdenum, stibnic, azoque, titanium, zirconium, niobium, tantalum, yttrium, rhenium, scandium, strontium and others); precious metals (aurum, argentums, platinoids) and rough diamonds; non-metals (apatites, phosphorites, potash and sodium salts, fluor spar, mica, talcum, magnesium, mineral carbon, baryta, piezo-optic raw materials, precious and ornamental stones and others). The mineral potential of Russia is totally suffice for adopting and independent and effective policy. The country-produced mineral base is instrumental in the world commodities-based industries. Raw materials provide the economic and defensive strength of the country. The mineral raw materials and end products, which have been produced due to sand mining and following mineral processing, constitute the chief export earner of Russia. Russia is rich in energy reserves that are essential to an industry and in a household use. Its mineral wealth is abound with various raw materials such as earth oil, natural gas, coal of every geological types and metamorphose phases (from pure humic coal to boghead coal and from liptobiolith to friable lignite), iron stone, uranium, aurum and others. Russia has the exceptional mineral resources pool.

The Influence of Calcination Temperature on Quantitative Phase of Hematite from Iron Stone Tanah Laut

This research aims to form particles of hematite (α-Fe2O3) with a basis of mineral iron ore Fe3O4 from Tanah Laut. Magnetite Fe3O4 was synthesized using co-precipitation method. Further characterization using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to obtain the percentage of the elements, obtained an iron content of 98.51%. Then characterized using thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA-DSC) to determine the calcination temperature, that at a temperature of 445 °C mass decreased by 0.369% due to increase in temperature. Further Characterization of X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the phases formed at the calcination temperature variation of 400 °C, 445 °C, 500 °C and 600 °C with a holding time of 5 hours to form a single phase α-Fe2O3 hematite. Testing with a particle size analyzer (PSA) to determine the particle size distribution, where test results indicate that the α-Fe2O3 phase of each having a particle size of 269.7 nm, 332.2 nm, 357.9 nm, 412.2 nm. The best quantity is shown at a temperature of 500 °C to form the hematite phase. This result is used as the calcination procedure to obtain a source of Fe ions in the manufacture of Lithium Ferro Phosphate.

Canga biodiversity, a matter of mining.

Brazilian name canga refers to the ecosystems associated with superficial iron crusts typical for the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais (MG) and some parts of Amazon (Flona de Carajas). Iron stone is associated with mountain plateaux and so, in addition to high metal concentrations (particularly iron and manganese), canga ecosystems, as other rock outcrops, are characterized by isolation and environmental harshness. Canga inselbergs, all together, occupy no more than 200 km2 of area spread over thousands of km2 of the Iron Quadrangle (MG) and the Flona de Carajas, resulting in considerable beta biodiversity. Moreover, the presence of different microhabitats within the iron crust is associated with high alpha biodiversity. Hundreds of angiosperm species have been reported so far across remote canga inselbergs and different micro-habitats. Among these are endemics such as the cactus Arthrocereus glaziovii and the medicinal plant Pilocarpus microphyllus. Canga is also home to iron and manganese metallophytes; species that evolved to tolerate high metal concentrations. These are particularly interesting to study metal homeostasis as both iron and manganese are essential plant micro-elements. Besides being models for metal metabolism, metallophytes can be used for bio-remediation of metal contaminated sites, and as such are considered among priority species for canga restoration. “Biodiversity mining” is not the only mining business attracted to canga. Open cast iron mining generates as much as 5–6% of Brazilian gross domestic product and dialog between mining companies, government, society, and ecologists, enforced by legal regulation, is ongoing to find compromise for canga protection, and where mining is unavoidable for ecosystem restoration. Environmental factors that shaped canga vegetation, canga biodiversity, physiological mechanisms to play a role, and ways to protect and restore canga will be reviewed.

A vegetação de canga no Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais: caracterização e contexto fitogeográfico

A vegetação nas cangas (afloramentos ferruginosos) abriga dezenas de espécies raras, várias novidades taxonômicas e elevada diversidade alfa e beta. Utilizando um banco de dados constituído por 1.080 táxons de angiospermas, a vegetação associada às cangas no Quadrilátero Ferrífero foi caracterizada a partir dos elementos florísticos, das formas de crescimento e das fisionomias mais frequentes. Analisou-se a distribuição geográfica e os domínios fitogeográficos de 980 espécies. Ainda, com o objetivo de verificar se há distinção entre a vegetação das cangas em relação às de cinco áreas inseridas em sistemas rupestres de Minas Gerais e Bahia, analisou-se a similaridade a partir do número de espécies de 920 gêneros de angiospermas. Em comparação aos sistemas quartzíticos, principalmente os inseridos na Cadeia do Espinhaço, pode-se distinguir a vegetação das cangas pela maior influência de elementos florísticos do domínio Atlântico, maior frequência de sinúsias formadas por árvores e arbustos, riqueza elevada de espécies de gêneros como Solanum e Cattleya e pouca representatividade fisionômica de alguns gêneros típicos dos campos rupestres. Essa distinção parece correlacionar-se com a localização geográfica do Quadrilátero e com as características geomorfológicas e mineralógicas das cangas.

Experimental Study on Recovery of Kronos from Iron-Separation Tailings

It is determined through analysing the feature of tailings of Hebei iron stone, which contains TiO2 7.18%, adopting“high intensity magnetic separation-shaking table concentration. The results show that the concentrate with a TiO2 grade of 27.31%, recovery87.75% and productivity 23.07% and the tailing with a TiO2 grade of 1.14%, recovery12.25% and productivity 76.93%.

Analysis of structure characteristics of a flying probe tester

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a method for evaluating the structural dynamic characteristics of a flying probe tester.Design/methodology/approachThe dynamic characteristics of a flying probe tester framework were analyzed based on a finite element analysis method. First, modal analysis was carried out to characterize the modal parameters of the structure. Second, the harmonic response was analyzed according to the modal analysis and the response curve of the structural system was studied. Finally, transient analysis was conducted to obtain the transient response of the structures at the beginning of the vibration.FindingsThe natural frequency and the response frequency of a natural granite structure was the highest and the transient vibration displacement amplitude was the smallest compared with cast iron and artificial stone structures.Originality/valueA comprehensive understanding of the dynamic characteristics of the framework of a flying probe tester with three different materials has been achieved. The results of the analyses provide a reference for the framework design of a flying probe tester.

I - Introduction: Background and Problems

EPICI have lived in important places, timesWhen great events were decided, who ownedThat half a rood of rock, a no-man's landSurrounded by our pitchfork-armed claims.I heard the Duffys shouting ‘Damn your soul’And old McCabe stripped to the waist, seenStep the plot defying blue cast-steel—‘Here is the march along these iron stones’That was the year of the Munich bother. WhichWas more important? I inclinedTo lose my faith in Ballyrush and GortinTill Homer's ghost came whispering to my mindHe said: I made the Iliad from suchA local row. Gods make their own importance.1 Patrick Kavanagh's short poem confronts the reader with a number of questions which will preoccupy us in this survey. The Homeric poems show us a world which in many respects seems primitive and remote; even if the expedition of the Greeks against Troy really happened, even if it took place on the scale which the Iliad asserts, and lasted the full ten-year span, it would still be ‘a local row’ compared with later historical conflicts, ancient or modern. Can the bad-tempered disputes of warrior chiefs, the violent revenge of a savage and undisciplined soldier, the lies and posturing of a vagabond rogue, still move or excite an audience today? It will be necessary to show here some of the ways in which Homer gives the conflict at Troy, and the homecoming of Odysseus, a timeless importance, so that these mere episodes in the vanished heroic age – long past even for the poet and his audience – become microcosmic images of human life. The vast subject of Homer's influence upon later western literature cannot be even superficially addressed here; but occasional comparisons and illustrations may help to show how much subsequent poets and artists have found in the Iliad and the Odyssey to enlighten and inspire their own work.

Excavation on the Brunton and Shields Railway at Weetslade, North Tyneside

Excavation and recording of a section of the Brunton and Shields Railway, near Wideopen, North Tyneside, has revealed remains of two phases of trackbed, both dating to the first half of the 19th century. The original 1826 line, which was horse-drawn, lay in a cutting over 1m deep. The line was relaid in 1839 for the introduction of a locomotive. Clear evidence was found for the construction method of both the 1826 and 1839 tracks, although no sleepers or rails were found in situ.The excavation has shown that, despite continual use of the line for over 150 years, signifi cant remains survived of the earlier trackbeds, the depth of the cutting being the principal factor in their preservation. The excavation is one of comparatively few investigations of an early railway to examine a single section of line in detail. The remains uncovered date from the era of iron rails and stone sleepers, which distinguishes it from other published excavations from the north-east, where earlier wooden waggonways were revealed. The work demonstrates the wider potential for early railway remains to lie beneath later lines, even those in recent use, and emphasises the need to examine the routes of early lines archaeologically.