Iron Plate Research Articles

Application of Pseudomonas cepacia CCT 6659 Biosurfactant as a Metal Corrosion Inhibitor in a Constructed Accelerated Corrosion Chamber (ACC)

Corrosion is the deterioration of metals due to environmental exposure. Commercial inhibitors used to control corrosion often contain heavy metal salts, which are highly toxic to both the environment and human health. A biosurfactant produced by the bacterium Pseudomonas cepacia CCT 6659 was tested as a corrosion inhibitor on carbon steel and galvanized iron surfaces. Matrices based on plant ingredients with different compositions were tested in a laboratory-constructed accelerated corrosion chamber (ACC) simulating a critical maritime atmosphere in conditions of 40 °C, 5% NaCl, and 100% humidity. The most stable matrix was selected for biosurfactant incorporation in different concentrations, expressed as critical micellar concentration (CMC), and was applied to metal surfaces to evaluate its ability to inhibit corrosion. Additionally, to evaluate the potential of the biosurfactant as a low-toxicity corrosion inhibitor additive in paint systems, iron and carbon steel samples were coated with three biosurfactant-containing commercial paints and subjected to critical atmospheric conditions for testing coating effectiveness. The formulation containing vegetable resin as a plasticizer, oleic acid, ethanol, and CaCO3 was chosen to incorporate the biosurfactant. The addition of the biosurfactant at twice its CMC led to a reduction in carbon steel sample mass loss from 123.6 to 82.2 g/m2, while in the galvanized iron plates, the mass loss decreased from 285.9 to 226.7 g/m2 at the same biosurfactant concentration. When supplemented with the biosurfactant, the alkyd resin-based paint (A) ensured less mass loss in samples (46.0 g/m2) compared to the control without biosurfactant (58.0 g/m2). Using the paint formulated with oil-based resin (B), the mass loss decreased from 53.0 to 24.1 g/m2, while with that based on petroleum derivatives (C), it decreased from 82.2 to 27.6 g/m2. These results confirm the feasibility of using biosurfactants in biodegradable coatings, reducing the need for commercial corrosion inhibitors.

Synthesis of lignin-based elastomers via ARGET ATRP: Exceptional mechanical strength, adhesion, and self-repair properties

In this study, ARGET ATRP method was employed to graft two functional monomers from lignin, resulting in the synthesis of a series of Lignin-graft-poly(lauryl methacrylate-co-cyclohexyl methacrylate) (Lignin-g-P(LMA-co-CMA)) copolymers with varying feed ratios and lignin content. The results demonstrate that by varying the feed ratios of the two monomers, the glass transition temperature of lignin-based elastomers can be finely tuned. Importantly, the introduction of lignin and CMA imparts outstanding mechanical properties to the lignin-based elastomers, with a maximum tensile strength reaching 20.13 MPa. The elastic recovery rate of the lignin-based elastomers was exceptional, with the elastic recovery coefficient (ER) of Lignin0.52-PLMA500 exceeding 90 %. Adhesion tests on various substrates revealed the remarkable adhesion properties of these copolymers. In particular, Lignin0.52-PLMA500 exhibited strong adhesion on both iron plate and glass substrate, with adhesion strengths of 2.23 MPa and 2.33 MPa, respectively. Notably, Lignin0.52-PLMA500 demonstrated significant self-healing ability after damage. Furthermore, the lignin-based elastomer exhibited exceptional ultraviolet absorption performance. In conclusion, the incorporation of lignin opens up a novel pathway for the development of high-strength and tough lignin-based elastomers. However，more effort still needs to be paid for increasing the adhesive properties aiming to explore more potential application field.

Evaluation of Hair Changes and Damage According to Hair Iron Heating Plate Material

This study investigates the effects of ceramic and polymer heating plates on the surface and structure of hair. To evaluate the degree of hair damage caused by the iron and polymer heating plate materials, hair moisture content and the degree of hair fading were measured using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and a colorimeter, respectively. Additionally, a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the change in the microstructure of the hair. As a result, hair treated using a polymer iron contained significantly higher moisture than hair treated using a ceramic iron. The colorimeter analysis showed that ceramic irons caused fading and damage to hair color, whereas polymer irons did not. Lastly, hair treated with a ceramic flat iron had extensive surface scratches and cuticle melting from the SEM analysis, unlike hair treated with a polymer iron, which preserves superior hair shape and cuticle integrity.

Photocatalysis coupled electro-Fenton process for treatment of acrylamide wastewater: an optimised study

ABSTRACT Electro-Fenton is a commonly used approach for pollutant removal from different wastewater that requires high energy consumption. Coupling electro-Fenton with solar energy could potentially overcome high power consumption. Thus, this study combined photocatalysis with three-dimensional electro-Fenton to treat acrylamide (AM) wastewater. The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3−N), and total organic carbon (TOC) in photocatalysis-coupled electro-Fenton were studied. The effects of current density, iron powder dosage, plate spacing, and photocatalyst dosage on COD and NH3−N removal were also optimised using response surface methodology (RSM). The photocatalysis coupled three-dimensional electro-Fenton reduced energy consumption compared to single photocatalysis or electro-Fenton technology. The COD and NH3−N removal rates were 82.444% and 92.810%, respectively, at the current density of 16.000 mA/cm2, iron powder dosage of 1.330 g, plate spacing of 16.643 mm, photocatalyst dosage of 0.2 g. This study demonstrated that organic pollutants can be degraded efficiently at a low concentration of catalysts coupled with the electro-Fenton process, offering a low-energy consumption treatment of wastewater.

Significant improvement in the removal performance of decimeter-sized zero-valent iron plates for mixed heavy metal ions in wastewater by enhancing surface sharpness

This study aims to lower the work function (Wa) of a decimeter-sized zero-valent iron plate (DZVIP) by introducing surface sharpness (TDZVIP) during stirring. Sharpness was achieved by cutting isosceles triangles with heights of 1 cm and varying apex angles (α) of 10˚, 20˚, 30˚, 40˚, and 50˚. A mixed simulated wastewater containing Cu(II), Te(IV), Se(IV), As(III), Bi(III), and Pb(II) at concentrations exceeding emission standards was prepared. Results indicate that the removal process exhibits mixed kinetic behavior, and sharpness significantly enhances the removal capacity (Re), mean removal rate (Vm), recycling performance, and final discharge quality. The Vm values for Cu(II), Te(IV), Se(IV), As(III), Bi(III), and Pb(II) over TDZVIP with optimized α are 2.34, 1.97, 1.51, 1.59, 4.09, and 1.53 times higher, respectively, than those over PDZVIP (without sharpness). UPS measurements provide direct evidence of Wa reduction, while XRD offers indirect confirmation. This is the first time the Wa of the amorphous shell has been identified and verified as a critical potential barrier for core electrons transferring from the DZVIP surface to wastewater. Additionally, it has been successfully reduced by incorporating surface sharpness and stirring, leading to enhanced removal efficiency, improved recycling performance, and higher final discharge quality.

Membandingkan Kekuatan Pengelasan Single Dan Double Kawat Inti Elektroda (Filler Rod) Menggunakan Las Smaw

Advances in welding technology are very helpful in making, repairing or repairing chassis jobs that have a high level of difficulty and requirements. Especially in the chassis, many welding elements are involved because welded joints have an important role to support the body, engine, and vehicle load. In practical work at CV. Pringgandani Welding Analysis Comparing the Strength of Welding Results of Single Electrode Core Wire and Double Electrode Core Wire (Filler Rod) Using SMAW welding which is carried out for chassis welding which is claimed by mechanics in welding with a depth and width of more than 5 mm, it is better to use double electrode core wire which can speed up and strengthen the weld. Then a test is carried out to prove the results of the Single Wire Electrode Core and Double Electrode Core Wire (Filler Rod) welds which are stronger and faster in the process. By testing the weld results on an iron plate with dimensions of 250 mm x 50 mm x 10 mm, the welding process uses the SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding) welding method. Using an E6013 type electrode with a diameter of 2 mm with a current of 90 A, polarity DCEP (Direct Current Electrode Positive) The welding position used is the 1G position or horizontal position with the welding process using a single v-groove bevel butt joint and an angle of 60o with a weld width of 10 mm and a weld depth of 8 mm. The plate samples used were two samples. In sample 1 using a single wire core electrode, and sample 2 using a double wire core electrode. All samples were made of tensile test specimens with the ASME-IX standard, a tensile test was carried out to determine and prove the respective strengths of the welding results of Single Wire Core Electrode and Double Wire Core Electrode (Filler Rod).

اختيار المواد اللازمة لتصميم الأجهزة المنزلية الصديقة للبيئة: دراسة حالة جهاز الكي الكهربائي

Eco-design is an important consideration in the development of home appliance products. It encourages the use of more environmentally friendly materials in the manufacturing of appliances to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, limit energy consumption and improve product performance. This paper offers a thorough method for eco-design using CAD tools, emphasizing material selection to reduce environmental impacts throughout a product’s lifecycle. CAD systems are combined with Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), as demonstrated in a case study involving an electric iron device. The research presents a systematic approach to minimizing adverse effects by evaluating environmental impacts, particularly CO2 emissions and energy consumption, and comparing alternative materials. According to the findings, the substitution of aluminium oxide for stainless steel in the iron plate component can significantly reduce the environmental impact, resulting in reductions in carbon dioxide emissions and energy consumption by 82.02 % and 80.42% respectively. This method will help designers to make well-informed choices early in the design process to improve product sustainability and efficiency. The results highlight the importance of material selection to eco-design as well as how the use of CAD-integrated LCA tools may promote the creation of sustainable products. Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Computer-aided design (CAD), Eco-design, Home appliance product, Environmental impact reduction, CO2 emissions, Energy consumption.

Preparation of slag-based alkali-activated high-temperature-resistant (600–800 °C) metal interface bonding materials by modulating CaCO3 particles

In this study, an alkali-activated binders (AABs) with excellent high-temperature performance on the surface of iron plate was prepared by using alkali-activated slag as the main material, modulating the addition of filler CaCO3 particles (CC), and using iron plate (Q235) as the coated substrate. Through characterization and analytical tests such as compressive/flexural/bond strength, XRD, TG/DSC, SEM/EDS and OM, the results showed that the bonding effect between AABs and Q235 was mainly influenced by both the internal stress of AABs and the diffusion effect of the interfacial atoms. Under the condition of not adding CC, the internal stress of AABs was much larger than the interfacial bonding force, thus causing warping and spalling at room temperature. Microscopic characterization revealed that the addition of CC reduced internal stresses and microcracks, resulting in improved interfacial bonding. Excellent bonding properties were obtained by adding 10 g of CC, with a compressive/flexural/bond strength of 6.98/0.68/0.10 MPa, and a linear shrinkage of 2.22 % after calcination at 700 °C. The crystalline transition from CaCO3 and calcium silicate hydrate to akermanite-gehlenite, merwinite and lime does not begin to take place until the calcination temperature reaches 800 °C. The failure mechanism of AABs at room temperature and high temperature was studied to provide a basis for the optimization of existing AABs and the development of high-performance AABs.

A fabric from the Hallstatt period yet unseen in Central Poland – some remarks on the find from Dąbrowa, Wieluń County

Abstract During excavations carried out in 2023 at the cemetery of the Lusatian culture in Dąbrowa, site 2, Wieluń County, an urnless cremation burial was discovered (Object 24), which is dated generally to the Hallstatt period. Burnt human bones were scattered throughout the object, which form a relatively compact cluster in the central part of the grave. Ceramic fragments from various vessels were found in the fill of the grave cavity. Metal objects, both bronze and iron, showed signs of being smoldered in the fire. This fosters the conclusion that they had been burned with the deceased on the pyre and placed in the grave together with burned human bones. At the same time, such a state of preservation of the grave offerings made it impossible to specify the dating of the tomb. Within the grave, a fragment of an iron plate was found, on which mineralized remains of fabric were preserved. Technological analysis showed that it was a half-basket weave fabric of a very high quality, made of thin z-single yarn (0.25–0.30 mm and 0.40–0.50 mm) and of surprisingly high thread count (32–34/12–14 threads per cm). In the basin of the Vistula and the Oder rivers, none of the fabrics discovered so far had similar parameters. On the other hand, textiles from the main canters of weaving production at the time, such as the Hallstatt culture and the Scandinavian area, showed similar characteristics, but only in rare examples. This highlights the importance of the weaving product presented here. It is difficult to answer conclusively whether we are dealing in this case with an imported object or one produced in a local weaving workshop, although much points to the first option. Given the context of the find and the accompanying offerings, it can be assumed that the fabric belonged to a person of a higher social status. The local community’s custom of accumulating and then depositing imported items of quality into graves also makes such a hypothesis plausible. On the other hand, certain foreign patterns were adopted and creatively developed in local craft workshops of the Lusatian Culture. Most likely, involvement in long-distance trade routes allowed this society to achieve a high position in the aforementioned exchange. It was important to settle and control areas located in the basin of the upper Warta and Prosna rivers, i. e., on the southern borderlands of central Poland. It was here, through Silesia, that foreign patterns flowed in, which were then transmitted further along the Warta river basin in the northern direction, towards the “Lusatian interior”. The communication route created for the Baltic amber trade played an important role here. Finds of this raw material were recorded both in the Hallstatt circle, in areas of northern Italy, and present-day Slovenia.

Interfacial engineering for the construction of iron sulfide/boride nanosheets heterostructure bifunctional electrocatalysts for high-efficiency overall water splitting

Iron-based materials have been extensively studied and applied as electrocatalysts. However, the electronic structure of iron itself is not conducive to effectively activating adsorbed intermediates, leading to slower kinetic steps. In this study, a heterogeneous composite catalyst with a nano-sheet array structure consisting of iron boron/sulfide (FeS@Fe2B/IP) was successfully prepared through a two-step process involving boriding and sulfidation of iron plates. The nanosheet array structure provides numerous catalytic active sites, promotes effective contact between electrolytes and catalytic sites, and enhances the apparent reaction rate of the catalyst. Additionally, the heterogeneous interface of FeS/Fe2B plays a crucial role in regulating the electronic structure of the metal Fe site, improving charge transfer rates, and accelerating electrocatalytic reaction kinetics. Ultimately, FeS@Fe2B/IP demonstrates outstanding water splitting performance, with only 177 and 191 mV overpotential providing 10 mA cm−2 toward HER and OER, respectively. Furthermore, it achieves a high current density of 500 mA cm−2 at 473 and 520 mV overpotentials for HER and OER, respectively. In addition to its excellent performance in water splitting applications, a bipolar alkaline cell was constructed using the FeS@Fe2B/IP bifunctional catalyst. This achieved current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2 at potentials of 1.63 and 1.75 V. Moreover, the catalytic stability of the FeS@Fe2B/IP system remained consistent for nearly 50 hours at current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2. These results confirm that FeS@Fe2B/IP is indeed a high-performance bifunctional electrocatalytic material which can significantly improve energy utilization efficiency in various applications.

Framework Integrated with Flow Cell Experiments and Simulations for Understanding Etching in Chemical Conversion Treatments

In this study, a new framework integrates simulations and flow cell experimentation to quantitatively understand the mechanism of chemical treatment reactions. Using this framework, the mechanisms of etching reactions induced by weak and strong acids were specifically investigated. A flow cell system experiment was developed for the etching experiment. Two acids (HNO3 and HF) were used, along with HNO3 without electrolytes. Average flow velocities were measured, and the molar flux of Fe2+ ions was determined by sampling the solution passing through the flow cell and measuring the iron content by using inductively coupled plasma. A concentration field simulation of the etching reaction in the flow cell was conducted. The concentration field within the boundary layer was visualized to understand the mechanism of H+ ion supply to the metal surface. In the case of weak acid solutions, H+ ions are primarily supplied by dissociation. In contrast, they were supplied by diffusion in strong acid solutions. A boundary layer formed within 100 μm from the metal surface. The experimental and simulated molar flux of Fe2+ ions were compared. The molar flux attributed to weak acid etching was more than 10 times that attributed to strong acids. The reaction rate constant of the H+ reduction reaction was evaluated through a parameter study. The influence of spectator ions on the etching process was investigated. An experiment was conducted to compare the etching of iron plates using HNO3 solutions with different concentrations of spectator ion. The results confirmed that the higher the concentration of the spectator ion, the greater the etching amount. Numerical analysis revealed that the electric field in the electric migration term acts in a direction that impedes the movement of H+ ions to the metal surface. While it is already known that electric migration inhibits electrode reactions, this study enabled its quantitative visualization and evaluation.

Synthesis of ferrate by electrolysis of iron at extreme pH for remediation of aquatic environments from dye and antibiotic wastes

Abstract The presence of dyestuffs and antibiotics in aquatic environments creates toxic contaminants and microbial resistance, which are harmful to human health and require special handling methods. The Advanced Oxidation Process method with ferrate (Fe(VI)) oxidising material has the potential for effective degradation of water pollutants, is environmentally friendly, and is easy to prepare. Therefore, in this study, ferrate synthesis from the electrolysis of iron at extreme pH for the remediation of the aquatic environment from waste dyes and antibiotics has been successfully carried out. Electrolysis was performed in a 14 M NaOH electrolyte using iron and zinc plates as anode and cathode electrodes, respectively. The effects of synthesis parameters such as time, NaOH concentration, and ferrate stability were observed. In addition, ferrate was applied to degrade the dyes methylene blue and the antibiotic ciprofloxacin. The degradation mechanism and application parameters such as pH, dosage, and time were also observed. The success of the synthesis was confirmed by the presence of FeO(OH) groups and the Na2FeO4 peaks characterised using FTIR, XRF, and XRD. Ferrate application for dyes obtained the best results on methylene blue degradation of 98% at pH 8 and a contact time of 70 minutes. The optimum ciprofloxacin degradation of 86.7% was obtained at pH 7 and 120 minutes. Dye degradation occurs through the breakdown of the C-S=C and azo (N=N) bonds. In contrast, in antibiotics, it occurs through the reaction of HFeO4 −/H2FeO4 with the active site of the piperazine ring. This shows that ferrate can potentially produce water remediation from dye and antibiotic waste for a better environment.

Characterization of an Induction Heating System Used as Solar Simulator

This report delves into the thermal behaviour of solar receiver tubes under induction heating, a key component in concentrated solar power (CSP) technology. Experimental investigations were conducted to understand the temperature distribution and challenges associated with induction heating. A stainless-steel tube was heated using an inductor and subjected to airflow. Initial tests revealed temperature deviations caused by the electromagnetic field and thermocouple interference. Adjustments were made in subsequent trials, including thermocouple repositioning, extended heating times, and consistent camera calibration. Additional experiments explored the effects of inserting iron plates in between the tube and the inductor coil. Results showcased varying temperature profiles for different configurations. In all the cases analysed, there is penetration of the magnetic field within the thickness of the tube walls, simplified as volumetric heat generation. Overall, these findings enhance our comprehension of induction heating dynamics to test CSP components in a small-laboratory scale that would potentially offer insights for system optimization.

Regulating the dominant reactive oxygen species from Fe(IV)-oxo to 1O2 by deprotonation of Fe(IV)-oxo in electro-Fe(II)/periodate system

The ferrous species (Fe(II))-periodate (PI) system employs efficient decontamination by generating ferryl species (Fe(IV)-oxo) under acidic pH conditions. However, the mechanisms by which the Fe(II)/PI system operates across a broad pH range remain elusive. In light of the rapid oxidation and consumption of Fe(II) at neutral pH, we developed an electro-Fe(II) system utilizing an iron plate anode to activate PI (E(Fe/C)/PI). Efficient sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation was achieved under the E(Fe/C)/PI system across a range of pH values. Quenching and chemical probe experiments revealed a transition from Fe(IV)-oxo to singlet oxygen (1O2) as the predominant reactive species from acidic to near-neutral pH, respectively. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that the differences in one-electron transfer capacity and hydrolysis pathways for various protonated Fe(IV)-oxo species underlie the variations in catalytic mechanisms. This study not only enhances the efficiency of the Fe(II)/PI system but also provides a comprehensive understanding of the activation mechanisms at different pH levels.

Experimental study on test of wheel-rail impact based on iron plate strain of fastener system

The wheel-rail impact load can reach up to 3–4 times the normal wheel load, with two peaks including a high-frequency impact force (P1) and a mid-frequency or quasi-static impact force (P2). To effectively monitor the wheel-rail impact, this study utilizes strain gauges adhered to bottom of iron plates of fastener to measure rail-seat force, and conducts indoor static load and wheel-drop tests. A finite element model is established for verification and analysis. By analyzing the transmission law of the wheel-rail impact, a monitoring method through rail-seat force is proposed. The results reveal that the strain change of the iron plate in the static load test remains stable and exhibits a linear relationship with rail-seat force. Through a full-scale wheel-drop test, it demonstrates that rail-seat force can effectively monitor P2 force of wheel-rail impact. Compared to traditional method of directly adhering strain gauges to rail, the method of adhering strain gauges to iron plate enabled wheel-rail impact invalid test sections measurement. The peak value of wheel-rail impact P2 can be deduced from peak value of rail-seat force under different impact location, impact levels, and elastic pad stiffness. The proposed monitoring method of based on fastener iron plate strain offers a more efficient alternative for identifying wheel defects and rail defects.

Design of a welding table as a medium for determining elbow points and joints

Welding is a method of joining two or more metals with electrode extension media using current heating and voltage according to the variation in the thickness of the iron material used. Welding is one of the connection media with a patent system, meaning that the results of the process can be changed by damaging the results of the welding process. From looking at several welding workshops, almost all of them to do welding are under or on the ground so many workers complain that they tend to be more tired and the welding results are less than optimal, especially for symmetrical or straightness of the connection results. The method used in this research is to design a welding table that is adjusted to the level of needs, especially for the height of the table and the centric axis to combine so that the results of the connection process are completely straight and reduce the results of welding defects. The purpose of designing this welding table is to use it as a method for working on the welding process so that the welding results are really strong and straight according to the design drawing. From the results of the design process, a welding table is obtained with iron material as a table base to place the workpiece to be cut. using borders of iron with a thickness of approximately 120 x 240 x 40cm using Material: Iron plate about 5-6 mm thick. In addition, the results of the design process also reduce the welding process time for blunt joints from 85 seconds to 48 seconds, overlap joints from 85 seconds to 60 seconds, and T joints from 88 seconds to 81 seconds. The quality of the welding results is visually better, the results of welding defects are smaller and straighter or symmetrical

Contribution to the Fracture Mechanics Characterization of Repair Welding of Thick-Walled Ductile Cast Iron Components

AbstractFor the spheroidal graphite cast iron materials, also known as ductile cast iron (DCI), EN-GJS-400-18-LT and EN-GJS-450-18, different welding procedures were examined for potential repair welding. A repair weld was performed on thick cast iron plates using the optimum procedure in each case. The weld was evaluated for all areas of the welded joint (weld metal, fusion line/heat-affected zone and base metal). In addition to the metallographic microstructural analysis, the characterization of the repair weld was carried out by means of hardness distribution measurements, static tensile testing and notched bar impact testing as well as fracture mechanics investigations under static and under cyclic loading in a wide load ratio range. On this basis, a generalized description of cyclic crack growth could be made according to the NASGRO® MODEL. NASGRO® is a fracture mechanics and fatigue crack growth software. In accordance with the possible operating conditions of repair-welded, thick-walled components, the static and impact tests were performed in the temperature range down to $$-$$ - 40 $${}^{\circ }\text {C}$$ ∘ C .

Assessment of vitamins and minerals of rats fed with plantain-maize pudding prepared using edible plant leaves and metallic plates

Cooking materials are important factors that basically intended to provide covering, protection and consumers’ choice of food products. The objective of the study was to determine the vitamin profile and minerals in the serum of rats fed maize-plantain pudding cooked using different leaves and metallic plates. Different maize-plantain pudding samples were prepared using plantain and maize flour blended together 1:1 ratio. In the animal study, thirty rats were divided into six groups of five rats each. Rats in Group A served as control. Group B rats were given Tween 80. Rats in Groups C, D, E and F were fed pudding prepared using plantain leaves, ginger leaves, aluminium plates and cast iron plates respectively. The rats in each group were allowed free access to feed and clean drinking water throughout the period of the experiment for 28 days. Mineral analysis was done using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Vitamin profile was determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that serum minerals (calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, iron and phosphorus) and total vitamin content were significantly higher in rats fed with pudding prepared using ginger leaves when compared with plantain leaves, cast iron plate and aluminium plate. The serum iron content was significantly higher in rats fed pudding prepared using cast iron plate compared to other groups. Therefore, the use of locally accessible and consumable leaves and cast iron plates or utensils may be encouraged in diet preparation

The Effect of Magnetic Therapy on Postoperative Urinary Retention in Patients Undergoing Surgery: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Urinary retention is a postoperative problem that causes pain and discomfort for patients, even when catheters are used. The potential role of magnetic therapy in treating postoperative urinary retention through acupuncture points remains uncertain. This research aims to assess the impact of magnetic therapy on urinary retention in patients undergoing surgery. This single-blind clinical trial study was conducted in a recovery department within an operating room and subsequently in the Surgery Department of Amin Hospital. The study took place in Isfahan in 2022, with a sample of 64 patients selected using a simple random sampling method and divided equally into two groups. In the intervention group, magnet plates were applied, while the control group received iron plates at seven specific points for duration of 35 ± 5 minutes. Demographic information, the type of urinary excretion, the duration of urinary retention, and the volume of excreted urine were recorded using a researcher-made checklist for both intervention and control groups. These data were compared and subjected to descriptive and analytical statistical analysis. Among the participants (N = 64), the majority were male (N = 37, 57.80%), and the mean age was 40.17 years. The Chi-square analysis revealed no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in terms of the type of urinary excretion (p = 0.106). However, the Mann-Whitney U-test demonstrated significant difference between the two groups regarding the duration required to eliminate urinary retention and the volume of excreted urine (F2,41 = 62 and F1,76 = 62; p < 0.001). The use of a novel approach involving magnetic therapy applied to acupuncture and reflexology points has been shown to reduce the time required for the first urination and increase the volume of urine in post-surgery patients.

Bracelets of the Romny culture population

The article presents the results of an analysis of Romny culture bracelets in order to reveal the sources of origin of certain forms. In total, 48 bracelets were recorded, excluding 7 items of the 1915 hoard from Korobkino, which is the subject of a special publication. The most popular bracelets were made of wire with expanding ends (30 items), the prototypes of which are well known among Slavic antiquities of the VI–VIII centuries. These items, along with plate bracelets with expanding ends (6 items), that appeared in Volyntsevo time, act as a kind of marker of the Romny culture at the Eastern European Slavic-Russian sites of the IX–X centuries. Russian imports are represented by a wire bracelet with tied ends from Shpilevka, as well as jewelry from Korobkino. Four thin wire bracelets reflect the influence of Khazar fashion. The use of silver as a raw material (3 items) suggests their local production. Two iron plate bracelets with loops at the ends most likely came directly from the Khaganate. There are weak connections with the Finnish environment of the Volga region, as well as contacts between the inhabitants of Novotroitskoe and Truvorovo hillforts. In general, the set of Romny bracelets represents an essentially original phenomenon.