Piece Of Iron Research Articles

Application of Central Composite Design for Commercial Laundry Wastewater Treatment by Packed bed Electrocoagulation using sacrificial iron electrodes.

This research paper deals with a novel method utilizing packed bed electrocoagulation (PBEC) comprising of sacrificial iron electrodes and coupled with extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) used as flocculent agents for the treatment of commercial laundry wastewater (LWW). The study employs stainless steel cathodes, graphite anodes, and scrap iron pieces as sacrificial electrodes, ensuring efficient treatment in dynamic batch mode operation with enhanced contact time facilitated by serpentine flow. The initial characteristics of LWW were COD 579 ± 30 mg/L, TSS of 60 ± 10 mg/L, TS of 622 ± 20 mg/L, turbidity of 110 ± 5 NTU, pH of 9 ± 0.5, NPEOs of 570 ±150 μg/L and conductivity of 494 ± 20 mS/cm. The results demonstrate effective removal of turbidity (98 ± 2%), TS (95 ± 3%), COD (89 ± 5%), and NPEOs (53 ± 2%) under optimized current intensity: 2.99A, treatment time: 58.8 minutes and enhanced EPS dose from 5.8 mg/L to 8.0 mg/L. The economic feasibility analysis reveals energy consumption as the primary expenditure, with a treatment cost of 1.20$CAN/m3. This research introduces sustainable treatment for commercial LWW, meeting Quebec's reuse standards, implying reuse potential and responsible wastewater management.

A hybrid, nonlinear programming approach for optimizing passive shimming in MRI.

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), maintaining a highly uniform main magnetic field (B0) is essential for producing detailed images of human anatomy. Passive shimming (PS) is a technique used to enhance B0 uniformity by strategically arranging shimming iron pieces inside the magnet bore. Traditionally, PS optimization has been implemented using linear programming (LP), posing challenges in balancing field quality with the quantity of iron used for shimming. In this work, we aimed to improve the efficacy of passive shimming that has the advantages of balancing field quality, iron usage, and harmonics in an optimal manner and leads to a smoother field profile. This study introduces a hybrid algorithm that combines particle swarm optimization with sequential quadratic programming (PSO-SQP) to enhance shimming performance. Additionally, a regularization method is employed to reduce the iron pieces' weight effectively. The simulation study demonstrated that the magnetic field was improved from 462 to 3.6ppm, utilizing merely 1.2kg of iron in a 40cm diameter spherical volume (DSV) of a 7T MRI magnet. Compared to traditional optimization techniques, this method notably enhanced magnetic field uniformity by 96.7% and reduced the iron weight requirement by 81.8%. The results indicated that the proposed method is expected to be effective for passive shimming.

Experimental Analysis of Scheffler Reflector-Based Solar Cooking System: An Application of Sensible and Latent Heat Storage Materials

Solar cooker with different collector like evacuated tubes collector, parabolic trough collector, flat plate collector, and Scheffler reflector collector etc are generally used for the cooking food with SHSMs or PCMs. Present research article, Scheffler reflector with combined heat storage material (one SHSM and one PCM) for late-evening cooking has been experimentally investigated. One material is placed within the inner pot of a solar cooker, while another material is placed outer pot of the solar cooker. Six combinations are formed from various SHSMs (sand, pebbles, and iron pieces) and PCM (acetamide). During the daytime, the solar cooker absorbed and stored heat from the sun, which was transferred to the cooking pot through the heat storage units. The heat required for evening cooking (Rice) has been transferred by the thermal storage system which is kept inside an insulator box. After the experiment, it was observed that food was successfully cooked in pairs of sand-acetamide, acetamide-sand, and acetamide-pebbles and partially cooked in pairs of pebbles-acetamide, iron pieces-acetamide, and acetamide-iron pieces. The water activity test is to be conducted to check the cooking quality of food, and as per the result received from the test, the range of cooking and partially cooking is differentiated between 0.928 and 0.936 and 0.948 and 0.955, respectively. The cooked food’s temperature was determined to be between 60 and 63 oC at 20:00 h. The system’s total cost and payback duration were calculated for the economic analysis resulting in 50750 INR and 9.70 years, respectively.

Enhanced water electrolysis by construction and control of nickel (cobalt) phosphide/metal interface

AbstractUsing cobalt sulfate and nickel sulfate as main electrolytes, ammonium sulfate as an auxiliary electrolyte and buffer agent, and cheap iron pieces (FP) as the substrates, nickel and/or cobalt phosphide/metal heterogeneous catalytic electrode (M2P/M/FP) was grown on the substrate in situ by electrodeposition followed by low temperature phosphating. M2P/M/FP functioned as a good bifunctional electrode for HER and OER in 1 mol/L KOH, where Co2P/Co/FP needed an overpotential of 52 and 288 mV, and (NC)2P/(NC)/FP required that of 75 mV and 293 mV to afford 10 mA/cm2. Previous similar studies often ignored the role of metal and only considered the water electrolysis catalysis of metal phosphide. In this research, it was clarified that for water electrolysis, the essence of high catalysis activity of the M2P/M/FP electrode was the electronic interaction between metal and metal phosphide.

Huge amounts of iron raw material from the Early Iron Age settlement of Dédestapolcsány-Verebce (N-Hungary) – a preliminary archaeometallurgical study

The team of the Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eötvös Loránd University has been investigating the Early Iron Age hillfort at Dédestapolcsány-Verebce-bérc (Northeast Hungary) since 2020. The settlement was destroyed by siege in the late 7th century BC, as evidenced by hundreds of early Scythian bronze arrowheads and burnt buildings. Based on the recovered metal and pottery findings the settlement dated to the Early Iron Age in the Carpathian Basin (end of the 7th century – beginning of the 6th century BC). The quantity of the Early and Middle Iron Age iron and bronze artefacts and pieces of iron raw material on the site is exceptionally high. More than 30 depots were unearthed which include pieces of iron raw material. In the whole territory, the number of these finds is more than 600. The average weight of the pieces was 1.54 kg. A few selected objects were sampled and subjected to archaeometric analysis (OM and SEM-EDS). The main aim of the examinations carried out by the experts of the Archaeometallurgical Research Group of the University of Miskolc (ARGUM) was the material characterisation of the samples to figure out what kind of processing has been applied and reveal how the iron raw materials can be connected in any way to the other iron objects found at the site. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the iron pieces are compacted with a slightly heterogeneous structure. Each one is a part of a single bloom, not several pieces of different blooms assembled together. Numerous pores and cavities were observed in the microstructure of the samples. Their basic character is similar, although, they differ from each other, mainly in terms of carbon content and degree of forming. These pieces are not typical semi-finished products; they can be identified somewhere halfway between primary bloom and compacted bar.

Design of foreign object debris detecting and monitoring using two sets of sensor system

<span>Foreign object debris (FOD) is a foreign object that should not be on the runway which might cause the risk of aircraft crashes and put the lives of humans at risk. In this research, we designed a system to detect FOD using two sets of a sensor system for a wider, area of detection. This research was commenced by designed the entire hardware and software and tested the system. The object used as the testing object were rock, bolts, plastic bottles as well as iron pieces with varied distances and position angles. Based on the testing result, both sets of sensor system could detect objects with distance accuracy on the sensor system set of FOD 1 and FOD 2 consecutively were 98% and 94% for rock, 97% and 96% for bolts, 96% and 94% for plastic bottles, 96% and 94% for the iron pieces. The accuracy of angle measurement on the sets of sensor system FOD 1 and FOD 2 consecutively were 96% for rock, 98% for bolts, 97% and 95% for plastic bottles, 97% and 94% for the iron pieces. Monitoring system testing was carried out using black box testing and website response speed test towards the variation of database number.</span>

Computational Metrology for Measuring Industrial Component Dimensions

To target the problem of dimension measurement of objects in industry, a new computer vision method is proposed based upon Harris-corner detection. The proposed research delivers an alternative to the requirement of various precise measurement devices and skilled labour. In order to measure the various dimensions of an object, the proposed algorithm separates the corner points from the background based on variations in pixel intensity. An algorithm has been proposed to analyze captured object images and perform measurements and inspection processes. The aim of this paper is to utilize computer vision detection algorithms to control the quality of manufactured parts by sorting them on size tolerance. The length of various objects such as screws, bolts, and a rectangular iron piece was determined from the images captured using smartphone camera (Samsung Galaxy F62). The evidence for a total of eight different measurements is presented, and the accuracy of the method is proved up to 99 percent against the dimensions measured using the Vernier calliper.

Heat behavior and axial temperature distribution of a Ti-6Al-4V alloy in a superconducting induction heater with a controllable magnet structure

Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) metal billets can usually be preheated by gases, resistance furnaces, and conventional induction heater powered by alternating current. However, the disadvantages of these heating methods are long heating time and small skin depths. The novel superconducting induction heater has several advantages in terms of heating quality, heating efficiency, heating time and axial temperature control. It has gained successful commercial application in the large aluminum extrusion industry in 2021. However, no studies on TC4 heating behavior using a superconducting induction heater have been reported, and no studies on uniform and gradient temperature characteristics of TC4 in superconducting induction heater. The uniform temperature distribution of TC4 is helpful to reduce the heating residual stress of forgings. The gradient temperature distribution of TC4 billet can obtain different properties in different parts of the same TC4 billet, which is suitable for manufacturing functionally graded materials. In this study, a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) direct-current (DC) induction furnace was firstly used to perform heating experiments for TC4 metal billets of 1250 mm length and 220 mm diameter. The application of the superconducting magnet for induction heating allows for high-power and fast heating of the TC4 billet at an extremely low frequency (4 Hz). The HTS induction heater technology has the advantages of high penetration depth, high energy efficiency (>82%), high heating uniformity, and controllable temperature distribution. Additionally, it improves the metal heating quality and reduces the heating cost. The 10 identical iron pieces of superconducting magnet on both sides of the iron core can be adjusted independently. The gradient and uniform temperature distributions of the thermally optimized TC4 billets were experimentally determined using adjustable electromagnetic heating power. Subsequently, the heating behavior of TC4 billets was modeled and compared using the numerical multiphysical finite element method; the results obtained using this method are in agreement with the experimental results. An expert database has been established for the heating strategy of TC4 billets. The optimized axial temperature distribution was analyzed for three different TC4 billet diameters (Φ220, Φ300, and Φ446 mm). The obtained gradient and uniform axial temperature distributions had an error of less than ±3 °C, and the adjustable difference at two-ends temperature of TC4 billets was in the range 10–100 °C/m. Finally, the maximum thermal stress on the TC4 billet during heating also was analyzed. The results of this study will be useful of the novel HTS induction heater application for TC4 billet heating, and axial temperature control. The uniform temperature distribution control will reduce the heating residual stress of forgings. The gradient temperature distribution of TC4 billet is suitable for manufacturing functionally graded materials.

KARAKTERISTIK METALURGI PADA ZAMAN ZULKARNAIN DALAM KAJIAN SAINS: BESI DAN TEMBAGA

Zulkarnain's story is found along the line of Al-Kahfi's letters. One of the most popular was when Zulkarnain was asked by the creatures living between the two mountains to stop the exit of yakjuj and makjuj the destroyer. Zulkarnain was asked to make fortifications or high walls as a barrier to the destroyer. By Iskandar Zulkarnain made a fort with pieces of hot iron doused with melted copper. The characteristics of the mixture of steel and copper when combined will produce a sturdy and strong steel iron. Some elements are combined with steel in order to improve the tensile ability of steel iron. In some studies, it is combining steel with copper. Copper alloy steel is expected to increase the attractiveness of the steel iron. This will be seen by obtaining existing data on the mixture between steel and copper. The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between science and Zulkarnain's story and to know how the characteristics of the mixture of iron with copper in the manufacture of barrier walls. In the manufacture of barrier fortifications using casting techniques. For data collection through the study of literature. In collecting data, the author collects data and information related to the Quranic interpretation of iron and copper, characteristics of steel, characteristics of copper, foundry techniques, and quranic interpretation of the story of Zulkarnain through supporting data sourced from research journals. . The method used uses a qualitative method that contains descriptive explanations with existing data. The results of the research obtained that from several studies it is known that the alloy between copper metal and steel iron produces a strong steel attraction and has a high ultimate stress compare.d to without an alloy. The alloy also prevents from the effects of corrosion on iron

Кинжал иссыкского типа из Темирши, Центральный Казахстан: результаты металлографического, химического и трасологического анализов

One of the most widespread types of weaponry of the Scythian-Saka period in Eurasia are daggers with a pommel in the form of opposing griffin heads. D. Topal recently combined this type of weapons into a special group of “Issyk-type akinakes” (2021), which includes a specimen found near MountTemirshi in Central Kazakhstan. The date of the dagger is the second half of the 6th — the first half of the 5th centuries BC. Special studies showed that the dagger from Temirshi was made from a piece of iron by forging when heated to a temperature of 700—750 °C. The final short-term annealing took place at a temperature not exceeding 900 °C. Such operations as cutting and bending the neck of griffins, preparing the shape of the hilt and guard, were carried out after the metal had cooled. When making relief details on the hilt, guard and head of the griffin, the ancient master used a variety of cutting and grinding tools. Master’s skill at iron-working, as well as some features of his tools show a high level of blacksmithing among the population of the Tasmola culture of Central Kazakhstan.

Miniaturized HTS linear flux pump with a charging capability of 120 A

Owing to the presence of joint resistance and flux creep, high-temperature superconducting (HTS) coils without a power supply inevitably suffer from current decay. A flux pump is a voltage supply that requires connections with smaller footprints and a lower heat load than traditional current leads. In this study, we explain the principle of the upper limit for the output current of the traveling wave flux pumps. Based on this principle, a miniaturized linear flux pump device was developed. With narrow and misaligned iron teeth, elaborate 3D geometry of the iron pieces, and optimized driving current waveform, the miniaturized flux pump can support more than 120 A output current with only a 10 mm wide HTS tape and a compact size of 4.6 × 4.6 × 3.4 cm. Our experimental results show that the critical current of the HTS tape has a significant effect on the flux pump output. An HTS tape with a larger critical current supports a higher maximum transport current, whereas an HTS tape with a smaller critical current requires less applied current for positive output. Finally, excitation tests on HTS coils were performed. Charge/active discharge and field supplement experiments were done on a maglev HTS racetrack coil of 0.4 H, where charging/field supplement capability of the miniaturized flux pump were demonstrated up to 46.8 A (close to the critical current of the coil). It has also been proved that the flux pump can work together with an external power supply with persistent current switch. The miniaturized flux pump can also independently charge an HTS coil of 60 μH to 91.6 A, which is the critical current of the coil at a low voltage criterion.

Analytical Investigation of Magnetic Scalar Potentials Oscillation in Spoke PM Flux Modulation Machines

In this paper, the oscillation phenomena of the scalar magnetic potential of iron pieces of spoke permanent magnet (PM) machines are analyzed and the effects of the oscillation on the air gap flux and back electro-motive force (EMF) are deeply investigated, especially for flux modulation machines such as vernier and flux switching PM (FSPM) machines. To these ends, the formula of the scalar magnetic potential is derived for a generalized spoke PM structure. It reveals that the oscillation phenomena depend on the slot/pole combination, consequently resulting in different behavior according to the machine types such as vernier and FSPM machines. Next, each core’s potential given as a discrete function is developed into a continuous function of an air gap magneto-motive force (MMF) rotating and oscillating through Fourier series expansion. Making use of the developed MMF and the specific permeance of air gap, the equations of air gap flux density and back EMF are derived, which enable accurately estimating the suppression of the modulation flux and the back EMF due to the potential oscillation for different types of spoke PM machines. For validation, various magnetic characteristics are quantitatively examined for different type of spoke PM structures, including PM vernier and FSPM machines, and verified by comparing with FEM simulation results.

Protection of the Bluing of a Class 25 Iron with Microcrystalline Wax

A piece of iron is characterized chemically and metallographically, by nominal composition it is classified as Iron A48 class 25. Later, by hot immersion, a coating similar to a commercial blued coating is generated, which refers to an oxide layer that serves as an anchor for treatment with microcrystalline ozokerite wax. Through this wax it is possible to seal the oxide pores and have an effective protection against corrosion in 3% saline solution. The treatment is carried out in a 5M NaOH solution mixed with 3M potassium chloride KNO3, for one hour at 90°C in order to generate an oxide film (bluing process), stabilized with tannic acid and covered with ozokerite microcrystalline wax. The sample was electrochemically evaluated in 3% m/m saline. The results of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy EIS, and Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM are analyzed.

Improving the freshwater production from tubular solar still using sensible heat storage materials

Higher productivity is considered an important parameter of solar still performance; tubular solar still (TSS) is being explored as a popular technique for improved productivity in recent days. Along with the improved shape of the solar still, the use of sensible heat storage materials in the solar still proved to be a beneficial way to increase productivity. The current study focuses on the experimental investigations on a TSS using jute cloth, iron pieces, and wire mesh as potential energy storage materials for improving its productivity. All experiments were carried out at a constant basin depth of 2 cm at Nagpur [21.1458° N, 79.0882° E] India. The TSS with wire mesh outperforms all other cases. When compared to a conventional tubular solar still, the use of wire mesh in TSS improves thermal and exergy efficiency by 35.1 % and 88.1 %, respectively. The experimental studies concluded that wire mesh has the highest productivity of all; an improvement of 41.35 %, 10.33 %, and 29.78 % was observed when compared to conventional solar stills, iron pieces, and jute cloth, respectively. The water cost per liter of fresh water obtained from TSS–Jute cloth, TSS-Iron pieces, and TSS-Wire mesh was about 0.00575, 0.00515, and 0.00499 US $/m2.

Akulturasi Budaya Pada Tradisi Buang-Buang di Desa Tempapan Kuala Kabupaten Sambas, Kalimantan Barat

The area of West Kalimantan, Sambas Regency, still carries out ancestral rituals that have been acculturated to Islamic culture, namely the ritual of wasting. The purpose of this research is to find out the acculturation process of Islam and local culture in the wasting tradition in the people of Tempapan Kuala Village and to find out the forms of acculturation of Islam in the wasting tradition. The methods used in this study are as follows; Heuristics, Verification, Interpretation and Historiography. The results of the research show that: The Wasting Tradition aims to keep people away from the dangers sent down by God for the sins that have been committed by humans. The dangers are in the form of prolonged heat, failure of agricultural businesses, and the spread of disease outbreaks. The form of Islamic acculturation in the local culture in the tradition of wasting is in the form of Sirih kapur, at least three sheets with the same fins, complete with gambier or some peeled betel nuts, gental cigarettes, namely nipa leaf cigarettes with a charm and spells. Frankincense and incense (censer). Pendupa means a place for incense in the form of a flat made of pottery or copper with coals made of wood. Yellow sticky rice with one raw chicken egg served in a flat white glass plate. A knife or a piece of iron or a nail, as hardener.

Properties of concrete using waste iron

Iron filings are considered waste products produced from metalworking processes as small pieces of iron that look like fine powder. In this research, the landfill is the method of dealing with this waste. In the current investigation, iron filings have been employed to determine their appropriateness as afine aggregate in concrete production. Replacing all or a portion of the fine aggregates with iron filings would result in significant environmental benefits. The replacement percentages of fine aggregate by IR are 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, and 40 %. The water cement ratio adopted in this work is 0.58. The experimental investigations in the fresh state show that the slump of the mixtures containing 10 %–40 % of iron filings (IR) varied from 71 to 76 mm. The results showed a decrease in the slump of up to 16.47 % for the mixtures containing different percentages of IR compared to the reference mixture. This decrease is evident in mixtures containing IR ratios between 20 % and 40 %. However, the superplasticizer (SP) addition improved each slump and compaction factor. The compressive strength of the mixtures containing 10 %–40 % was within the range of (28.21 to 40.44) MPa at 28 days. The flexural strength was within the range (of 4.51 to 6.51) MPa at 28 days. According to the results of this study, the addition of IR decreased the compressive strength and flexural strength by up to 38.51 % and 44.32 percent at the age of 28 days, respectively. The importance of the study comes from the attempt to reuse waste iron filings as fine aggregate to save sources of our environment and contribute to the sustainable concrete industry.

Снаряжение всадника и верхового коня средневекового некрополя Цепле в северной Польше в свете археометаллургических исследований

Archaeological investigations carried out at the early medieval cemetery in Ciepłe in northern Poland have yielded arms and equestrian equipment deposited in chamber graves belonging to the local elite. This study is based on elements of equestrian equipment and horse harness which were found in graves 35, 42 and 43. Based on the few metallographic analyses of European iron spurs, stirrups and bits dated between the 10th and 11th centuries, it may be suggested that the artifacts from Ciepłe were forged from bloomery low-carbon metal with low to medium phosphorus content. The objects and their parts (bits) are single- and multiple-piece forgings of varying degrees of complexity. The greatest skill was required in the manufacturing of stirrups, which in the case of the Ciepłe set are all composite products, each welded from two or three pieces of iron. Also included in this group are the bit sides from grave 43, both of which were made by joining together two chunks of metal. The remaining items, i. e. mouthpiece links, side plates, rings of horse bits, spurs, separators for stirrup leathers and bridle ferrules are hot formed objects, forged from single pieces of iron. All of the non-ferrous metal decorations of the equestrian equipment and horse harness were made in the so-called false damascening technique. The surface of the plating was also sometimes decorated with an additional negative drawing, sometimes lavish and rich in detail.

Small iron pieces effect on the output of single slope solar still

Solar distillation is an environmental technique that uses solar energy to treat polluted water. In this context, two solar stills of the same size (0.5 x 0.5 m) were exposed to the sun i.e., under the same weather conditions to see the effect of small iron parts on the production of pure water. The results showed that the modified solar still SSM which contained iron pieces had an improvement rate of 23.46% compared to the reference solar still SSR.

A novel passive shimming scheme using explicit controlofmagnetic field qualities with minimal useofferromagnetic materials.

In an MRI system, the static magnetic field homogeneity is strictly required especially in ultrahigh field situations. However, owing to the engineering tolerances and system errors, the magnetic field homogeneity of a magnet usually cannot meet the imaging requirement; thus, a shimming operation is always needed. Existing passive shimming methods commonly minimize the peak-peak variations of the magnetic fields over the diameter of spherical volume (DSV), targeting the field quality of 10-20 parts per million (ppm). However, these conventional passive shimming methods can sometimes lead to sub-optimal field quality and iron consumption solutions. Notably, the RMS error (RMSE) value of the field uniformity is inherently unoptimized. This work proposed a novel passive shimming method that can deliver a significantly improved shimming solution by actively controlling the central magnetic field and specific magnetic field deviations in the region of interest. A detailed comparison between the conventional and proposed methods was conducted on a 9.4T human MRI superconducting magnet. The results showed that the new solution had a significant advantage in searching for superior magnetic field homogeneity with less iron piece consumption. Significantly, the RMSE value of the magnetic field over the DSV can be substantially reduced >10 times. The proposed algorithms are also very efficient, taking only several seconds to find the shimming solution. The potential of the magnetic field homogeneity improvement methods will promote the development of high-end MRI systems.

Contribution to the Understanding of Carbon Diffusion in Ferrite: Simulation Modelling

This research is focused on testing how the austenite breakthrough occurs in ferrite at a temperature of 850ºC. For this purpose, an experiment has been designed to deal with this fact at this temperature. A piece of F-114 steel was placed in contact with a piece of ARMCO iron. The F-114 steel at 850ºC transforms into austenite while the ARMCO iron remains as ferrite. The breakthrough takes place by slow diffusion of the carbon from the F-114 steel into the ferritic ARMCO iron matrix. This feed increases the carbon content of the ARMCO iron until it transforms it into austenite. The intimate contact between ARMCO iron and austenite has been carried out by hot forging without exceeding 850ºC. The metallographic study was carried out by scanning electron microscopy.