Iron Nails Research Articles

Electrochemical Synthesis of Magnetic Core-Shell Nanoparticles

Core-shell nanostructures have attracted considerable interest as a new class of nanomaterials due to the fascinating physical and chemical characteristics. Herein, a facial and low-cost approach was reported for the synthesis of gold@iron oxide core-shell nanoparticles. By using the citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles as seeds, the gold@iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared via an electroxidation of iron nail at 1.0 V between the electrodes in aqueous solution. Modulating with the parameters such as pH values, buffers and reaction time make the iron shell thickness to be well controlled. Most importantly, gold@iron oxide nanoparticles turn superparamagnetic after annealing at 350℃ for six hours under nitrogen environment. The enhanced magnetic properties of the resulting core-shell nanoparticles show their future potential in magnetic resonance imaging as well as targeted delivery through magnetofection.

“From Nail Bed to Nail Head”: An Unusual Case of Multiple Penetrating Nails over Head

Multiple penetrating brain injuries are very common in military practice but not so common in civilian road traffic accidents. A rare case of penetrating head injury resulting from a road traffic accident has been presented. The 22-year-old man presented to us after encountering an accident in his maiden motorbike ride. In this accident he lost control of the bike and was catapulted of the bike unto a fence nearby. This fence had been constructed recently and had nails embedded in it. The result of this impact was this young man's skull being impregnated with three nails. With these nails he was retrieved from the site conscious, oriented, and was referred to our neurotrauma facility. On examination he had a GCS of E4V5M6, without any clinical features of raised intracranial pressure (ICP). The local examination suggested three iron nails in the right frontal region, which were firmly fixed to the underlying skull. The CT scan confirmed these clinical findings and an additional finding of a dural penetration and penetration of brain parenchyma. The patient underwent a prompt surgery, with the margin of the skin flap touching all the three nails and a craniectomy performed in a manner to aid the safe extraction of the nails and examination of underlying dura. The bone was discarded and the patient discharged uneventfully with advice of cranioplasty at a later date.

The Girls They Burned

The Girls They Burned Adrienne Celt (bio) The first girl they tried to burn turned into a doe and leapt away from her pile of sticks, feet wobbling beneath her as she landed. After catching her balance, the doe slipped through the crowd and disappeared around a corner, her tail a white flick. The crowd could hear her hoofs clicking down the street long after she was out of sight. The second girl they tried to burn sighed and then collapsed into her clothing. Three watchers ran up and snatched the garments from the fire. They shook out the flames, and looked into their hands—the fabric lay supple, though singed at cuffs and hems. As the shirt swooned down, a single gold coin rolled out of its pocket and hit the stone ground with a bright noise, spinning until it fell through a drain grate and splashed into the unseen water below. The third girl they tried to burn kept her face hidden behind her hair. A man snuck around the crowd taking bets on the color of her eyes, but it was hard to make good, settle up, without a definitive answer. More people joined in on the betting, thinking that one of them would surely find the right angle to steal a look. But there was always some obstruction—the fringe of her bangs, the tilt of her chin, a sudden inopportune glint of sunlight. The watchers knew that by the time she burned it would be too late to content their curiosity. So they looked harder. They leaned in as the fire grew high. Each person felt that the distance between themselves and their satisfaction was a straight, clear line. A pocket of sap cracked and popped in the woodpile. The girl was gone. And the square was empty but for a bonfire. [End Page 101] The fourth girl they tried to burn turned into a handful of crickets that sprang out as random as hot buckshot and caught in hair and bags and clothes. The fifth girl they tried to burn turned to stone and had to be dragged out of town on a cart and sunk in a lake. Until the stone cooled, though, they couldn’t move her at all. She stood, surrounded by sticks and char, for the better part of two days, spine straight as a knife and chin upturned toward the sky. The sixth girl they tried to burn turned into water and fell, a hard-breaking wave. She streamed out through cracks and gullies in the road, pooling up around the nearest shoes so that some watchers spent the rest of the afternoon shifting their toes around in wet socks, feeling the cold of saturated wool and leather. The seventh girl they tried to burn caught fire and burned, and this heartened everyone. Her hair gave up with a gasp, and her clothes flamed and turned to cinder. Her skin bubbled—first on the smooth expanse of her calves, her thin arms. But then, too, in the places that held more moisture, little blisters in the corners of her lips, circling her eyes like dots of henna. The layers of her peeled with exquisite slowness, revealing the red rope of her muscles, then the arch of her cheekbones, the cup of her pelvis. The heat was so high that even her bones steamed and then succumbed, crumbling into a black ash that caught the wind and hung in the air. The next morning when the town awoke, every household was forced to wash black grime off their windows, and they found more of it in the crevices in their walls. The ash caught in hems and was ironed into clothing; it was braided into the hair of workhorses and cooked into meat and grain and mash. Men found themselves baring and licking their teeth, trying to shine them clean. But despite every industry the black ash stayed. For some days after, they lit no fires and used the square for a marketplace. It was, some said, long due anyway. Booths were stocked with root vegetables and knit caps and iron nails from the forgery. There was a bustle of...

A Box Containing Carpenter's Accessories from The Akko 1 Shipwreck, Israel: Archaeometallurgical Analysis of Surviving Ironwork

The Akko 1 shipwreck was an Egyptian armed vessel, built at the beginning of the 19th century. A wooden saw handle and a box containing iron nails and two split pins were discovered towards the stern. Given their function, location and context, these were part of the ship's carpenter's tools and accessories. A methodology was developed for conducting systematic metallurgical analysis in order to understand the manufacturing process of the surviving ironwork items, as well as to enlarge our knowledge regarding ironworking technologies during the early 19th century. Such methodology may assist in the future understanding of the technological evolution of similar wrought-iron objects. The results demonstrated that the artefacts have a wrought-iron heterogeneous microstructure and were manufactured by hot-working prior to surface hardening by pack carburization.

Archaeometallurgical analysis of metal remains from the Dor 2006 shipwreck: A clue to the understanding of the transition in ship construction

The Dor 2006 Byzantine shipwreck was discovered in 2006, 800m south of Dor (Tantura) lagoon, Israel, about 100m offshore, in a water depth of 4m, covered by sand. It was a large ship about 25m long, and its timber remains spread over 10.5m by 4.5m. The shipwreck was dated between the mid-6th and the first quarter of the 7th centuries AD. Among the finds were remains of metal objects, comprising two coins, a lead sheet, and concretions of nails and a sickle. Metallurgical non-destructive and destructive analyses of the metal remains demonstrated that the coins were made of copper–lead alloy with a high concentration of lead, produced by casting, later stamped with coin die. The lead sheet was produced by casting, and later shaped into its final form. SEM-EDS, XRD, and XRF analyses revealed that the nail remains were essentially completely corroded iron. Analysis of the completely corroded sickle remains revealed that it was made of bloomery iron. It is suggested that the use of lead in the coins and tin in the lead sheet was due to economic constraints. Iron nails, although widespread, also indicate a preference for a cheaper metal than copper alloy. The lead isotope signature of the lead sheet indicates that the source of the ore was Greece or the Taurus Mountains, which may hint at the origin of the ship or her sailing routes. The ship was built during the period of the transition in ship construction from shell-first to frame-based. The reasons for this transition, which is a well-known process, have been explained only in abstract terms, such as economics, sociology and geography. The use of low-grade metals may be an example of economic pressure, and a specific explanation for the transition.

Analysis of gastroscopic diagnosis and treatment in 37 cases of incarcerated foreign bodies at duodenum

Objective To evaluate the therapeutic approach, feasibility, efficacy and safety of endoscopic diagnosis and therapy in different incarcerated foreign bodies at duodenum. Methods From January 2005 to December 2013, 37 patients with incarcerated foreign bodies at duodenum and with complete clinical data were enrolled. The successful rate of foreign bodies removed by gastroscope, the location, type and length of the foreign bodies, and the complications of the 37 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Results Among 37 patients with incarcerated foreign bodies at duodenum, the foreign bodies of 35 cases were successfully removed by gastroscope and the other two were transferred to surgery department for operation, and the successful rate of gastroscopic treatment was 94.6%. Eight cases with incarcerated foreign bodies were at duodenal bulb, 16 cases at descendent duodenum, eight cases at horizontal portion of the duodenum and five cases at ascending portion of the duodenum. Nine cases were penetrating foreign bodies. The types of foreign bodies included toothpicks (one case), ball–point pens (three cases), plastics spoons (two cases), earpick (one case), toothbrushes (seven cases), food blocks (six cases), chicken bones (two cases), pegwoods (about 40 pieces, one case), dentures with hook (three cases), iron wires (three cases), glass plate (one case), iron nails (five cases) and razor blades (two cases). There were no complications such as bleeding and perforation during and after endoscopic diagnosis and therapy. Conclusions The incarcerated foreign bodies at duodenum could be diagnosed and treated by endoscope with the andvantage of easy handling, little injury, less complication, exact curative effect and less need for surgery. It is an effective approach to the diagnosis and treatment of incarcerated foreign bodies at duodenum. Key words: Duodenum; Foreign bodies; Endoscopes; Therapy

Arhitectura epocii Latene din Munții Șureanu (Sebeșului). O analiză metodologică / The Architecture of the Late Iron Age in the Șureanu (Sebeșului) Mountains. A Methodological Approach

Arhitectura epocii Latene din Munții Șureanu (Sebeșului). O analiză metodologică / The Architecture of the Late Iron Age in the Șureanu (Sebeșului) Mountains. A Methodological Approach

Caddo Archaeological Sites on San Pedro Creek in Houston County, Texas: San Pedro de los Nabedaches

The Nabedache Caddo that lived on San Pedro Creek in Houston County in the East Texas Pineywoods were a prominent nation during the early years of European contact, from ca. A.D. 1687-1730. Their villages, hamlets, and farmsteads sat astride an aboriginal trail that came to be known as El Camino Real de los Tejas, and thus their community was a principal gateway to Europeans and other Native American tribes who came from the west in Spanish Texas to meet with the Tejas or Hasinai Caddo peoples. The first Spanish mission in East Texas was established amidst the Nabedache Caddo community. The archaeology of the Nabedache Caddo, or that of their pre-A.D. 1542 ancestors, is not well understood, primarily because of the dearth of intensive investigations at a range of Nabedache Caddo sites. Work that has been completed, primarily on sites at Mission Tejas State Park, have included surveys and limited test excavations at a few sites that have Caddo material culture remains (sherds from ceramic vessels, chipped stone tools, etc.) and European trade goods, including glass beads, gunflints, lead balls and sprue, an iron hoe, an iron rowel, a possible strike-a-light, an iron gun cock, trigger plate, butt plate finial, and gun barrel fragments, iron cast iron kettle fragments, iron knife fragments, wrought iron nails, brass tinklers, and Spanish majolica sherds. In this article, I discuss the archaeological material culture remains from several Nabedache Caddo sites along San Pedro Creek that are in the collections of the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory at The University of Texas at Austin.

Archaeological Investigations at the Christopher Columbus Italian Society Property and Columbus Park: 41BX1968, the Possible First Site of Mission San Antonio de Valero

In May of 2013, the Center for Archaeological Research of The University of Texas at San Antonio was contracted by the San Antonio Conservation Society (SACS) to explore the Spanish Colonial archaeological deposits and a feature that were recently identified in a lot owned by the Christopher Columbus Italian Society and next to the San Francesco di Paola Church in north-central San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. Based on a number of historical descriptions, the deposits were thought to possibly be associated with the first location of Mission San Antonio de Valero that was established in 1718. Thirty-one shovel tests were excavated in Columbus Park and on property owned by the Christopher Columbus Italian Society near the church. In addition, three test units were excavated at a location downhill from the church on property owned by the Christopher Columbus Italian Society. The archaeological investigations were conducted under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 6534. Steve Tomka served as the Original Principal Investigator, and Kristi Miller Nichols served as Project Archaeologist. The Permit is currently held by Dr. Raymond Mauldin. Surface collection in the open field and in the vicinity of the church produced a small quantity of Spanish Colonial Period material, including wrought iron nails, a majolica ceramic fragment, a trade bead, and melted lead. Shovel tests revealed that the upper 60 cm of soil in the park contains mostly modern and some early twentieth-century materials. Investigations found no evidence of Mission San Antonio de Valero within Columbus Park. Test unit excavations in the Christopher Columbus Italian Society’s property produced fragments of majolica ceramics affiliated with the Spanish Colonial Period and lead-glazed Galera wares of probable Colonial age. While a large proportion of the cultural materials recovered from surface and the shovel tests does consist of nineteenthand twentieth-century materials, the remainder includes a variety of Spanish Colonial artifacts such as tin- and lead-glazed ceramics, bone-tempered sherds, a trade bead, and fragments of wrought iron nails. It is likely that the materials have been re-deposited from the upper portion of the landform where the church and hall had been erected in the late 1920s. In addition, the western portion of the tract had been graded prior to the construction of a paved parking lot, and this further disturbed any buried cultural deposits. The cultural material that is affiliated with the Spanish Colonial Period is overwhelmed by artifacts dated to later periods. This is somewhat

Effects of Anthropogenic Particles on the Chemical and Geophysical Properties of Urban Soils, Detroit, Michigan

A study was undertaken to assess the effects of anthropogenic particles on the pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and magnetic susceptibility (MS) of anthropogenic soils in Detroit, Michigan. The results showed that ^Au horizons of anthropogenic soils at residential demolition, industrial, and fly ash–impacted sites were distinguishable from A horizons of native soils (background level). Anthropogenic soils were higher by 1 pH unit or more, had an EC three to four times background level, and were characterized by an elevated MS that was up to 20 times background. Anthropogenic soils at residential demolition sites had a uniquely high EC signature, whereas those at industrial sites were distinguished by anomalously high MS. Fly ash–impacted soils differed from native soils but were similar to other anthropogenic soils. Analyses of reference artifacts suggest that the elevated pH of anthropogenic soils was caused by calcareous building material wastes, whereas elevated EC were the result of both calcareous and ferruginous wastes. Elevated MS were attributable to ferrimagnetic materials such as corroded iron nails, coal ash and cinders, and metalliferous slag. Analyses of “artificial soils” indicated that there were measurable effects on pH, EC, and MS even with low concentrations of anthropogenic microparticles (<5–10 wt %). These results support our hypothesis that urban soils contain anthropogenic particles that differ as a function of former land use. Hence, various types of anthropogenic soils and native soils have unique chemical and geophysical signatures. This suggests that EC and MS surveying methods may be used to remotely sense and map urban soils more effectively than using traditional methods alone.

Grade 12 students' conceptual understanding and mental models of galvanic cells before and after learning by using small-scale experiments in conjunction with a model kit

This study aimed to develop the small-scale experiments involving electrochemistry and the galvanic cell model kit featuring the sub-microscopic level. The small-scale experiments in conjunction with the model kit were implemented based on the 5E inquiry learning approach to enhance students' conceptual understanding of electrochemistry. The research tools consisted of (1) four small-scale experiments involving electrochemistry, which were oxidation and reduction reactions, galvanic cells, cathodic protection of iron nails, and connecting batteries in series, and (2) the galvanic cell model kit with the ability to generate various galvanic cells. The data collecting tools included (1) a conceptual test of electrochemistry and (2) the mental model drawing of a galvanic cell. Thirty-four grade 12 students participated in the series of four 5E learning activities for a total of 10 hours. Paired samplesT-test analysis revealed that the mean scores of the post-conceptual test (mean 36.63, SD 7.69) was statistically higher than that of the pre-conceptual test (mean 21.51, SD 6.83) at the significance level of 0.05. In addition, the mean scores of the post-mental models in both the macroscopic (mean 3.56, SD 1.30) and sub-microscopic features (mean 5.98, SD 2.93) were statistically higher than those of the pre-mental models (mean 1.85, SD 1.11 and mean 2.20, SD 2.45) at the significance level of 0.05. Prior to intervention, most students were in the categories of less correct conceptions, Partial Understanding with Specific Misunderstanding (PMU) to No Understanding (NU). However, after the intervention, they moved to the categories of more correct conceptions, Partial Understanding (PU) to Sound Understanding (SU). This indicated that this intervention can enhance students' conceptual understanding of electrochemistry and mental models of galvanic cells.

Synthesis of Gold@Iron Oxide Core-Shell Nanostructures via an Electrochemical Procedure

Core-shell nanostructures have attracted considerable interest as a new class of nanomaterials due to the fascinating physical and chemical characteristics relative to their single-component counterparts. Herein, a facial and low-cost approach was reported for the synthesis of core-shell nanostructures. By using the citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles as seeds, the gold@iron oxide nanostructures were prepared via an electroxidation of iron nail at 1.0 V between the electrodes in aqueous solution. Parameters such as reaction time play important roles in growing different shell thicknesses of gold@iron oxide core-shell nanostructures. The appropriate shell thicknesses were further optimized to yield the surface-enhanced Raman scattering effects in Raman molecules.

Synthesis of Gold@Iron Oxide Core-Shell Nanostructures via an Electrochemical Procedure

Core-shell nanostructures have attracted considerable interest as a new class of nanomaterials due to the fascinating physical and chemical characteristics relative to their single-component counterparts. Herein, a facial and low-cost approach was reported for the synthesis of core-shell nanostructures. By using the citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles as seeds, the gold@iron oxide/oxyhydroxide nanostructures were prepared via an electroxidation of iron nail at 1.0 V between the electrodes in aqueous solution. The possible formation processes were as follows:O2 + 4 e− + 2 H2O → 4 OH− (Cathode)Fe → Fe2+ + 2 e− (Anode)In the presence of dissolved oxygen, 4 Fe2+ + O2 → 4 Fe3+ + 2 O2 − amorphous ferric-oxyhydroxides and/or ferric oxide were obtained as precipitate. Fe3+ + 3 H2O ⇌ Fe(OH)3 + 3 H+ Fe(OH)3 ⇌ FeO(OH) + H2O2 FeO(OH) ⇌ Fe2O3 + H2OGold nanoparticles, then act as seeds for the growth of iron oxide/oxyhydroxide shells during the electrolytic process. Parameters such as pH values, buffer composition and reaction time all play important roles in growing different shell thicknesses of gold@iron oxide core-shell nanostructures. The appropriate shell thicknesses were further optimized to yield the greatest surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effects in Raman molecules. Together, an efficient and reproducible method has been developed to control the shell thicknesses of gold@iron oxide/oxyhydroxide nanostructures. The integration of SERS reporters onto the single gold@iron oxide/oxyhydroxide nanoparticle also allows effective imaging in complex biological system.Two iron nails were inserted into the gold nanoparticles solution (10 mL) as two electrodes placed parallel to each other. Potential of 1.0 V were applied to the electrodes using a direct current (DC) power supply. A detailed illustration of the experimental device was demonstrated in Figure 1. After 0 to 420 min continuous stirring, the anode iron nail corroded, and a gradual growth of a dense shell appeared on each gold nanoparticle. The solution was then centrifuged at 1,500g for 30 min to remove the free iron oxide/oxyhydroxide precipitate. The obtained core-shell nanoparticles were re-suspended in 1.0 mM citrate buffer (pH 6.8) for further experiments.As depicted in Figure 1, a simple electrochemical setup was used to synthesize the gold@iron oxide/oxyhydroxide core-shell nanostructures. The iron nails were used as both the anode and cathode, 0.38 mM citrate buffer (pH 4.3) as the electrolyte. With the reaction time increases from 0 to 420 min, the shell coating proceeds. The surface plasmon resonance peaks of the core-shell nanoparticles became more prominent and red-shifted form 530 nm to 560 nm (Figure 2A). Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) images in Figure 2B further confirm the as-synthesized core-shell structures. The diameter of the gold core was about 49 nm, while the shell thickness was 0, 5, 10, 13, and 16 nm through adjusting the reaction time, respectively. The lattice spacing of the core structure in HRTEM was around 0.22 nm, corresponding to Au (111) fcc planes. These nanoparticles were coated with an amorphous layer on their surface. The iron oxide/oxyhydroxide shell structure was characterized by XPS analysis (data not shown).Due to the electromagnetic field enhancement surrounded the metallic surfaces under laser excitation, gold nanoparticles are very attractive SERS substrates. Figure 3 shows the SERS spectrum of 2-naphthalenethiol (NTP)-labeled gold nanoparticles (Au-NTP). In the experiments, the laser at 785nm was used as an excitation light. All the SERS signals are characteristic of the NTP molecules on the gold substrates. After the deposition of the outer iron oxide/oxyhydroxide shell, SERS signals were retained well after the introduction of the amorphous shell on the NTP-labeled gold nanoparticles.In conclusion, we have demonstrated a facile synthesis route for the preparation of gold@ iron oxide/oxyhydroxide core-shell nanostructures. With the incorporation of SERS reporter, these nanocomposites displayed good SERS performance, which has great potential for multiplexed imaging in living cellsThis work was supported by National Tsing Hua University (101N7046E1) and the Ministry of Science and Techonology (NSC 102-2113-M-007-005-MY3, 102-2627-M-007-006-) of Taiwan, ROC.

The compound tombs at Cho Lach (Ben Tre)

Between April &amp; May 2014, the Department of Archaeology (Faculty of History, University of Social Sciences and Humanities - Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City) and the Department of Culture - Sports and Tourism of Ben Tre Province conducted an excavation of the compound tomb at Chợ Lách town (Chợ Lách district, Bến Tre Province). The main results are as follows: Archaeologists detected two raising architectures on brick ground like the architectural model of mausoleum, in which the big Mausoleum lies approximately directed southward, offset 3° east, including a stele house and a burial house in scale of 300cm in width, 240cm in length and 185- 205cm in height designed for 2-adult burial (normally a married couple often found in Nam Bộ Tombs). Two graves are of rectangular form because only soil walls surrounded the graves. They are submerged in water in the depth of 70-275cm, decomposed, containing just a piece of the adult skull, 5 very small bronze balls and plant traces (as coconut fiber and fruit (Mangrove palm), Bần rind (Sonneratia) and Ráng leaves (Acrosticlum aureum Linn), pottery and ceramic pieces etc. The small architectural mausoleum with stele and burial houses was opened heading straight West and with the scale of 140cm in length, 65cm in width and 95cm in height. The rectangular burial pit, with the dimension of length 130cm, width 60cm, depth 70cm, not flooded, so the wooden coffin covered by sarcophagus with iron nails is preserved. There are remains of a lying face-up child, spreading legs, wearing 2 bronze buttons. The baby was about 2-4 years old with the height of 100-110cm. From the results of forensic examination and comparative research into the tomb structure scale and the artifact collected from the excavated pit, the authors state that: The tomb monuments in Cho Lach belong to the styles of stele and burial house for aristocratic title, to the Nguyen Dynasty in two centuries 18th and 19th, with structure building material, brick grounds, steel frames, wooden coffins with iron nails, spherical virtual buttons, ceramic fragments etc. For the first time in Vietnam, tomb monuments contained such specific characteristics as 5 very small bronze balls and plant traces (as coconut fiber and fruit (Mangrove palm), Bần rind (Sonneratia) and Ráng leaves (Acrosticlum aureum Linn), pottery and ceramic pieces etc. Especially the first time in Vietnam, archaeologists find 2 aristocratic mausoleums sitting next to each other, perhaps belonging to the same family, in which the parents were lying in big burial pits and their child (ageing from 2 to 4 only) was lying in a small burial pit, but a majestic stele house of this model has still been built from the Medieval &amp; Post-Medieval Ages.

Factors affecting arsenic and uranium removal with zero-valent iron: laboratory tests with Kanchan-type iron nail filter columns with different groundwaters

Environmental context Tens of millions of people worldwide depend on groundwater with naturally high arsenic concentrations for drinking and cooking. We studied simple filters built with locally available and inexpensive iron nails, which can oxidise and bind arsenic in forming iron oxides and rust layers. Filters containing iron are being successfully applied in several regions, but efficiencies depend on the type of groundwater, and sufficiently large iron surfaces and contact times with water are needed for good arsenic removal. Abstract Zero-valent iron (ZVI)-based filters are able to remove arsenic and other pollutants from drinking water, but their performance depends on the form of ZVI, filter design, water composition and operating conditions. Kanchan filters use an upper bucket with ZVI in the form of commercial iron nails, followed by a sand filter, to remove arsenic and pathogens. We evaluated factors that influence the removal of arsenic and uranium with laboratory columns containing iron nails with six different synthetic groundwaters with 500μgL–1AsIII, 50μgL–1 U, 2mgL–1 B, and with 0 and 2mgL–1 P (added as o-phosphate), 0.25 and 2.5mM Ca, 3.2 and 8.3mM HCO3–, at pH 7.0 and 8.4 over 30 days. During the first 10 days, As removal was 65–95% and strongly depended on the water composition. As removal at pH 7.0 was better than at pH 8.4 and high P combined with low Ca decreased As removal. From 10–30 days, As removal decreased to 45–60% with all columns. Phosphate, in combination with low Ca concentrations lowered As removal, but had a slightly positive effect in combination with high Ca concentrations. U removal was only 10–70%, but showed similar trends. The drop in performance over time can be explained by decreasing release of iron to solution due to formation of layers of FeIII phases and calcite covering the iron surface. Mobile corrosion products contained ferrihydrite, Si-containing hydrous ferric oxides, and amorphous Fe–Si–P phases. Comparisons with another type of ZVI filter (SONO-filter) were used to evaluate filter design parameters. Higher ZVI surface areas and longer contact times should lead to satisfactory As removal with Kanchan-type filters.

An Unusual Asymptomatic Foreign Body at Tracheobronchial Tree

ABSTRACTInhalation of foreign body is usually seen in children which should be promptly and immediately removed otherwise it leads to complications and death. Early detection of foreign bodies is essential to safe removal. Management approach has to be systematic. Preoperative history taking, radiological assessment followed by rapid intervention by skilled bronchoscopist usually results in favorable outcome. We here report an interesting and an unusual presentation of a sharp and long iron nail in trachea and right bronchus, which was expelled spontaneously after coughing.How to cite this articleSwain SK, Mishra S, Dash M. An Unusual Asymptomatic Foreign Body at Tracheobronchial Tree. Int J Phonosurg Laryngol 2014;4(1):40-42.

Over-saturated Oxygen in Japanese Iron Nails of “Wakugi” for Wooden Structure

Over-saturated Oxygen in Japanese Iron Nails of “Wakugi” for Wooden Structure

The impact of chloride desalination on the corrosion rate of archaeological iron

Although desalination of archaeological iron reduces its chloride concentration and enhances object stability, the reduction in corrosion rate that this produces has never been quantified. This study measures post-treatment corrosion rates in accelerated corrosion environments to identify the impact of removing chloride ions on corrosion rate. Thirty-five archaeological iron nails, treated individually in either alkaline sulphite or nitrogen-deoxygenated sodium hydroxide, were exposed to 75°C and 75% relative humidity together with 31 untreated objects from the same archaeological sites. Object weight change and visual examination of physical change before and after the test period were used to monitor corrosion. 77% of treated objects showed no weight gain and no visible signs of corrosion, while 90% of untreated objects did corrode. The impact of chloride on corrosion of untreated objects was clearly established by a significant linear correlation between chloride content and weight gain. Treated objects with <400 ppm chloride content showed no corrosion behaviour. Corrosion of treated objects was attributed to incomplete treatment: 93% of objects treated to <5 mg/l Cl− in the final solution bath displayed no corrosion behaviour. Based on these results, desalination of iron objects to enhance their stability offers a valuable option for reducing corrosion rates of archaeological iron, which should increase object lifespan. The results also raise the question of whether low levels of post-treatment residual chloride produce corrosion of any significance. Answering this will be an important step forward for managing the preservation of archaeological iron.

Impacted iron nail in the orbit and maxillary sinus through a corneo-scleral perforation: a case report

Open globe injury is one of the commonest ophthalmic emergencies, and when accompanied by intraocular foreign bodies, the condition carries a poorer prognosis. To report a rare case of perforating injury of the globe with an iron nail which got lodged in the maxillary sinus. A ten-year-old boy presented with the history of sudden painful loss of vision in his right eye. He reported that he was hit forcefully by the tail of a cow a day before the presentation. There was no perception of light in that eye. The ocular examination revealed a full thickness corneo-scleral perforation with prolapsed uveal tissue. The X-ray of the right orbit showed an impacted foreign body in the inferior orbit and computed tomography scan of the orbit confirmed the presence of a vertically impacted metal piece in the right orbit and right maxillary sinus. The repair of the perforation and removal of the impacted nail was done in two stages. The globe anatomy was maintained but the vision could not be restored due to the grave nature of the trauma. Perforating globe injury is an important cause of monocular blindness.

온·습도 변화에 따른 목재 철물 접합부의 못 뽑기 저항성

In cases of wooden structure and wooden house installed on the outside, metal goods used for basic connection are usually screw bolts, strainless nails and general iron nails. As metal connections on wood are directly exposed to exterior environment, friction resistibility of nails on metal connections declines and continual defects on this are generated and maintenance for it is required. However, experiments and analyses for preparing basic data for improvement of the problems have been not conducted so far and wooden structures with defects are abandoned. Accordingly, by analyzing friction resistibility of connections by each kind of woods and metal goods, the study aims to suggest to use metal goods appropriately by kinds of woods and manufacture conditions with analysis on characteristics of resistibility of extracting nails for solving such problems and to secure basic data for establishing maintenance, repair and reinforcement plans.