Iron Core Research Articles

Magnetic Nanoparticle Thermometry via Controlled Diffusion

The process of magnetic nanoparticle heating releases enormous amounts of thermal energy. Through typical calorimetric analyses, the total thermal energy released can be easily quantified; however, knowledge of nanoscale temperature is necessary. Herein, a novel method of nanoscale thermometry by analyzing intra-particle diffusion in core–shell nanoparticles is proposed. Heating the iron cores with an alternating magnetic field in a saline suspension encourages the diffusion of sodium ions into the silica shells of the particles, which is modeled numerically; however, experimental measurements are needed in order to provide accurate diffusivity estimations. After determining the diffusion characteristics from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) depth profiling of silica films, energy dispersive analysis with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy measures the sodium ion gradient within single particles before and after heating. When compared directly to the numerical simulations, the results indicate that the temperature gradient between particles and saline suspension reaches significantly higher temperatures than the macro-scale temperature of the solution. By accurately knowing the thermal gradient between nanoparticles and the surrounding medium, nanoparticles can be engineered to limit surface resistances as much as possible and promote high rates of thermal energy transfer.

UNCONVENTIONAL MEASURING TRANSDUCERS

In electric power transmission systems most voltage and current measuring transducers are conventional high-voltage and current measuring transformers with a ferromagnetic (iron) core (conventional measuring transducers). Progress in technology has made possible the development and usage of different kind of measuring transducers without ferromagnetic cores or with other ferrite materials that have many significant advances (unconventional measuring transducers). This essay shows the theory of unconventional methods of measuring voltage and current signals and the most important characteristics of unconventional measuring transducers. Unconventional measuring transducers have numerous advantages over conventional measuring transformers with ferromagnetic cores: they are affordable, installation costs are reduced, installation is easier and faster, they achieve high accuracy, and have smaller volume and mass.

Exploring supernova gravitational waves with machine learning

ABSTRACT Core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) emit powerful gravitational waves (GWs). Since GWs emitted by a source contain information about the source, observing GWs from CCSNe may allow us to learn more about CCSNs. We study if it is possible to infer the iron core mass from the bounce and early ring-down GW signal. We generate GW signals for a range of stellar models using numerical simulations and apply machine learning to train and classify the signals. We consider an idealized favorable scenario. First, we use rapidly rotating models, which produce stronger GWs than slowly rotating models. Secondly, we limit ourselves to models with four different masses, which simplifies the selection process. We show that the classification accuracy does not exceed $\sim \! 70{{\ \mathrm{ per \, cent}}}$, signifying that even in this optimistic scenario, the information contained in the bounce, and early ring-down GW signal is not sufficient to precisely probe the iron core mass. This suggests that it may be necessary to incorporate additional information such as the GWs from later post-bounce evolution and neutrino observations to accurately measure the iron core mass.

Variable inductive shape memory spring based multifunctional module for high sensitivity measurements

Shape memory elements as sensing units have promising potential; the prospect of using shape memory alloy coil as a multi-functional module using the inductive principle is assessed in this work. The self-sensing phenomenon in SMA is dominantly explored from the change in electrical resistance, however, the same can be realized from the variation in inductance in its coiled form. This article introduces a unique, variable inductive sensing system using an SMA spring for high sensitivity measurements, performance of which greatly relies on its coil geometry and permeability. The configuration enables the sensing operation at an isothermal condition for testing force, displacement, and as a proximity sensor. Experimental verification of the proof-of-concept for sensitivity enhancement reveals that adding an iron core results in a sensitivity of 0.1 μH/0.1 N and 0.16 μH/mm, for force and displacement sensing respectively which is a twofold increase over the system's sensitivity with an air core.

Influence of pulsed laser beam welding in vacuum on the mechanical properties of non-grain oriented electrical steel sheets

Abstract Major components of electrical machines are iron cores made of stacked electrical steel sheets. In this paper, pulsed laser beam welding in vacuum is used to join the individual electrical steel sheets. Three different non-grain-oriented electrical steel alloys are investigated and joined by individual spot welds. The influence of pulsed laser beam welding in atmosphere as well as in vacuum on the welding result and the tensile strength of the welded joint is discussed. The results show that the insulation coating of the electrical sheets has significant effects on the grain structure as well as the hardness of the weld spots. These effects can be reduced with decreased working pressure, which reduces the power loss of iron cores. The reduction of the working pressure and the associated reduction of the vapor plume, which appears to reduce the energy input into the component depending on the material and coating, results in an increase of the melt volume and the joint cross sectional area. The tensile strength of the performed welds was tested and interpreted with respect to the influencing process parameters.

Change lost: Corrosion of Roman copper alloy coins in changing and variable burial environments

We studied the corrosion of Roman copper alloy coins that experienced alternations or progressive changes in their burial environment. We used coins that were still embedded in soil or in a concretion selectedfrom three professional excataved sites - Berlicum and Krommenie in the Netherlands and Kempraten in Switserland. mCT scanning and neutron scanning were used to record the 3-D properties of these coins prior to (destructive) analyses. It proved possible to tentatively identify the coins. Microscope observations and SEM-EDX analyses revealed complex corrosion processes, related to changing burial environments. In soil horizon with fluctuating groundwater levels in a region with upwelling reducing, iron-rich groundwater, the copper in a gunmetal coin is essentially replaced by iron oxides while tin remains and forms tin-oxide bands. Fluctuating redox conditions in marine-influenced environments was shown to transform a copper-alloy coin into strongly laminated copper sulphides with embedded gypsum crystals, with an outer surface of copper and copper-iron sulphides. Burial of bronze in a charcoal rich layer probably caused temporary highly alkaline soil conditions. This caused most of the copper to leach from this coin, leaving behind a laminated tin-dominated mass, with only a limited amount of (malachite) corrosion products remaining in the surrounding groundmass. In all three cases, corrosion processes tend to be anisotropic, probably because of cold-hammering of the coins during their manufacture. Such corrosion processes on massive copper alloy coins may produce features that may lead to their incorrect classification as subferrati, i.e. copper alloy coins with an iron core. Our results may help in future to distinguish strongly corroded massive coins from subferrati.

Lift-Off Effect Evaluation by Using Eddy Current Testing Technique on Copper (C101)

This study aims to develop an eddy current testing (ECT) probe that generates eddy current signals when a coil is placed above copper101 metal testing with and without nonconductive coating and the presence of lift-off height, i.e., 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 0.5 mm. Then, the metal test with a variety of thicknesses, i.e., 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 0.5 mm, and with varies of surface defects, i.e., 10, 20, and 30  0.5 mm, engraved on the metal testing. The coil probe is a rodshaped solenoid coil designed with an iron core with 65 mm length, 5 mm area, and 200 N turns. It demonstrates how the rod-shaped solenoid coil may be used to detect various surface defects on copper101 (C101). The optimal frequencies for C101 are 7.850 MHz. In conclusion, the output voltage signals for larger surface defect sizes increase but decrease as the thickness becomes thicker. Furthermore, as the lift-off height increases, the output voltage for both coated and non-coated metal decreases accordingly. Therefore, besides comparing the output voltage for coated and non-coated metals, there are minor differences which shows that the ECT technique in this studyis capableto detect surface defects appropriately.

Enhanced oxidative and adsorptive removal of arsenite by the heterogeneous interfacial reaction of sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron

After sulfidation, sulfur is doped into the iron core, endowing S-nZVI with lower corrosion, stronger adsorption and interfacial oxidation of As(iii). Arsenic atoms diffuse the inner area and form arsenic sulfide stabilizing in the S-nZVI core.

AC Loss Reduction in HTS Coil Windings Coupled With an Iron Core Using Flux Diverters

AC Loss Reduction in HTS Coil Windings Coupled With an Iron Core Using Flux Diverters

Modeling and Control of Electromagnetic Coil System Using Model Order Reduction-Based LSSVM Method*

Magnetic micro/nanorobot (MM) is promising for in-body therapy due to its advantage of untethered controllability. Since the motion of MMs can be directly manipulated by the magnetic field (MF) created by electromagnetic coil systems, it is essential to study the MF generation control methods. In this study, iron core-based solenoids are employed in an electromagnetic coil system that can produce a stronger MF than regular coil systems. However, the coil system presents hysteretic nonlinearity due to the iron core's coercivity, which degrades closed-loop control performances. To tackle this challenge, an effective hysteresis compensation method is developed to linearize the solenoid system. Specifically, the least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) is adopted to model the hysteretic behavior of the solenoid system, and the discrete empirical interpolation method (DEIM) is applied to reduce the complexity of the model for improving the calculation efficiency. Based on the LSSVM and DEIM approaches, a highly efficient LSSVM-DEIM hysteresis compensator is developed. In order to generate precise dynamic MF effectively, the LSSVM-DEIM hysteresis compensator is combined with prevalent feedback controllers to form composite control schemes. Experiments show that the control system with the LSSVM-DEIM hysteresis compensator can produce a more accurate MF compared with that of the benchmark control methods.

Preparation, characterization, antioxidant and antianemia activities of Poria cocos polysaccharide iron (III) complex

As a new natural antioxidant with high safety and non-toxic side effects, polysaccharide can also be used as a critical macromolecular carrier to form a stable iron complex with Fe3+. Our previous study has extracted and purified the homogeneous polysaccharide (PCP1C) from Poria cocos. In this study, the PCP1C-iron (III) complex was synthesized by co-thermal synthesis with PCP1C and ferric trichloride. The chelating capacity, iron releasing capacity, and qualitative identification of complex were evaluated. The complex was characterized by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) analysis, particle size distribution, and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant and iron supplement effects of the complex were also studied in vitro and in the iron deficiency anemia (IDA) rat model. The results showed that the iron content in the PCP1C-iron (III) complex was 28.14% with no free iron, and the iron release rate was 95.3%. The structure analysis showed that the iron core of the PCP1C-iron (III) complex existed in the form of β-FeOOH and the surface of the complex become smooth and particle size increased, which indicated the high iron content of polysaccharide iron and slow release. Furthermore, we found that the PCP1C iron (III) complex had positive scavenging effect on DPPH, ABTS, MDA, and hydroxyl radical in vitro study and significantly increased the levels of red blood cell (RBC), Hemoglobin (Hb), and red blood cell specific volume (HCT) in IDA rat model. Therefore, our results suggested that the PCP1C-iron (III) complex is expected to develop into a new comprehensive iron supplement and antioxidant.

Micromagnetic and morphological characterization of heteropolymer human ferritin cores.

The physical properties of in vitro iron-reconstituted and genetically engineered human heteropolymer ferritins were investigated. High-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy were employed to ascertain (1) the microstructural, electronic, and micromagnetic properties of the nanosized iron cores, and (2) the effect of the H and L ferritin subunit ratios on these properties. Mössbauer spectroscopic signatures indicate that all iron within the core is in the high spin ferric state. Variable temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy for H-rich (H21/L3) and L-rich (H2/L22) ferritins reconstituted at 1000 57Fe/protein indicates superparamagnetic behavior with blocking temperatures of 19 K and 28 K, while HAADF-STEM measurements give average core diameters of (3.7 ± 0.6) nm and (5.9 ± 1.0) nm, respectively. Most significantly, H-rich proteins reveal elongated, dumbbell, and crescent-shaped cores, while L-rich proteins present spherical cores, pointing to a correlation between core shape and protein shell composition. Assuming an attempt time for spin reversal of τ 0 = 10-11 s, the Néel-Brown formula for spin-relaxation time predicts effective magnetic anisotropy energy densities of 6.83 × 104 J m-3 and 2.75 × 104 J m-3 for H-rich and L-rich proteins, respectively, due to differences in surface and shape contributions to magnetic anisotropy in the two heteropolymers. The observed differences in shape, size, and effective magnetic anisotropies of the derived biomineral cores are discussed in terms of the iron nucleation sites within the interior surface of the heteropolymer shells for H-rich and L-rich proteins. Overall, our results imply that site-directed nucleation and core growth within the protein cavity play a determinant role in the resulting core morphology. Our findings have relevance to iron biomineralization processes in nature and the growth of designer's magnetic nanoparticles within recombinant apoferritin nano-templates for nanotechnology.

Research and simulation of magnetically controlled shunt MCRs using Matlab Simulink

• The change in inductive resistance was carried out by DC bias. • The implementation of the half-wave saturation mode principle of the three-limb core. • The model is based on an electromagnetic converter block. • The resulting induction is greater than the saturation induction of steel for half the period. The paper presents the history of the creation of controlled reactors with DC bias, describes the principle of operation and the main types of designs of controlled reactors with DC bias. The basic principles of regulation, compensation of higher harmonics and the possibility of manufacturing controlled reactors based on standard transformers are shown. An adequate mathematical model of a three-limb-core magnetically controllable reactor (MCR) has been created in the Matlab Simulink software package. Different magnetic analyzes can be made by changing core structures and changing the winding connections. The adequacy of the model has been verified by experimental studies on physical models of the MCR. Сurrent harmonics were analyzed in the entire range of MCR control. The operability of an MCR made of a three-limb magnetic circuit has been proven. Moreover, mathematical model can solve the problem that the previous PSCAD model cannot accurately simulate iron core size optimization and provide guarantee for further research in the future.

Evaluation of the Smoking Factor in the Blood of Workers in Diyala State Company and its Relationship to Heavy Metals (Lead, Nickel and Copper)

Environmental pollution of heavy metals is becoming an increasing problem and has become a major concern due to the adverse effects it causes worldwide. Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least five times greater than water. It’s a multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical and technological applications have led to its widespread use in the environment; Raising concerns about their potential effects on human health and the environment. The aim of the current study is Evaluation the relationship between the smoking factor in the blood of workers in Diyala State Company and to the percentage of the heavy metals such as lead (Pb), nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) . This study was conducted for the period from 1/10/2021 to 1/3/2022, Eighty two blood samples were collected (58 blood samples from workers working in the Diyala State Company affiliated to the Ministry of Industry and Minerals, while, 24 control samples were from control samples for employees who don’t working with industrial emissions).The workers were divided into three groups based on the location work inside the station, sector (A) represented painter workers, sector (B) characterized the workers specialized in the copper coil of the electrical transformer, while sector (C) represented the iron core section of the electrical transformer. Five ml. of venous blood was taken for each sample. The concentration of Pb, Ni and Cu in the blood samples were determined by using the Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (FLAAS). The results of the intensive study showed the presence of high levels of lead, nickel and copper in smokers and non-smokers workers within the profession compared to control samples during the service period, with significant differences (P < 0.05). The results showed increasing levels of lead, nickel and copper with the progression of the service life, and the elements (lead, nickel and copper) recorded the highest average during the service period of 21-34, The painting worker showed high level of Ni while, Cu level peaked in wires worker . Based on age periods, elements levels (Pb, Ni, and Cu) were increased with age period progression, where it is found the levels of Pb, Ni, and Cu scored highest mean within >50 age period, while the least mean value of Pb, and Cu at 3-40 years age period, and least mean value of Ni was at <30 age. Finally, the results discovered there is positive correlations among metals and worker’s age.

Simulation of Iron Core Proton Discrimination Capability in the HADAR Experiment

Simulation of Iron Core Proton Discrimination Capability in the HADAR Experiment

Magnetic and loss characteristics of &lt;b&gt;γ&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;-Fe&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N soft magnetic composites

Soft magnetic composite materials are prepared by mixing magnetic materials and insulating materials, which possess both the excellent magnetism of magnetic materials and the low resistivity of insulating materials. They possess broad application prospects in emerging power electronics industries such as photovoltaic inverters, new energy vehicles, and charging stations. The third-generation high-frequency wide bandgap semiconductors, mainly composed of SiC and GaN, have the operating frequency of soft magnetic materials raised to MHz. However, current soft magnetic materials have significant core losses at high frequencies. Therefore, people are focus their attention on developing new soft magnetic composite materials to reduce iron core losses at high frequencies. In this paper, γ&lt;i&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;-Fe&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N with high resistivity is prepared by nitriding carbonyl iron powders, showing its excellent soft magnetic properties, and the γ&lt;i&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;-Fe&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N is ball-milled to become easy plane γ&lt;i&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;-Fe&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N powder. Compared with the none easy plane γ&lt;i&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;-Fe&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N powders, the none easy plane γ&lt;i&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;-Fe&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N powders are spherical in shape, the easy plane γ&lt;i&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;-Fe&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N powders exhibit a high aspect to thickness ratio in sheet shape. The obtained easy plane powders are mixed with polyurethane insulation to make the soft magnetic composite. There is a significant difference between the in-plane and out-of-plane hysteresis loop of the magnetostatic easy plane γ&lt;i&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;-Fe&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N soft magnetic composite, and the in-plane hysteresis loop is more easily magnetized to saturation state. The degree of plane orientation is 98.46%. The fitting analysis results of the Jiles-Atherton model also prove its easy plane characteristic, and has higher effective permeability and lower power loss than the counterparts of the none easy plane γ&lt;i&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;-Fe&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N composite that is not ball-milled. After loss separation, it is found that in a low frequency range, hysteresis loss is the main loss, while in a high frequency range, the excess loss will surpass the hysteresis loss, acting as the main loss, the magnetostatic easy plane γ&lt;i&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;-Fe&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N soft magnetic composites material reduces hysteresis loss and excess loss. Comparing with similar soft magnetic composites, the eddy current effect in magnetic iron particles is reduced by nitriding process, and the magnetostatic easy plane γ&lt;i&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;-Fe&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N soft magnetic composite has excellent high-frequency soft magnetic properties. Magnetostatic easy plane γ&lt;i&gt;'&lt;/i&gt;-Fe&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;N provides a new idea for the high-frequency application of soft magnetic composites matching the third generation wide bandgap semiconductors.

Investigation on Low Frequency Bandgap of Coupled Double Beam with Quasi-Zero Stiffness for Power Transformer Vibration Control

To suppress low frequency vibration and noise generated by power transformer in residential area and achieve environment protection standards, a double-beam metamaterial is proposed, which is fabricated through periodically coupling silicon steel sheet and aluminum beams with Belleville quasi-zero stiffness spring (BQZSS). The double-beam metamaterial can be assembled with iron core of transformers as a whole to obtain the design of a low-noise transformer. Performing static analysis, the mechanical model of BQZSS is established and the relationship between restoring force, stiffness, and displacement can be obtained. Then, the mechanical properties of BQZSS are verified with the finite element method. On this basis, the governing equations of the unit cell of the double-beam metamaterial are derived using Euler–Bernoulli beam theory. According to Bloch theorem and boundary conditions, the dispersion relation of the double-beam metamaterial is deduced, and behaviors of flexural wave propagation in beams are investigated. The effects of structure parameters on bandgaps and dispersion properties are studied, and the low frequency vibration bandgap mechanism is revealed. Finally, the frequency response function (FRF) of the double-beam metamaterial with a finite length is calculated in ANSYS to verify the bandgap characteristics given by a theoretical model. The results show that the double-beam metamaterial can yield multiple low frequency bandgaps at 100 Hz, 200 Hz, 300 Hz, and 500 Hz for suppression of flexural vibration components of transformers, which benefits from Bragg scattering (BS) and the blend of BS and LR mechanisms. The opening and closing of the low frequency bandgaps and the attenuation constants within bandgaps can be tuned by choosing parameters of beams. These findings suggest that the coupling between beams can lead to novel dispersion properties, which provides a new control approach for low frequency vibration and noise in power transformer.

Different coatings on magnetic nanoparticles dictate their degradation kinetics in vivo for 15 months after intravenous administration in mice

BackgroundThe surface coating of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle (MNPs) drives their intracellular trafficking and degradation in endolysosomes, as well as dictating other cellular outcomes. As such, we assessed whether MNP coatings might influence their biodistribution, their accumulation in certain organs and their turnover therein, processes that must be understood in vivo to optimize the design of nanoformulations for specific therapeutic/diagnostic needs.ResultsIn this study, three different MNP coatings were analyzed, each conferring the identical 12 nm iron oxide cores with different physicochemical characteristics: 3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APS), dextran (DEX), and dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA). When the biodistribution of these MNPs was analyzed in C57BL/6 mice, they all mainly accumulated in the spleen and liver one week after administration. The coating influenced the proportion of the MNPs in each organ, with more APS-MNPs accumulating in the spleen and more DMSA-MNPs accumulating in the liver, remaining there until they were fully degraded. The changes in the physicochemical properties of the MNPs (core size and magnetic properties) was also assessed during their intracellular degradation when internalized by two murine macrophage cell lines. The decrease in the size of the MNPs iron core was influenced by their coating and the organ in which they accumulated. Finally, MNP degradation was analyzed in the liver and spleen of C57BL/6 mice from 7 days to 15 months after the last intravenous MNP administration.ConclusionsThe MNPs degraded at different rates depending on the organ and their coating, the former representing the feature that was fundamental in determining the time they persisted. In the liver, the rate of degradation was similar for all three coatings, and it was faster than in the spleen. This information regarding the influence of coatings on the in vivo degradation of MNPs will help to choose the best coating for each biomedical application depending on the specific clinical requirements.Graphical

Detent force suppression of permanent magnet linear synchronous motor based on a V‐shaped tooth‐slot structure

AbstractGiven the existence of detent force, the positioning accuracy of permanent magnet linear synchronous motor (PMLSM) with an iron core worsens in its application in the field of the precision drive. To address this problem, a method is proposed to weaken the detent force of PMLSM with a V‐shaped tooth‐slot structure. The models of the detent force, including the cogging force and end force, are established theoretically. The analytical expressions of cogging force and end force are obtained by analysing the ripple rule of the motor. Then, the tooth‐slot surface of the motor with the V‐shaped tooth‐slot structure conducts infinitesimal processing. The relationship between cogging force, end force, and the V‐shaped depth of the V‐shaped tooth‐slot PMLSM is deduced, respectively, using the integration method. Furthermore, Ansoft finite element simulation software Maxwell module is used to compare the conventional PMLSM, V‐shaped magnetic pole PMLSM, and V‐shaped tooth‐slot PMLSM. The comparison reveals that the V‐shaped tooth‐slot structure has the excellent characteristic of increasing the average value of thrust while reducing the ripple of thrust caused by detent force. Finally, prototype fabrication and experiments are conducted to verify the correctness and feasibility of the proposed method.

Optimal Lyapunov-Based Sliding Mode Control for Slotless-Self Bearing Motor System

A slotless self-bearing motor (SSBM) is a new type of electric motor, with its levitating and rotating capability as a drive system. In the design of motor, the iron core of stator was removed, it could have many advantages such as small size, light, no friction loss, low losses, high speed. Besides, disturbance and uncertainty factors are the unexpected values, which impacting strongly to the output of the control system. In this paper, to reject the effects of these factors, an optimal Lyapunov-based (OLB) sliding mode control (SMC) was proposed to control the movements and rotation of SSBM system. First, the mathematical model with uncertainty and disturbance factors of the SSBM system was rewritten to show the detail configuration of the proposed motor. Second, the OLB-SMC controllers were designed for the control of displacements on x-, y-axes, rotor speed on ω-axes, respectively. Third, the stability analysis of control algorithm was demonstrated via the Lyapunov stability theory. Finally, the experimental test was implemented to prove the high performance of the OLB-SMC for SSBM system. The practical results show that the effectiveness of OLB-SMC controller for SSBM system. The novelty of the proposed method is that the stability condition was newly proposed based on the transformation from scalar equation to state-space equation, where the gains of controller were found based on the linear matrix inequality.