Iron Concentration In Water Research Articles

High anaemia and iron deficiency prevalence among pregnant women living in low groundwater iron areas of Bangladesh.

Anaemia is a significant public health concern in Bangladesh, yet data on the prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy and the contribution of iron deficiency are limited. Given the reliance on groundwater for drinking, a better understanding of the role of drinking water iron in anaemia aetiology is also required to inform anaemia prevention strategies. This cross-sectional study enrolled 1500 pregnant women from Narayanganj district, Bangladesh, during their second or third trimester. Anaemia and iron status were described and their relationship with drinking water iron assessed using regression analyses. The prevalence of anaemia was 38% (95% confidence interval, CI: 35%, 40%), with 10% (95% CI: 9%, 12%) experiencing moderate-to-severe anaemia. Iron deficiency affected 48% (95% CI: 45%, 50%) of participants. Although drinking water iron concentrations were generally low (median: 0mg/L; interquartile range: 0-1), high concentrations (≥ 2mg/L) were associated with increased ferritin levels but did not significantly impact iron deficiency (95% CI: 0·73, 1·02) or anaemia (95% CI: 0·79, 1·17) prevalence. Iron deficient women had a 1·86 (95% CI: 1·61, 2·15) adjusted prevalence ratio for anaemia and a 4·22 (95% CI: 2·89, 6·17) adjusted prevalence ratio for moderate-to-severe anaemia, compared to iron replete women. Anaemia and iron deficiency are highly prevalent among pregnant women in Narayanganj. These findings challenge the assumption of low iron deficiency prevalence throughout Bangladesh and highlight iron deficiency in pregnancy as a potentially underrecognized public health problem, particularly in regions with low drinking water iron. Further research is needed to clarify the contribution of drinking water iron to iron deficiency and anaemia in Bangladesh. The study is registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621000982819, registered 26/07/2021).

Kinetics of chemical and color changes in wheat and water during atmospheric cooking as affected by the acidity, hardness, and iron content of water.

Color changes in wheat and cooking water, which affect the quality of bulgur and wastewater, are important. Understanding the impacts of cooking water acidity, hardness, and iron content is significant for producing bright-yellow colored bulgur and determining the possible negative effects of cooking water on the environment. Thereby, the gelatinization degree and color (L*, a*, b*, and yellowness index) of wheat cooked with waters at different pH (3, 5, 7, 9, and 11), hardness (soft, hard, and very hard), and iron content (0, 1, and 2mg/L) were determined every 10min of cooking. pH, Brix, conductivity, hardness, turbidity, and color of cooking waters were also determined and kinetically modeled. After cooking, it was revealed that cooking with water at pH 3 favored the color of cooked wheat, whereas pH 11 caused darkening. Nevertheless, as the wastewater pH of cooking waters with pH 3 and 11 may be harmful to the environment, it is recommended to use water in the range of pH 5-9 for bulgur production. Cooking with very hard water is also not recommended as it causes some adverse effects such as diminishing the gelatinization rate in wheat, increasing the cooking time, and negatively affecting the color.

Smart App Assisted Colorimetric Determination of Iron: A Case Study in UDUPI Taluk

Abstract: Water is an important source for several uses. Water from surface and groundwater is used extensively to get the various industrial and domestic demands. Increased industrialization and urbanization discharges wastewater in the environment without treatment. By the infiltration and runoff, The water reaches subsurface and water above the ground and pollutes fresh water. Groundwater treatment is costlier and requires proper assessment. The area selected for study is Udupi taluk, Karnataka state. The study says that in Udupi region the soil is sensitive and here the soil is lateritic, there is a chance that the soil induces iron content in water which may increases concentration of iron in water. According to BIS 10500:2012 the limit of iron concentration in water is 0.3mg/lt. If iron content in water exceeds from 0.3mg/lt, it causes various health effects and waterborne diseases

Iron in Drinking Water and its Impact on Human Health –A Study in Selected Units of Jalalabad Cantonment

Background: Prevalence of diseases due to appearance of excessive amount of iron in drinking water is increasing day by day. Often people are unaware about the harmful effects of excess iron that may be present in drinking water. Sometimes they overlook minor symptoms. Adequate study was not conducted before to rule out actual scenario. The aim of this study is to represent the detrimental effect of excessive iron in drinking water as well as to create awareness to get rid of it. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 17 units of 17 Infantry Division, Jalalabad Cantonment, Sylhet covering the period of January 2019 to May 2019. Total 52 participants were selected purposively who had been suffering from various kinds of abdominal symptoms; their source of drinking water was marked. Water was collected from 5 different sources to see iron level. Again they were monitored after establishing Reverse Osmosis water filter. Iron level at drinking water was also tested each time at laboratory by Atomic Absorption spectrometry method. Informed written consent was taken from the patients. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed and data were collected by face to face interview. Analysis was done by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS version 25). Results: Among 52 respondents, maximum i.e. 25(48.07%) developed moderate to severe constipation followed by 16(30.76%) developed dyspepsia and while others i.e.11(21.15%) had both the symptoms. Symptoms were most severe among the persons who used to drink water having highest concentration of Iron (1.9 mg/L). After establishment of Reverse Osmosis water purifier the iron concentration in water reduced significantly and only 4(8%) had constipation and 6(12%) had dyspepsia. Conclusion: Iron is a natural constituent of drinking water. But considering the harmful impact of excessive iron present in drinking water to human health, regular monitoring should be ensured to identify the risk group. Bangladesh Armed Forces Med J Vol 56 No (2) December 2023, pp 58-64

Fabrication and characterization of polyether sulfone membrane with cellulose additive of oil palm empty fruit bunches for reducing iron content in water

Fabrication of polymer-based membranes polyether sulfone (PES) which is hydrophobic which is easily experiences fouling and will a decrease in membrane performance with the addition of various organic additives from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) waste and dimethyl formamide (DMF) as solvents to look at the formation of Ultrafiltration membrane pores (UF). OPEFB additive concentration variations were 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% for each addition of 18% PES polymer. The manufacture of cellulose was alkalization, bleaching, and acid hydrolysis. The characteristics were carried out by the FTIR test to see the wavelength of OPEFB cellulose where at 1093.64 cm -1 there is a C-O functional group which proves the presence of cellulose in OPEFB, SEM, and porosity tests on the membrane. Membranes with polyether sulfone polymer are prepared by a phase inversion process. The results obtained by the flux values with variations in additive concentration and pressure variations of 0.5 %, 1%, and 1.5% obtained flux and rejection results (selectivity) using FeCl3.

Hygienic assessment of iron content in the sources of household and drinking water supply of the Vladimir region

Introduction. One of the most important tasks for ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Vladimir region remains the provision of high-quality drinking water. Due to the fact that most of the population of the region consumes water from underground sources, which is characterized by an increased iron content, a hygienic assessment of the water of household drinking sources was carried out according to the content of this element.
 Materials and methods. The paper presents the data of own research of the Department of Biology and Ecology of the Vladimir State University for 2022. During this period, the authors of the work investigated about one hundred nine samples of water from the household and drinking centralized and non-centralized water supply of the Vladimir region. Water samples were taken in the largest settlements (these are district centers, a regional city and large district settlements) and from drinking water sources of individual farms located in the territory of the region in various districts. The iron content in water was determined on a Hach Lange DR 6000 spectrophotometer using LCK521 and LCK320 cuvette tests.
 Results. Drinking water of the centralized water supply of the Vladimir region in terms of iron content in most administrative centers has been established to meet regulatory requirements and be safe for this indicator for the health of the resident population. Most of the water samples taken from non-centralized water supply sources have significant exceedances of regulatory values. The average excess of MPC in the region is 6.5 times, which is primarily due to the specifics of geochemical the composition of the water‒bearing rocks of these territories.
 Limitations of the study are related to the number of analyzed water samples, which reduces the possibility of interpolation of the obtained data over the entire territory of the region.
 Conclusion. To provide the population with high-quality drinking water, local governments that do not have sufficient funds to purchase de-ironing treatment plants need to initiate a procedure for applying for subsidies under existing state programs for the implementation of measures for the construction, reconstruction, and modernization of water supply systems. Residents of the region are recommended to use household filters to purify water from those components-pollutants that are characteristic of the groundwater of these territories.

STUDY OF THE PROCESS OF CLEANING WATER-CONTAINING IRON SOLUTIONS USING OZONE TECHNOLOGY

In this scientific research work, the problem of studying the process of removing water – containing iron solutions with an Etro-04 device based on high-frequency corona discharge is considered. In the research work, a special Etro – 04 ozonator device was developed for the oxidation of heavy metals, i.e. chemical pollutants contained in water. Work on testing the device was carried out in order to clean the underground water “Aktogay wide place”. During the research work, various painful heavy metals were found in the composition of the source water that do not meet the maximum permissible (MPC). For example, iron (Fe2+, Fe3+) solutions met 2.00 – 2.2 mg/l. This means that the MPC is 7 times more than the specified value. In order to solve this problem, research work was carried out. During the technological process, various amounts of ozone (O3) were released into the water, the amount and effective economic indicators of which were determined. In the same way, the effective time of the oxidation and cleaning process was determined. During the research process, an algorithm of theoretical calculations was developed and a mathematical model was given to bring 1m3 of groundwater to a fixed indicator. In order to determine the effectiveness of cleaning the iron contained in the water by the concentration of ozone and the filter load, water filtration works were carried out at different speeds of 5.5 – 9.5 m/h. For example, with an ozone content of C =100 mg/l and a filtration rate of 9.5 m/h, you can see that the iron content in water is purified by 30% percent, 8.5 m/h – 55% percent, 7.5 m/h – 77% percent, and 5.5 m/h – 90% percent. Experimentally and theoretically, it was found that Iron solutions with water content were purified by 98 – 98.7% percent, respectively, with an ozone concentration of C = 500 – 600 mg/l and a filtration rate of 5.5 m/h.

Applicability of Zeolite from the Daubabinsk and Chankanai Deposits as a Sorbent for Natural Waters

This article examined the characteristics of zeolites from the Chankanai and Daubabinsk deposits. In the field of water treatment, the purpose of investigating natural zeolite from the Chankanai and Daubabinsk deposits as a sorbent presents new opportunities and prospects, as this raw material is little studied. The effectiveness of the sorbents was assessed based on the results of the water specifications according to the following criteria: methods for determining the total hardness of water; methods for measuring the mass concentration of total iron in water; methods for the determination of chloride in water; methods for the determination of nitrogen-containing substances in water; methods for determining the dry residue content of water; methods for determining the sulphate content of water; on hygiene requirements and water quality control. Zeolite modifications were aimed at improving their adsorption properties, increasing the efficiency of pollutant removal and developing optimal methods of using zeolites in water filtration. Modified zeolite from the Chankanai and Daubabinsk deposits showed high efficiency as a filter. When it was used to treat natural water, which normally contains high hardness and alkalinity, the best results were achieved with zeolite from the Chankanai deposit. In terms of Fe+ and Cl content, the best results were achieved using zeolite from the Daubabinsk deposit.

Effect of iron on biological clogging in porous media: Implications for managed aquifer recharge

AbstractManaged aquifer recharge (MAR) is increasingly being adopted to improve water security internationally. However, clogging during MAR remains one of the greatest challenges for sustainable operations. This study examines the effects of iron on biological clogging processes using column experiments and suggests management options. The results indicated that the presence of iron limits the transport of bacteria through the column, and that concentrations <10 mg/L are correlated with increased bacterial growth. Conversely, the increased viscosity of biofilm subsequently limits the transport of iron through the column. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that large iron‐Pseudomonas sp. flocs formed which occupied the sand pore spaces. The effect of iron induced chemical clogging was most notable in the initial stage of the experiment while bio‐clogging dominated later. There are many recommended values of iron concentration in water recharge, most of them are advised from the point of pollution perspective. Based on these laboratory results, iron concentrations in recharge water for MAR should be <0.3 mg/L to mitigate clogging effects. Furthermore, using non‐corrodible materials for bore screen and pumps, and avoiding external oxidant inputs should be considered to prevent iron related chemical and biological clogging.

The Effect of Activator Type and Concentration on the Performance of Activated Carbon from Bengkirai Wood as Adsorbent to Reduce Iron Content in Water

Iron is a major impurity in many water resources and leads to contamination in drinking water. One technology that can be used to reduce the iron content is adsorption using activated carbon. Activated carbon can be derived from biomass including forestry and agricultural waste. To produce an economic adsorbent, the researcher used bengkirai wood sawdust waste which contains 52.9% cellulose and 24% lignin. This material is treated by physical and chemical activation to produce activated carbon. However, there is no information on the effect of the type and concentration of activator on the performance of bengkirai wood activated carbon in reducing iron content. Thus, the purpose of this research is to understand the effect of activator type and concentration on the performance of activated carbon from bengkirai wood to adsorb iron content. There are five steps in this research which are preparation, carbonization, chemical activation, characterization and performance test. The raw material is prepared by screening to get an uniform size of bengkirai wood sawdust. Then, the uniformed bengkirai sawdust is physically activated in the carbonization step by heating it in the furnace at 600°C for 2 hours. After that, the carbon is activated using acid which are HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4 with concentrations of 0.1 M, 0.3 M and 0.5 M. The characterization done in this study are iodine number test and functional group test using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The final step is performance test of activated carbon to adsorb iron in the water by contacting the activated carbon into water containing iron for 1 hour. The concentration of iron in the water is measured using Uv vis spectofometry. The result shows that the carbon activation with H2SO4 0.1 M produce activated carbon with the highest iodine number compared to the other type of activator and concentration. The iodine number for this activated carbon is 839.76 mg/g. However, the activated carbon treated using HNO3 shows the best performance to adsorb iron in water.

Biosorption removal of iron from water by Aspergillus niger

The expulsion of iron from water is an essential issue. Exceeding iron concentrations in water, it become more toxic and cause several troubles for human health and environment. The biosorption is the upcoming mechanism to treat the iron from wastewater. Microorganisms perform an important function in the bioremediation of wastewater. This study was conducted to investigate the removal of iron by dried biomass of Aspergillus niger (A.niger). The dried A. niger was tested as a sorbent for the removal of iron from wastewater. The effects of various experimental parameters as initial iron concentration, amount of biomass, contact time and the initial pH solution were examined and optimal experimental conditions were obtained. The obtained adsorption results were fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin equations. The study showed that dried A. Niger biomass in high concentration 4 g/100 ml was found to be more effective in the removal of iron from water at pH 3 with contact time 60 min. the A. Niger successfully removed iron and has ability to be regenerated and reused in the removal process.

Assessment of risk for the development of non-cancirogenic effects in using water from non-centralized water suppliers in the Tomsk region

Introduction. Iron is a widespread element in groundwater, which is used for domestic and drinking water supply. When using waters from non-centralized sources, deironing of waters, as a rule, is not carried out. When such waters are used for drinking purposes, there is a likely risk of negative effects for public health. Materials and methods. Forty six sources of non-centralized water supply (private wells, water wells, springs) were studied It considered assessing the health risk with oral administration of the components through drinking water into the body. Results. For single samples in the chemical composition of waters there were determined high contents of total hardness, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-. Waters with Fe and Mn concentrations many times higher than the normative values are widespread. The main non-carcinogenic risk is iron and nitrates, which have been identified as warning and high risk levels. For other components, the values of the hazard coefficient are within the range of the minimum and acceptable levels of risk. The probability of occurrence of negative effects for the children’s age group is possible with an iron content of 5 mg/l and more, for an adult - 11 mg/l and more. Limitations. The limitation related to the incomplete route of exposure to chemical components, since only one medium (drinking water) and only one route of exposure (oral exposure) was considered on the risk assessment. This study is also limited by the number of water samples. Conclusion. The health risk associated with high iron content in water has been set for children and adults. For the children’s group (up to 6 years), the risk of developing diseases of non-infectious etiology is significantly higher, than for the adult group, as shown by the results. When iron-containing waters are used for drinking purposes, there is a risk of non-infectious pathologies.

Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Using Nanoparticles in Groundwater Remediation

The efficiency of using zeolite nano-clay and silica sand in removing iron from groundwater is investigated experimentally as an application of in situ remediation technique using permeable reactive barrier (PRB). In the first stage of the study batch experiments were conducted on coarse silica sand and fine silica gravel to determine their iron removal efficiency from contaminated water. The results showed that the removal efficiency was about 51.90% for coarse silica sand while fine silica gravel failed to reduce the iron concentration in water. A mix of zeolite nano-clay and coarse silica sand with a ratio of 1:30 was tested. It was found that iron removal efficiency significantly increases to about 99.70%. The linear adsorption isotherm was found to be the most representative for the adsorption of iron onto coarse silica sand and the mix of nano-clay and coarse silica sand with distribution coefficients equal 0.0009 and 0.001, respectively. In the second stage a glass sand tank with coarse silica sand and a mix of zeolite nano-clay and coarse silica PRBs was constructed. The sand tank was used to investigate the effect of sampling time, head difference, iron concentration, nano-clay dosage, and thickness of permeable reactive barrier on the iron removal efficiency. The results indicated that increasing iron concentration and head difference decreases iron removal efficiency. The mix of zeolite nano-clay and coarse silica sand improves iron removal efficiency. Furthermore, increasing nano-clay dosage slightly increases the removal efficiency. However, increasing the thickness of filter layer (i.e., PRB) significantly improves the removal efficiency. Finally, the experimental model data were used to test the capability of a numerical contaminant transport model to predict the removal efficiency. The MT3DMS numerical model included within the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) was used along with the different experimental data to obtain reaction rate values as calibration parameters for linear isotherm. Reaction rates that yield modeling results matching experimental data were obtained.

Aeration Strategies for the Removal of Iron From Water Manufacturing Industry

Clean water used for daily needs in the industry must meet health requirements and be safe to use, but artesian well water often contains various dangerous metals, one of which is iron. This study aimed to determine the effect of various variations in the length of aeration contact time on the reduction of iron content in water. In this study, the aeration process of water with various variations in the number of aerators was carried out to reduce the iron content. This type of research was experimental research with a pre and post-test design. The population and sample in this study were partially artesian well water in the shoe industry office. The sampling technique in this study used grab sampling. The results showed the greatest decrease in iron content was in 3 aerators with an initial iron content of 1.18 mg/l after treatment to 0.15 mg/l. The results showed that reducing iron content in clean water with variations in the number of aerators reduced Fe levels. It is recommended to the shoe industry to reduce the iron content of clean water by using an aeration process using an aerator with a capacity of 5 L/second. This study found that using aerators can be effectively used as an economical method in reducing iron content in the industrial and community environment. 

Persistent detection of Tilapia lake virus in wild tilapia and tinfoil barbs.

Background and Aim:One of the emerging viral diseases in freshwater fish is Tilapia lake virus (TiLV), which infects all stages of fish and results in mass mortalities. Previously, a TiLV case was detected in the wild environment in Malaysia that involved tilapia and tinfoil barb. Hence, this study aimed to determine the presence of TiLV in wild tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as well as tinfoil barbs (Barbonymus schwanenfeldii) at the similar lake after the initial outbreak in year 2017.Materials and Methods:Both fish species were sampled from this lake at a month interval for two years and subjected to TiLV detection using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and cell culture isolation. Concurrently, bacterial isolation and water quality measurements were performed to deduce their correlation with TiLV occurrence. Other wild fish species and mollusk were also occasionally sampled during the fish inventory activity at this lake. The fish’s weight, length, and associated clinical signs were noted throughout the entire study period.Results:Mortality was not observed throughout the whole study period, and results indicated a moderate to high prevalence of TiLV infection in both tilapia and tinfoil barbs. There was no correlation between TiLV infection with the isolation rate of opportunistic bacteria such as Aeromonas spp., Plesiomonas spp., and Edwardsiella spp. in the study site. At the same time, the Pearson correlation test revealed a moderate negative correlation between the water pH with the presence of TiLV (R=−0.4472; p<0.05) and a moderate positive correlation between the water iron content with the monthly detection of Aeromonas spp. in wild tilapia. This is contrary to tinfoil barbs, where there was a moderate negative correlation between the water iron content with the monthly isolation of Aeromonas spp. (R=−0.5190; p<0.05). Furthermore, isolation of TiLV on cell culture-induced viral invasion was resulted in the cytopathic effects.Conclusions:Our results suggest that the wild fish may harbor TiLV for an extended period following a massive die-off event in 2017 without any obvious clinical signs and mortality. The persistency of viruses in the wild may need continuous and effective control as well as prevention strategies.

Iron biogeochemistry in sediments on the western continental shelf of the Antarctic Peninsula

We examined iron biogeochemistry in continental margin sediments along the western side of the Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) to explore the connections between iron redox cycling and other sediment biogeochemical processes, and to specifically examine the role of sediments as a source of iron to support Southern Ocean primary productivity. Total iron (FeT) in WAP sediments ranged from ∼4 to 6 wt% Fe and showed no consistent depth variations. Total iron oxides (FeOx) represented ∼20–30% of FeT in WAP surface sediments and was comprised of two types of materials: Feox1, which is thought to contain amorphous, highly reactive, and poorly crystalline iron oxides such as ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite, and Feox2, which is thought to contain magnetite and less reactive, more crystalline iron oxides such as goethite and hematite. Absolute and relative concentrations of FeOx declined with sediment depth, presumably due to reductive dissolution, and there was also a major depth change in the speciation of FeOx. Near the sediment surface ∼30% of FeOx was Feox1, while below ∼30 cm Feox1 was almost completely consumed and therefore here virtually all FeOx was Feox2. Consistent with these observations, a simple reaction-transport model applied to the depth distributions of Feox1 and Feox2 iron in WAP shelf sediments suggested a ∼20-fold difference in the relative reactivity of these different oxides towards reductive dissolution (Feox1 > Feox2). At several stations profiles of pore water dissolved iron and solid phase Feox1 can be explained by steady state iron redox cycling. In contrast, profiles at other stations showed evidence of non steady-state iron redox cycling. Seasonal changes in the sediment organic carbon rain rate at these sites may explain this latter behavior. Differences in the behavior of iron at different sites may be related to the interplay between changes in sediment redox conditions and their impact on bioturbation and iron redox cycling. Sediment iron sources to the water column include dissolved iron (∼Fe2+) benthic fluxes as well as sediment resuspension processes that mix iron oxides (i.e., Feox1) found in surface sediments into the bottom waters. The impact these benthic iron sources will have on surface water iron concentrations (and eventually primary production) will depend on transport processes that move this iron from deeper waters to surface waters. They will also depend on chemical transformations in the water column that affect iron bioavailability. While sediment processes (in general) appear to be an important source of iron to Southern Ocean surface waters, there is large uncertainty in their magnitude. However, the results presented here demonstrate that the suspended sediment flux of amorphous iron oxides needs to be considered when discussing sediment iron sources to Southern Ocean surface waters.

Effect of the Time of Herbicide Application and the Properties of the Spray Solution on the Efficacy of Weed Control in Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivation

A field experiment was carried out in 2019–2021. The effect of an increased amount of iron in water and the addition of citric acid on the efficacy of herbicides applied in maize cultivation at various times was tested. In the pre-emergence treatment, thiencarbazone-methyl + isoxaflutole were applied, while in the post-emergence treatment, nicosulfuron + tritosulfuron + dicamba were applied once in a full dose or in low dose system at two times in half of the recommended dose with the addition of an adjuvant. In selected combinations, FeSO4 × 7H2O and citric acid were added to the composition of the spray solution. The species composition of weeds and the efficacy of the herbicides used were determined. Plant stress caused by competition from weeds was investigated by measuring the plant chlorophyll fluorescence. The height of the cultivated plants and their yield level were also determined. The lowest efficacy of weed control was observed when the post-emergence herbicides were applied once. Increasing the iron content in water reduced the efficacy of the herbicides, but the addition of citric acid made it possible to decrease this problem.

Analisis Korelasi Kanonik pada Kualitas Air Sungai Ciliwung

Water is an important factor in fulfilling the needs of living things, therefore the water that is used must be free from bacterias and do not contain any toxic substances. The most common water source comes from the river. Ciliwung River as one of the main rivers used for drinking, household needs, industrial needs, and transportation must have good water quality. Therefore, the Ciliwung River water quality needed to be known. The water quality is measured based on the parameters such as the physical water quality and the chemical water quality. The measurement of those parameters are classified to be complicated as it measured by laboratorium research, so that the identification of the chemical water quality parameter could be done through the physical water quality that is easier and simpler to be measured. This study aims to determine the variable of the physical water parameters that can be used to identify the chemical water quality parameters, so that the water quality of the Ciliwung River can be known in a simpler way. Statistical method that can be used to see the relationship between the two variable groups is the canonical correlation analysis. Canonical correlation analysis is a method in multiple variable analysis used to investigate the relationship of two groups of variables using the linear combination principle of the two variables. Based on the results of the canonical correlation analysis, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between the physical quality of water and the chemical quality of water. The correlation exists between the variables of physical quality of water, which are the water temperature and the content of suspended substances in water, with the variables of chemical quality of water, namely groups of metals (manganese levels in water and iron content in water) and groups of acid (the level of deep phosphate in water, the level of sulfate in water, the level of nitrite in water, and the level of nitrate in water). The relationship between the physical quality of water is positive between the temperature of water and the chemical quality of water whereas negative between the levels of suspended substances in water and the chemical quality of water.

Microwave sensing of ammonia and iron concentration in water based on complementary double split-ring resonator

This work reports an alternative technique based on a complementary double split-ring resonator to determine the concentrations of ammonia and iron in water. The conventional methods for measuring ammonia and iron concentration involve expensive and bulky instruments in the laboratory. Furthermore, the current methods involve hazardous chemical reagents and complicated procedures. In this work, a low-cost microwave sensor which is portable and easy to operate is proposed. The water samples that have different ammonia or iron concentration is dropped deposited at the sensing area. Their concentration is determined based on the shifting of the resonance frequency in the measurement. The measurement results indicate that the resonance frequency of the resonator reduced from 2.38 GHz (unloaded condition) to a low-frequency range when the water sample containing different concentrations of ammonia or iron are introduced to the sensing area. Based on the collected results, Fourier models are used to establish the relationship between the concentrations of ammonia and iron (in the range of 0 to 53 mg/L) to the resonance frequency shifting. The validity of these models is proven as they introduced a root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 0.009. The findings of this work demonstrated the feasibility of the microwave sensor in detecting water pollutants.

Integrating Geophysical, Geochemical and Geotechnical Characteristics to Assess Soil and Groundwater Resources in Ovade, South-South Nigeria

Integrated methods were employed to assess soil and groundwater resources in an oil and gas producing area. Earth resistivity meter was used for the electrical imaging of the subsurface. Physico-chemical, geochemical and geotechnical parameters of soil and groundwater samples were determined. The results of the resistivity data revealed that a high resistive plume with resistivity &gt; 2,000 Ohm-m has penetrated the soil beyond 20 m beneath the surface in some parts. The water samples show mild acidity with pH values in the range 4.3-5.5. Total dissolved solids (TDS) is low 26.55- 38.05 mg/L and conductivity ranges from 55.38-65.60 µS/cm. Iron content in water is fairly high (0.878-0.994 mg/L). Groundwater samples analysis using ultra violet (UV) detector and gas chromatography (GC) show that total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) is very low (&lt; 0.01 mg/L and &lt;0.031mg/L) respectively. It can be attributed to the sealing of the confined aquifer by impermeable clay in the case of the groundwater. The average permeability of the soil is 8.098 ´ 10-3cm/s indicating good drainage. The results have shown that shallow boreholes are prone to pollution. Groundwater of the area needs treatment before it can be consumed and integrated methods of investigation should be carried out periodically.