Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in 2019–2021. The effect of an increased amount of iron in water and the addition of citric acid on the efficacy of herbicides applied in maize cultivation at various times was tested. In the pre-emergence treatment, thiencarbazone-methyl + isoxaflutole were applied, while in the post-emergence treatment, nicosulfuron + tritosulfuron + dicamba were applied once in a full dose or in low dose system at two times in half of the recommended dose with the addition of an adjuvant. In selected combinations, FeSO4 × 7H2O and citric acid were added to the composition of the spray solution. The species composition of weeds and the efficacy of the herbicides used were determined. Plant stress caused by competition from weeds was investigated by measuring the plant chlorophyll fluorescence. The height of the cultivated plants and their yield level were also determined. The lowest efficacy of weed control was observed when the post-emergence herbicides were applied once. Increasing the iron content in water reduced the efficacy of the herbicides, but the addition of citric acid made it possible to decrease this problem.
Highlights
IntroductionIts significance encourages research in terms of both genetic characteristics and methods of cultivation, fertilization, and protection [2–5]
Maize is a plant grown in wide inter-rows [7]. This contributes to the fact that it is highly exposed to the competitive influence of weeds [8]
The weed communities had the highest values of biodiversity indices in 2020 and the lowest index of domination in 2019
Summary
Its significance encourages research in terms of both genetic characteristics and methods of cultivation, fertilization, and protection [2–5] This plant is used in the production of food, animal feed, and for energy purposes [6]. Maize is a plant grown in wide inter-rows [7] This contributes to the fact that it is highly exposed to the competitive influence of weeds [8]. In maize cultivation, weed management can be achieved with split application of lower doses of herbicides [16]. This method allows for the selection of different treatment dates to the conditions in the field and for weed control in the period of their greatest sensitivity [17]. The application of herbicides in reduced doses with their low efficacy may contribute to the selection of resistant biotypes of weeds [19]
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