Iron-based Metal Research Articles

Emergent spin-glass state in the doped Hund's metal CsFe2As2

Hund's metal is one kind of correlated metal, in which the electronic correlation is strongly influenced by the Hund's interaction. At high temperatures, while the charge and orbital degrees of freedom are quenched, the spin degrees of freedom can persist in terms of frozen moments. As temperature decreases, a coherent electronic state with characteristic orbital differentiation always emerges at low temperatures through an incoherent-to-coherent crossover, which has been widely observed in iron-based superconductors [e.g., iron selenides and $A{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ ($A=\mathrm{K}$, Rb, Cs)]. Consequently, the above frozen moments are ``screened'' by coupling to orbital degrees of freedom, leading to an emergent Fermi-liquid state. In contrast, the coupling among frozen moments should impede the formation of the Fermi-liquid state by competitive magnetic ordering, which is still unexplored in Hund's metal. Here, in the iron-based Hund's metal ${\mathrm{CsFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$, we adopt a chemical substitution at iron sites by Cr/Co atoms to explore the competitive magnetic ordering. By a comprehensive study of resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, specific heat, and nuclear magnetic resonance, we demonstrate that the Fermi-liquid state is destroyed in Cr-doped ${\mathrm{CsFe}}_{2}{\mathrm{As}}_{2}$ by a spin-freezing transition below ${T}_{g}\ensuremath{\sim}22$ K. Meanwhile, the evolution of charge degrees of freedom measured by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy also supports the competition between the Fermi-liquid state and spin-glass state.

Hierarchically porous MIL-100(Fe) with large mesopores for cationic dye adsorption

Iron-based metal organic framework (MIL-100(Fe) (MIL: Materials of the Institut Lavoisier)) is attractive candidate for adsorption, separation, and catalysis owing to their high surface area and permanent porosity. However, most of MIL-100(Fe)s only possess micropores and small mesopores, which prevent the transportation of large guest molecules and hinder their applications in macromolecules. In addition, corrosive hydrofluoric acid (HF)-free synthesis of MIL-100(Fe) can contribute to large scale production. Thus, constructing hierarchically porous HF-free MIL-100(Fe)s with large mesopores is highly desirable. In this study, six HF-free MIL-100(Fe)s were prepared in pure H2O and DMF using FeCl3, Fe(NO3)3 and Fe2(SO4)3 under hydrothermal/solvothermal conditions. The results indicated that applying FeCl3 as iron source and DMF as solvent can form pure MIL-100(Fe) (i.e., Cl-DMF) with abundant (79 ​vol%) mesopores (22 ​nm) and some macropores. The obtained samples were employed in removal of methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB) and methyl orange (MO) as dyes and chromium(VI) as metal ion. The Cl-DMF exhibited more excellent adsorption performance toward the macromolecular dye RhB compared to other five products. Adsorption of RhB onto Cl-DMF was obeyed the pseudo-second order and Freundlich isothermal models. Maximum adsorption capacity of RhB was 207 ​mg/g for Cl-DMF, which is considerably higher than other MIL-100(Fe)s reported. The adsorption mechanism investigation indicated that it can be related to a combination of physical adsorption and electrostatic reaction.

Interfacial Layer Effect on the Adhesion of the Ultra-Hard Thick TAC Film Deposition

Carbon-based thin film tool coatings, such as diamond-like carbon (DLC), have excellent lowfriction and anti-sticking properties. These thin films are widely used for the cutting and machining of increasingly widely-used lightweight non-metallic and non-ferrous metal materials, as a part of countermeasures against global warming. However, non-metallic and non-ferrous metal materials are significantly inferior in strength and heat resistance compared to iron-based metals. Therefore, they are primarily employed in high-content fiber reinforced composite materials, which significantly improves their mechanical and thermal properties. Tetrahedral amorphous carbon (TAC) coating has a hardness level similar to diamond coating. However, when TAC is deposited as a thick film, delamination of the coating layer may occur because of the high internal compressive stress between the carbide-based substrate and coating layer, thereby restricting its scalability to other applications. Other factors to be controlled for thick film TAC deposition include minimizing droplets generated during the coating process, and improving interfacial properties like hardness and fatigue resistance. Here, C in the form of CH4, which has high solubility over Cr and forms various compounds, was added during the interfacial deposition process, between the carbide and TAC, to improve interfacial strength and adhesion by precipitation of carbide at the interface. This eventually led to thick TAC film with the thickness and adhesion of commercially viable thick film.

Recent Metal Nanotheranostics for Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy: A Review.

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using nanoparticles in the medical sciences. Today, metal nanoparticles have many applications in medicine for tumor visualization, drug delivery, and early diagnosis, with different modalities such as X-ray imaging, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), etc., and treatment with radiation. This paper reviews recent findings of recent metal nanotheranostics in medical imaging and therapy. The study offers some critical insights into using different types of metal nanoparticles in medicine for cancer detection and treatment purposes. The data of this review study were gathered from multiple scientific citation websites such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up through the end of January 2023. In the literature, many metal nanoparticles are used for medical applications. However, due to their high abundance, low price, and high performance for visualization and treatment, nanoparticles such as gold, bismuth, tungsten, tantalum, ytterbium, gadolinium, silver, iron, platinum, and lead have been investigated in this review study. This paper has highlighted the importance of gold, gadolinium, and iron-based metal nanoparticles in different forms for tumor visualization and treatment in medical applications due to their ease of functionalization, low toxicity, and superior biocompatibility.

Right once for all: Zinc-modulated highly stable iron-based ROS generator under physiological conditions for promoting bacteria-infected wound healing

Iron-based metal–organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) have been regarded as promising antibacterial alternatives towards antibiotics since they can generate strong reactive oxygen species (ROS) for combating bacterial-infected wounds. But its instability under physiological conditions could not only lead to attenuation of the catalytic activity but also result in a large accumulation of iron ions, which would increase the risk of additional wound infection due to the simultaneous role of iron as a nutrient for bacterial growth. Herein, zinc (Zn) doped Fe-MOFs (ZFMs), which was prepared via stabilizing the structure of Fe-MOFs (FMs) upon Zn doping to enhance the carboxyl group on the frameworks. It can maintain long-term stability in the physiological environment while FMs disintegrate rapidly within one minute. ZFMs inactivated drug-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) (1 × 106 CFU mL−1) with high efficiency (>98 %) and accelerated the E. coli infected wounds healed by up-regulating VEGFα factor, which was validated in vivo and vitro. In addition, fibroblast cells (L929) remained at 100 % cell viability after incubating with 150 μg mL−1 ZFMs for 48 h and presented negligible effects on the functions of important organs in animal experiments.

Nanoscale Iron-Based Metal–Organic Frameworks: Incorporation of Functionalized Drugs and Degradation in Biological Media

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) attract growing interest in biomedical applications. Among thousands of MOF structures, the mesoporous iron(III) carboxylate MIL-100(Fe) (MIL stands for the Materials of Lavoisier Institute) is among the most studied MOF nanocarrier, owing to its high porosity, biodegradability, and lack of toxicity. Nanosized MIL-100(Fe) particles (nanoMOFs) readily coordinate with drugs leading to unprecedented payloads and controlled release. Here, we show how the functional groups of the challenging anticancer drug prednisolone influence their interactions with the nanoMOFs and their release in various media. Molecular modeling enabled predicting the strength of interactions between prednisolone-bearing or not phosphate or sulfate moieties (PP and PS, respectively) and the oxo-trimer of MIL-100(Fe) as well as understanding the pore filling of MIL-100(Fe). Noticeably, PP showed the strongest interactions (drug loading up to 30 wt %, encapsulation efficiency > 98%) and slowed down the nanoMOFs' degradation in simulated body fluid. This drug was shown to bind to the iron Lewis acid sites and was not displaced by other ions in the suspension media. On the contrary, PS was entrapped with lower efficiencies and was easily displaced by phosphates in the release media. Noticeably, the nanoMOFs maintained their size and faceted structures after drug loading and even after degradation in blood or serum after losing almost the totality of the constitutive trimesate ligands. Scanning electron microscopy with high annular dark field (STEM-HAADF) in conjunction with X-Ray energy-dispersive spectrometry (XEDS) was a powerful tool enabling the unraveling of the main elements to gain insights on the MOF structural evolution after drug loading and/or upon degradation.

Enhanced catalysis for degradation of rhodamine B by amino-functionalized Fe-MOFs with high adsorption capacity

Activation of peroxydisulfate (PDS) by iron-based metal organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) presents a promising method to degrade various environmental contaminants. Herein, a series of environmentally friendly Fe-MOFs with different topological structures were synthesized and compared as catalysts for rhodamine B (RhB) removal process. The results indicated that amino-functionalized Fe-MOFs possessed large specific surface area and high affinity for RhB, which significantly improved the high adsorption capacity of RhB and PDS. It is found that NH2-MIL-101(Fe), containing Fe3-μ3-oxo clusters, showed high adsorption ability and excellent catalytic degradation of RhB. The efficient charge transfer from -NH2 to Fe-O clusters could efficiently accelerate Fe(II)/Fe(III) cycle. That is, NH2-MIL-101(Fe) was proved to be the most effective catalyst for removing RhB with a removal rate of 93%. The first-order kinetic constant (0.016 min−1) of NH2-MIL-101(Fe) was 2 times that of MIL-101(Fe). Singlet oxygen (1O2) was the main active species. Additionally, according to liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS) analysis, the degradation of RhB was mainly related to chromophore cleavage. This study guides for designing high-performance catalysts by introducing electron donating groups in organic dyes wastewater treatment.

Dual-quenching electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer system from CoPd nanoparticles enhanced porous g-C3N4 to FeMOFs-sCuO for neuron-specific enolase immunosensing

For the diagnosis and therapy of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), the accurate and sensitive determination of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) content is crucial. This work outlines a dual-quenching electrochemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (ECL-RET) immunosensor based on the double quenching effects of iron base metal organic frameworks (FeMOFs) loaded with small sized CuO nanoparticles (FeMOFs-sCuO) towards CoPd nanoparticles (CoPdNPs) enhanced porous g-C3N4 (P–C3N4-CoPdNPs). To be specific, we prepared a porous g-C3N4 (P–C3N4) which has a rich porous structure, and significantly increased the specific surface area and the number of reaction sites of P–C3N4. Meanwhile, the CoPdNPs were loaded onto P–C3N4 to improve the ECL luminescence property of P–C3N4/K2S2O8 system through acting as a coreaction accelerator. In addition, the ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectra of FeMOFs and small sized CuO nanoparticles (sCuO) showed considerable overlap with the ECL emission spectra of P–C3N4 appropriately. Therefore, FeMOFs with high specific surface area were prepared and well combined with sCuO to effectively dual-quenching the ECL emission of P–C3N4 based on resonance energy transfer. Hence, a new type ECL-RET couple made up of P–C3N4-CoPdNPs (donor) and FeMOFs-sCuO (acceptor) were developed for the first time. A certain amount of P–C3N4-CoPdNPs, Ab1, BSA, NSE were modified layer by layer onto the electrode surface. Then FeMOFs-sCuO-Ab2 bioconjugates was incubated through the immune recognition binding. As a result, a sandwich-type ECL biosensor was manufactured successfully for NSE immunoassay. Under optimal experimental conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the prepared ECL sensor for NSE analysis was 20.4 fg mL−1 and 7.99 fg mL−1, respectively, with the relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.68%. The linear detection range was 0.0000500–100 ng mL−1. The studied immunosensor had satisfactory sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility, manifesting the suggested sensing strategy might offer a good technical means and theoretical basis for the sensitivity analysis of NSE and has a potential application in clinical diagnosis analysis.

A 2D pillared-bilayer iron-based metal–organic framework: syntheses, crystal structure, UV-light photocatalytic and heterogeneous Fenton-like catalytic activities

A 2D pillared-bilayer iron-based metal–organic framework: syntheses, crystal structure, UV-light photocatalytic and heterogeneous Fenton-like catalytic activities

Nature-Inspired Photoactive Metal–Organic Framework Nanofiber Filters for Oil–Water Separation: Conserving Successive Flux, Rejection, and Antifouling

Rapid urbanization and industrialization have significantly added to the complexity of wastewater treatment, particularly due to the presence of nonsegregated organic and aqueous phases, and hence, technology to remove such mixed-phase pollutants is essential. A photocatalytic iron-based metal–organic framework possessing a band gap of 2.18 eV and a very high surface area of ∼1400 m2 g–1 was embedded into poly(acrylonitrile) nanofibers for oil/water separation and degradation of dye contaminants. The synthesized nanofibers were schemed to mimic two different morphologies (spider silk and desert beetle morphology) via electrospinning for rendering both hydrophilic and hydrophobic pockets. Excellent flux was achieved and the good antifouling ability of these iron-based metal–organic framework nanofiber membranes, together with the advantage of Fe–O clusters that help in the removal of oil (by adsorption) and dyes beyond 90% via photo-Fenton-like reaction, is successfully demonstrated, scientifically reasoned, and justified with the help of characterization techniques, thus showing the promises of using these membranes for real-time applications.

A sustainable protocol for selective alcohols oxidation using a novel iron-based metal organic framework (MOF-BASU1).

The selective oxidation of active and inactive alcohol substrates is a highly versatile conversion that poses a challenge in controlling the functionality and adjustments on MOFs. On the other hand, it offers an attractive opportunity to expand their applications in designing the next generation of catalysts with improved performance. Herein, a novel iron-based MOF containing sulfonamide (MOF-BASU1) has been fabricated by the reaction of 1,3-benzene disulfonylchloride linker and FeCl3·6H2O. Based on the results, the active surface area of the synthesized MOF is large, which highlights its unique catalytic activity. Optimum conditions were reached after 0.5-2 h, with 15 mg loading of the synthesized MOF under optimal conditions. Furthermore, the turnover frequency was 18-77.6 h-1, which is comparable to values previously reported for this process. Overall, the high catalytic activity observed for MOF-BASU1 might be because of the obtained high surface area and the Lewis acidic Fe nodes. Furthermore, the MOF-BASU1 revealed a remarkable chemoselectivity for aldehydes in the presence of aliphatic alcohols. Overall, the high product yields, facile recovery of nanocatalysts, short reaction times, and broad substrate range make this process environmentally friendly, practical, and economically justified.

An iron-based metal–organic framework for selective CO2 adsorption and as an efficient anode material for lithium-ion batteries

An iron-based metal–organic framework, termed Fe-CPB, was developed for selective CO2 adsorption and employed as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries.

An iron-based metal-organic framework as a novel dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbent for the efficient adsorption of tetrabromobisphenol A from environmental water samples.

For environmental safety, it is important to establish a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for emerging pollutants. Here, a dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) method based on an iron-based metal-organic framework (Fe-MIL-88-NH2) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in water samples. Fe-MIL-88-NH2 was synthesized using a solvothermal method and completely characterized. Fe-MIL-88-NH2 had good water stability and gave a maximum adsorption capacity of 40.97 mg g-1 for TBBPA. The adsorption of TBBPA on Fe-MIL-88-NH2 followed Langmuir adsorption models and a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The bromine ion and the hydroxyl group of TBBPA could form strong hydrogen bond interactions with the amino protons around the cavity of Fe-MIL-88-NH2, which was in accord with the molecular simulation calculations. Furthermore, several important d-SPE parameters were optimized, such as the amount of materials, extraction time, pH, ionic strength, elution solvent type, and volume. The established method showed good linearity in the concentration range of 0.005-100 μg g-1 (r2 ≥ 0.9996). This method's limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.001 μg g-1 and 0.005 μg g-1, respectively. The recoveries in spiked water samples ranged from 87.5% to 104.9%. The proposed method was applied successfully to detect TBBPA in environmental water samples.

Evaluation of cytotoxicity, loading, and release activity of paclitaxel loaded-porphyrin based metal-organic framework (PCN-600)

Considering the inducement side impacts and precipitation of continual doses in conventional therapeutic treatments, there is an urgent need in the field of drug delivery for novel designs of biocompatible carriers with wide loading dimensions and particularly the ability to control their drug release. In this work, we succeeded in synthesizing an iron-based organic metal framework based on iron-porphyrin (PCN-600) through a solvothermal method to function as a drug delivery system (DDS). According to SEM results, PCN-600 crystals a hexagonal-rod shaped morphology with the length of 300 nm and width of 100–300 nm. As an anticancer drug, Paclitaxel (PTX) was successfully loaded into the porphyrin-based metal-organic framework (PCN-600) via in-situ encapsulation; the loading efficiency was measured to be about 87.3%. In addition, PTX-encapsulated PCN-600 displayed a controlled and sustained release for up to 24 h of release assessment at the physiological microenvironment of pH = 7.4.

Utilization of lignin separated from pulp and paper wastewater for lead removal

Lignin, which is a major by-product of paper and pulp processing is effectively recovered and repurposed for lead (Pb) removal. This study aimed to extract lignin from real pulp and paper wastewater and then utilized it as an adsorbent for water contaminated-Pb removal. Two types of extracted lignin were compared including 1) lignin precipitated by hydrochloric acid (LP) and 2) lignin separated by the coagulation-flocculation process using iron(III) trimesate, a type of the iron-based metal–organic framework, (LPF). They were characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), nitrogen adsorption–desorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). LPF showed amorphous characteristics, surface area, and porous increased, and iron oxide appeared compared to LP. Batch experiment results revealed that LPF decreased Pb contamination in water by approximately 65 % in 60 min. Adsorption kinetics had a better fit to the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption process occurred spontaneously and was endothermic, following the physisorption mechanism. The adsorption isotherm model fitted the Freundlich isotherm well, while parameter (n) as 2.015 implied favorable adsorption. The outcomes of the research might open the door to the creation of lignin-based adsorbents for the elimination of Pb in wastewater.

Sulfite activation for ciprofloxacin rapid degradation using an iron-based metal organic framework derivative in heterogeneous processes: Performance and mechanisms investigation

Owing to its low eco-toxicity and low cost, sulfite is considered a promising precursor for oxysulfur radicals. In this study, we report the rapid degradation of ciprofloxacin in water using a derivative of an iron-based metal–organic framework catalyst (S-MIL-101(Fe)) for the heterogeneous activation of sulfite. S-MIL-101(Fe) possessed a similar structure to the original MIL-101(Fe), and more active sites were exposed. Unlike previous systems used to activate sulfite with Fe-based catalysts, this system exhibited excellent performance under alkaline conditions. Ciprofloxacin (10 mg/L) removal efficiency of 94.7 % was observed at pH 8.7, implying a different activation mechanism. It is suggested that the iron coordinatively unsaturated metal sites (Fe CUSs) on the surface of S-MIL-101(Fe) can effectively complex with SO32− to form Fe(III) CUS-SO3+, followed by the generation of SO3− through single-electron transfer. Quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments demonstrated that SO3−, O2−, SO5− and OH were involved in the degradation of ciprofloxacin, in which SO3− played a significant role. Moreover, HSO5− (peroxymonosulfate ion), an important product produced during the sulfite activation process, also participated in the formation of free radicals. This study complements the mechanism of heterogeneous activation of sulfites by Fe-based materials and reinforces the important role played by SO3− in some cases. The influence of chloride, bicarbonate, nitrate, and humic acid on ciprofloxacin elimination was minimal. In addition, this system could operate efficiently in real water environments.

Fe-MOF induced biopolymer-based sustainable self-cleaning membranes for effective selective separation and wastewater treatment

Recently, there is an outgrowing attention for biopolymer based thin film composite (TFC) membranes attributed to its sustainable factors. However, biopolymers show high fouling propensity thus, membrane fouling and the limited recyclability have always been the most severe problem during long-term use confining the industrial applications. Thus, the objectives of the study is to develop an anti-fouling membrane for increased shelf life with self-cleaning ability for successful regeneration of a membrane surface by the assistance of multifunctional nanocomposites. In this strategy, an iron-based metal organic framework (Fe-MOF) incorporated crosslinked chitosan-based loose nanofiltration membrane for selective filtration of solute and various wastewater treatment were developed. The structural functionality and stability of the thin-film composite (TFC) membranes was examined using ATR-IR and FE-SEM characterization and further surface charges were determined by zeta potential measurements. When the membrane's performance was examined for various feed streams under varied testing settings, it was discovered that the optimized membrane had a dye rejection rate of >85% (both cationic and anionic), and < 11.0% rejection for MgSO4 with flux rate of 40.0–50.0 L.m−2.h−1. In summary, the hydrophilic chitosan based TFC membranes was demonstrated as prominent candidate for wastewater treatment which can potentially substitute commercially successful commercial polyamide membranes attributed to high performance and anti-fouling capability along with self-cleaning ability.

Construction Iron-based metal organic frameworks based on ligand engineering for selective dyes removal from water solution

Organic dyes can be used as raw materials for food, printing and textile, closely related to human life. Herein, three iron-based organic frameworks were synthesized and characterized. The adsorption of three dyes, Methylene Blue (MB), Rhodamine B (RhB) and Malachite Green (MG), on three MOFs were discussed from the perspectives of adsorption isotherms, kinetics and regeneration.The results showed that all adsorptions are more in line with the Freundlich isotherm adsorption and the pseudo-first -order model. In addition, the removal rate of iron-based MOFs to dyes can still reach more than 85% after 5 cycles of use. It was also found that all three MOFs showed selective adsorption, with MOF-1, MOF-2 and MOF-3 showing the best removal efficiencies only for MB, RhB and MG, respectively, which are 94.8%, 91.3% and 92.6%.

A dual-mode of electrochemical-colorimetric biosensing platform for kanamycin detection based on self-sacrifice beacon and magnetic separation technique

In this work, iron-based metal organic frameworks (Fe-MOF) are used as a self-sacrifice beacon to produce Prussian blue (PB). Then, a dual-mode electrochemical-colorimetric biosensing platform for kanamycin (KAN) detection is established considering the prominent redox activity and blue color of PB. CoFe2O4 magnetic nanobeads (CoFe2O4 MBs) are employed for immobilization and separation of the signal beacon in the complex matrix, and the combination between CoFe2O4 MBs and magnetic electrodes simplifies the electrochemical testing process. The linear range of the electrochemical mode is 0.1 nM–1.0 μM with a detection limit of 39 pM, and that of the colorimetric mode is 10 nM–2.0 μM with a detection limit of 3.6 nM. Furthermore, the dual-mode strategy shows satisfactory specificity and enhanced applicability for KAN detection in real samples. Compared with known dual-mode determination methods, the proposed design employs the same reaction to produce two signal output modes, thus eliminating the effect of different reactive pathways on the outcome and in turn promoting greater accuracy.

Simulation and experimental investigation on one-step process for recovery of valuable metals and preparation of clean mineral wool from red mud

Red mud (RM) is a hazardous alumina industrial solid waste and its utilization faces three major challenges, namely, efficient recovery of valuable metals, favorable control of hazardous substances, and complete utilization of residues. We simultaneously achieved the three goals in a short one-step process, which was inspired by green chemistry principles and focused on multi-objective coupled control. Iron-based metal elements were recovered in reduction smelting process to produce pig iron. Molten slags after smelting were rapidly cooled and fiberized to produce mineral wool and hazardous alkaline substances were immobilized in vitreous fibers. The smelting-reduction process, fibration capacity of RM-based molten slags, and performance and environmental impact of prepared mineral wool were investigated using thermodynamic, molecular dynamics simulations, and experimental methods. The results indicated the recovery rate of Fe could reach above 87%. The obtained mineral wool showed satisfactory properties with the fibrosis rate of around 73%–92%, the mean fiber diameter of 1.57–5.62 μm, and the mean fiber tensile strength of 1520–6700 MPa. The highest Na+ leaching concentration was under 1.42 mg/L and the solidification rate of Na+ in different samples was above 99.8%. This paper provided a fresh approach to achieve clean and high value-added utilization of RM.