Irkutsk Oblast Research Articles

Rating of the quality of life of the population in Russian regions

A rating assessment of the quality of life of the Russian regions, one of the most important social priorities, has been carried out. Experience of determining the quality of life indices in Russia and abroad is taken into account. The ratings of individual indicators for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are calculated in three groups: socio-economic development, environmental status, and public health. Positions in the rating in each group were determined by combining the rating points of the three most significant indicators; after that, the integral rating was calculated in the same way. To identify trends, indicators for 2005 and 2015 were selected. A stable position both in 2005 and in 2015 in the top ten is occupied by Moscow and St. Petersburg, and by Tyumen (without AO), Kursk, Belgorod and Tambov oblasts, and the outsiders include Irkutsk, Amur and Arkhangelsk (without AO) oblasts, and by the Republic of Khakassia and Karelia. While in the leading regions, the main problems are associated with the ecological state of the environment, in the outsider regions they are caused by a combination of socio-economic, environmental, medical and demographic problems. The ratings of the constituent entities of the Baikal region are examined in detail. It was found that the common features of Zabaikalskii krai and the Republic of Buryatia are a low level of economic development, and a high level of poverty and mortality of the population. Irkutsk oblast, being a more economically developed region, is distinguished by an increase in poverty, a low standard of health, and by higher mortality rates as compared with the average Russian values, as well as with Zabaikalskii krai and the Republic of Buryatia. Irkutsk oblast occupies the last positions in the ecological ranking. Rating monitoring should be continued as it is required in order to reduce the spatial asymmetry of the country and the imbalances in its socio-economic development.

The Age of the Patom Crater: Dendrochronological and Biogeochemical Investigations

According to data of dendrochronological investigations of larch trees that had grown on the Patom crater (Irkutsk oblast, Bodaibinskii district) and near its base, the initial period of the formation of the crater can be dated back to the late 15th‒early 16th centuries. In 1841‒1842, the trees under investigation recorded in annual rings a catastrophic event which caused a disturbance to their root systems, damage to tree stems, and the formation of compression wood. It is obvious that the event is associated with the time of formation of the late stage ring swell on which sparse larch trees are 93‒101 years of age, and on the central mound emerging upon completion of the formation of the Patom crater the age of the oldest tree is 7 years. Thus dendrochronological investigations confirm a long-lasting and multievent formation of the Patoma crater. In some periods, the deposition cone was evolving with a different intensity, sometime showing an explosive character. X-ray fluorescent analysis revealed a double Sr enrichment of larch wood at the time of significant activity of crater formation (1852‒1859) when plutonic fluids from the igneous source were able to enter the upper horizons of the Earth’s crust at the time of magma intrusion into water-containing rocks. The fluids were enriched with CO2 and transported significant amounts of Sr, as a result of which the 87Sr/86Sr ratios in carbonate and terrigenous rocks assumed higher values in sandstone and schists on the early stage ring swell of the Patoma crater. The findings, coupled with geological data, suggest that the Patom crater emerged as a result of a phreatic explosion that occurred either at the time of magma intrusion into water-containing rocks or as a consequence of the fault and decompression of heated water-containing rocks.

Modeling of Logging Industry Dynamics Under the Global Climate Change: the Evidence from Siberian Regions

As a part of global economy, forestry experiences influence of diverse factors and global climate change in particular, which can affect forestry directly or indirectly via changes in qualitative and quantitative assessment of forest growing stocks, and in positive or negative manner. Climate change effects on Russian forestry are still poorly studied and call for more attention in policy-making. One of the direct impacts is shortening of winter logging season duration, which may result in decreasing wood harvests. Using the data on logging volumes in Krasnoyarsk Krai and Irkutsk Oblast and estimated duration of winter logging season on meteorological stations for the retrospective period of 1966-2018, eight ARDL models were evaluated. The modeling results supported the idea of dependence of harvested wood volumes on winter logging season duration across all considered meteorological stations. To reduce negative impacts on logging industry in terms of wood harvest reduction, adaptation activities in forestry are sorely needed

The Comprehensive Organization of Identification of Tuberculosis in Population of the Eastern Siberian Region

The early detection of tuberculosis is one of the priority targets in the system of anti-tuberculosis care of population, regardless of epidemiological and socio-economic conditions. The effectiveness of these activities depends on system of organization, methods of detection, quality of planning and implementing preventive examinations for tuberculosis among population. Despite decreasing of morbidity and mortality from tuberculosis in the Irkutsk oblast, it belongs to the territories with high prevalence of tuberculosis. Until 2011, the increasing of incidence of tuberculosis in the Irkutsk region occurred mainly due to increasing of effectiveness of measures of active detection of tuberculosis in population. In 2012-2019, the incidence rate tends to decrease while maintaining appropriate level of efficiency of active detection of disease. In context of improving epidemiological situation of tuberculosis, it is necessary to focus organizational efforts on active detection of tuberculosis mainly in risk groups, with simultaneous increasing of detection of disease in population by referral to medical organizations of primary medical care.

The Self-Evaluation of Health and Psycho-Emotional Status of the Young Families and Population of Adolescent Youth Age

The study implemented technology of self-assessment of the level of individual health according five-point scale in groups of adolescents, students, and the families. The methodology also considered presence of chronic diseases, manifestations of painful symptoms, rate of cases of diseases during the year, number of visits to physician, causes of disease, treatment costs. The prompt diagnosis was implemented regarding psycho-emotional stress on the basis of method of O. S. Kopina et al. (2004). In families and among students, the degree of satisfaction with various aspects of life was rated. The number of persons among adult family member, who rated their health status as satisfactory, was higher than among adolescents and youths by 2.0 and 1.5 times (χ2 = 11.2, p = 0.02). The highest frequency of self-assessment of health as "bad" and "very poor" was among students. Teenage-girls and student-girls were statistically significantly more likely than young boys to note morphofunctional disorders on the part of various organs and systems. In adolescent groups, 2.3% of boys and 10.9% of girls; in the groups of students - 8.9% of boys and 12.8% of girls reported pathology of reproductive system. The main reasons of visiting patients for medical care are: respiratory and digestive diseases, allergic and neurological diseases. Students and family adult members also suffered of circulatory system diseases. The family adult members experienced high level of psychoemotional stress more frequently than adolescents by 3.4 times, students - 2.9 times (χ2 = 31.3; p < 0.001), which corresponded to lower indicators of satisfaction of the family adult members with living conditions. The high frequency of morphofunctional disorders, neurotic and psychosomatic manifestations among examined individuals indicate significant prevalence of autonomic nervous system dysfunctions and latent pathological processes.

Flood Hazard Within the Basins of the Left Tributaries of the Angara

In June and July 2019, on the left tributaries of the Angara river there occurred catastrophic rainfall floods inflicting enormous damage and human victims. The greatest damage was experienced by the city of Tulun on the Iya river. A comprehensive characteristic is given to the 2019 floods in comparison with similar events of the historical past and from the period of instrumental observations. An analysis is made of the characteristics of the flood hazard at gauging stations: their frequency and impact. The homogeneity of the series of the peak flood runoff is estimated against the background of climate change. The objects for study were the basins of the left tributaries of Angara river: the Irkut, Kitoi, Belaya, Oka, Uda and Biryusa, with a more detailed characteristic for the Iya river basin. The floods of 2019 were formed by extreme precipitation on the previously moistened surface of the catchments. In 2019, an exceptional hydrological situation developed in terms of both flood hazard characteristics and the devastating consequences for the city of Tulun. Nevertheless, catastrophic floods of a similar magnitude also reoccurred in the historical past and during the period of instrumental observations. The situation with two extreme floods during the summer season is also not unique. The event under study cannot yet be associated with climate change. Changes in the peak rainfall runoff series are mostly insignificant, even when the approximate runoff maxima of 2019 are taken into account. The decreased flood frequency over a later period may be associated with a low-water period that ended in 2019. Therefore, similar events can be expected to recur on the rivers of Irkutsk oblast, both within the Angara basin and within the Lena and South Baikal basins.

IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis of industrial polyvinyl chloride suspension

In terms of the contemporary plastic industry, world production of polyvinyl chloride is second only to polyolefins. Recyclable by almost all known methods, polyvinyl chloride offers high strength, good insulating properties, as well as resistance to acids, oxidising agents and solvents. At the same time, the ability to process polyvinyl chloride into products is limited by its lack of stability at high melt viscosity temperatures, since hydrogen chloride released during its heating catalyses further process of polymer decomposition. Thus, due to the softening temperature of polyvinyl chloride being higher than its decomposition temperature, it cannot be processed in its pure form. Consequently, functional polyvinyl chloride-based materials tend to be composites. By varying the composition of mixtures, plastic masses characterised by either very soft (plastic compounds) or hard (vinyl plastics) structures can be obtained. The properties of polyvinyl chloride-based polymer products are largely determined by the structure and morphology of the polymer. In the present work, the properties of industrial suspension polyvinyl chloride (Sayanskkhimplast JSC, Irkutsk Oblast) were studied in detail for the first time. The molecular weight of the polymer determined by the viscometric method was 1.0 · 106. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that polyvinyl chloride mass loss started to occur at 160 °C. Following the complete IR band assignment of the polymer, the polyvinyl chloride under study was established to contain no foreign substances (impurities of stabilisers, emulsifiers and additives). The diffraction curve of the polymer was established to be qualitatively similar to equivalent partially crystalline polymers. Two amorphous halos were detected at 2θ of 24° 30′ and 39° 30′ below a group of crystalline peaks. The crystallinity degree of polyvinyl chloride was determined and mechanisms for the formation of its regular and irregular structure were proposed.

Feasibility Study of Using Geothermal Heat-Pump Units for Substituting Small-Capacity Coal-Fired Boiler Houses (Taking the Baikal Natural Area as an Example)

The economic feasibility of substituting small-capacity coal-fired boiler houses with geothermal heat-pump units in the central ecological zone of the Baikal natural area is analyzed. Three versions of a space-heating system equipped with heat-pump units are considered depending on the source of low-grade heat and the method for extracting it: a well, a horizontal ground collector, and a water basin (Lake Baikal). The study is carried out for the raions of the Irkutsk oblast and the Republic of Buryatia located in the most favorable natural and climatic conditions in the southern part of the Baikal natural area’s central ecological zone, which have different economic conditions in terms of electricity tariffs and fuel cost. A conditional small-capacity coal-fired boiler house having averaged technical characteristics is taken as the base version for comparing it with heat-pump units. A monovalent mode of heat-pump unit operation is considered taking into account a shift for using a low-temperature space-heating system. The economic feasibility of substituting a coal-fired boiler house is estimated proceeding from the equality between the total discounted costs for implementing a space-heating system equipped with heat-pump units and costs for operation of the coal-fired boiler house for the considered period of time. The dependences of the total discounted costs for the alternatives being compared have been obtained, using which it is possible to determine the level of electricity tariffs and coal prices at which the application of heat-pump units in the studied region becomes economically feasible. The influence of possible deviations of the conditions in a particular locality from the conditions typical for the analyzed regions that were adopted for consideration is taken into account. It can be concluded from the obtained results that, given the current prices for coal and electricity, it is not economically feasible to substitute small-capacity coal-fired boiler houses with heat-pump units under the natural and climatic conditions of the considered regions. The use of heat-pump units may become justified with a coal price equal to 5000–8000 rubles/t and electricity tariffs equal to 2–4 rubles/(kW h); in this case, the discounted payback period of investments will make approximately 30 years.

Lessons learnt from measures taken to prevent rabies introduction and spread into a long rabies free territory (case study of the Irkutsk Oblast)

Rabies is endemic on the considerable part of the Russian Federation, and it is associated with current natural outbreaks of the infection. The highest animal morbidity rates are reported in the central and southern regions of the European part of Russia and in the southern part of Western Siberia. The Irkutsk Oblast is among the few regions of our country, which are rabies free for several decades. The research was aimed at the analysis of factors aiding to the maintenance of the rabies free status of the region. Retrospective study of archive and previously published reports on human and animal rabies cases in the Irkutsk Oblast starting from 1954 was performed. Epidemics of urban rabies ceased in the region in 1970s. Sporadic rabies cases in dogs, reported in 1976 and later, could be imported or could result from the infection from bats. Diagnostic errors were also possible. Rabies is reported in foxes in the Subjects bordering the Irkutsk Oblast: Krasnoyarsk Krai and Republic of Buryatia. It is supposed that in case of the infection introduction the forest-steppe agricultural areas near the Angara River are likely to be affected due to high population of foxes. Relative geographic isolation of the Irkutsk Oblast favors to the long animal rabies freedom of this territory. The vast area of mountain taiga with low fox population serves as an ecological barrier. In 2007–2009 and in 2019, barrier oral vaccination was carried out along the border with the Krasnoyarsk Krai and on the west coast of Baikal Lake. Measures for anti-rabies vaccination of dogs and cats were intensified. Active virological monitoring is performed on a regular basis. The paper demonstrates cartograms of fox and wolf population density along with designation of sites, where oral vaccination of wild carnivores was performed.

About experience of developing concept of personnel policy in health care at the level of the subject of the Russian Federation

The personnel policy is one of priority areas of developing national health care. Its effective implementation requires evidence-based development of relevant program documents, the most important of which is the Concept of health care personnel policy that currently exists only in a number of regions of the Russian Federation. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to develop approaches to scientific justification and development of the Concept of health care personnel policy at the level of region of the Russian Federation, as exemplified in the Irkutsk oblast. The article describes progress of this large-scale and lengthy study, its main results included. The developed approaches resulted in comprehensive organizational technology of development corresponding Concept. The results of this experience can be implemented in other regions of the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is of scientific and practical interest for all potential developers of similar program documents and wide range of specialists in health care organization.

Международный бурятский фестиваль «Алтаргана» как фактор внутриэтнической консолидации бурят конца XX–XXI в.

Goals and Materials. The article analyzes field, literary, and media data to explore the urgent issue of contemporary ethnic processes inherent to the people that – due to a number of historical circumstances — live in three federal subjects of Russia (Republic of Buryatia, Zabaykalsky Krai, Irkutsk Oblast), and constitute separate diasporas in Mongolia and China. So, the festival which started in 1994 in Mongolia grew to become international since 2002, and is nowadays held nationwide with official state support every two years in one of Russia’s regions where the Buryats live. Results. Cyclicity, established forms and demonstrativeness elevate the event to the rank of a ritual characterized by symbolism of actions. Through spatial whirling, it physically and mentally covers the ethnic territory of the administratively separated Buryats, emphasizes integrity of the nation, being an important factor for the intra-ethnic consolidation in the late 20th – 21st centuries. The performance comprises three main parts, namely: grand opening; contests and sporting competitions aimed at preserving and reviving the Buryat language, traditional culture, ethnic sports; and grand closing ceremony. Despite the international status, the event still remains poorly understood, and the article opens prospects for its further research.

Impacts of Global Climate Change on Duration of Logging Season in Siberian Boreal Forests

In Siberia, most boreal forests are located in an area with relatively moist forest soils, which makes logging activities possible exclusively during the frost period with a permanent snow cover and stable sub-zero temperatures. As the global climate is experiencing a trend towards warming, it is reasonable to suppose that the duration of the logging season might shorten over time, influencing the economic potential of Siberian forests. To test this hypothesis, we created a concept for calculating the duration of the logging season, taking into account the economic and climatic peculiarities of doing forest business in these territories. Using the long-run daily-observed climatic data, we calculated the duration of the logging season for eight representative stations in Krasnoyarsk Krai (Yeniseysk, Boguchany, Achinsk, and Minusinsk) and Irkutsk Oblast (Bratsk, Kirensk, Tulun, and Yerbogachen) in 1966–2018. We found strong evidence of logging season duration shortening for almost all considered stations, with an uneven effect on the start and end boundaries of the season. Climate warming has almost no effect on the start date of the season in winter, but it significantly shifts the boundaries of the season end in spring. Using the autoregressive-integrated-moving average modeling (ARIMA) models, we demonstrated that, in the near future, the trends of the gradual shortening of the logging season will hold for the most part of the considered stations. The most pronounced effect is observed for the Achinsk station, where the logging season will shorten from 148.4 ± 17.3 days during the historical sample (1966–2018) to 136.2 ± 30 days in 2028, which reflects global warming trend patterns. From an economic perspective, a shorter duration of the logging season means fewer wood stocks available for cutting, which would impact the ability of companies to enact their logging plans and lead them to suffer losses in the future. To avoid losses, Siberian forest firms will have to adapt to these changes by redefining their economic strategies in terms of intensifying logging operations.

Monitoring of Waste Management in the Central Ecological Zone of the Baikal Natural Territory

Quantitative assessments are made of the formation of municipal solid waste, ash and slag from heat power plants (boilers), and logging and timber processing activities in the central ecological zone of the Baikal natural territory. The material and raw material balance method and the normative method were used as the basis, and calculations used potential volumes of waste produced (thematic industrial reference books) and specific indicators adopted for particular federal subjects of Russia. These authors are executors of several thematic research projects of federal and regional status, aimed at the environmental and socioeconomic development of the central ecological zone of the Baikal natural territory (seven administrative districts and one urban district of Irkutsk oblast and of the Republic of Buryatia), which has allowed us, over the last two decades, to characterize, evaluate and predict the development of various economic processes in the environment and society of this territory, including issues related to production and consumption waste management. Variants of a comprehensive solution to the problems of waste management are proposed: alternative sources of energy and heat supply in the central ecological zone (logging and timber processing waste and consumer waste) as well as applications in the construction sector and, in particular, in road construction (ash and slag). The findings of this research can serve as the substantiation of particular managerial decisions on the promotion of the ideology of the green economy by developing further the aforementioned individual types of reuse of waste produced in order to safeguard the World Heritage site, Lake Baikal, and sustainable development of society on its shores.

Geochemical approach in assessing the technogenic impact on soils

The soil assessment was carried out in the technogenically-affected area of Irkutsk Oblast with the geochemical approach as a key geoecological method using physical and chemical techniques of analysis and ecodiagnostics. Diagnostic signs of the disturbed natural properties of the soil were revealed up to a depth of 40 cm in the profile based on macro- and micromorphometric parameters. The content of heavy metals (HM) – Pb, Zn, Hg, and Cu with an excess of standards was determined, and empirical HM – pH correlations were obtained by statistical clustering of the data array. The contributions of additional factors affecting the chemical element distribution in the soil layer were investigated. Significant soil contamination with sulfates and the possibility of implementing the ion-exchange of HM andfor element immobilization were revealed. It was shown that reactions with sulfates and the influence of pH, HM exchange processes involving mobile K and P can determine the nature of the described chemical element distribution in the multi-factor-contaminated technogenic soil. However, the effectiveness of such types of interaction is different for each metal and also depends on the quantitative ratio of substances and soil characteristics, even under a minor change in pH. Two-parameter correlations of HM distribution in sulfate-contaminated soils confirmed the different degrees of involvement of chemical elements in these types of interactions. The results obtained and the identified factors are of applied significance and can be used as the basis for geoecological differentiation of the contaminated soil, as well as for determining local geochemical fields in the technogenesis zone. Areas of advanced research are related to three-dimensional modeling for a more complete study of the cause-and-effect relationships of geochemical parameters.

To the flora of soil algae of the northern territories of Baikal region: central Siberian plateau (Russia)

A list of soil algae registered in different plant communities in the North Baikal region, in the vicinitiesof the Kazachinskoye village and near Ust-Ilimsk reservoir in surroundings of settlements Vorobʼyovo, Banshchikovo,Badarma, Dalʼnii (Irkutsk oblast) is published for the first time. The territory is located within the Central Siberian plateauin the taiga zone. The list of soil algae includes 171 species and intraspecific taxa from six divisions: Cyanoprokaryota –63 taxa, Bacillariophyta – 15, Ochrophyta – 22, Chlorophyta – 64 and Streptophyta – 7.

Cost optimization for overhauling the apartment blocks in Irkutsk, Russia

This paper analyzes the specifics and major shortcomings of the following documents: the Irkutsk Oblast Act No. 167-OZ of December 27, 2013 On the Arrangement of Common Property Overhauls in Irkutsk Oblast and the pertaining regulations, programs, and Short-Term Plans Under the Irkutsk Oblast Regional Apartment Block Overhaul Program (hereinafter, common property stands for common facilities used by the residents of a single apartment block, e.g. rooftops, utilities, etc.). It further analyzes the financial reports of the Irkutsk Oblast Apartment Block Overhaul Fund. The analysis demonstrates the costs of overhauling the apartment blocks in Irkutsk Oblast with breakdown by sources, the amount and source of funds coming from the region’s municipalities as shown in the general funding structure of the Plan, and the specific jobs arranged under the City of Irkutsk Short-Term Plan Under the Regional Apartment Block Overhaul Program in 2015-2016. To simplify the drafting of overhaul programs, the authors hereof present the estimates of roof overhaul costs per square meter with breakdown by overhaul-related jobs; the estimates assume the use of novel materials: MasterSeal*501 and MasterEmaco*S 48. Such analysis reveals the roof job-specific coefficients (multipliers) one needs to apply to find the actual overhaul costs for Series 135 panel buildings in Irkutsk. The authors propose an scenario-based approach to design when drafting time-adjusted short-term overhaul plans. Time adjustment helps optimize such plans and minimize the change of a building being classified as a dilapidated apartment block.

Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Cattle in the Irkutsk Region.

IntroductionMalignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a rare, under-explored lethal viral infection of cattle with gammaherpesvirus aetiological agents. Most often, the disease occurs on farms where cattle and sheep are kept together. However, other trigger mechanisms and environmental factors contribute. This study investigates the causation of MCF.Material and MethodsAn outbreak of MCF occurred in June - August 2017 in Kharchev village in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. In this paper, we provide epidemiological (sanitary status of pastures, watering places, and premises) and weather data during the outbreak, and descriptions of the clinical signs and post-mortem changes in cattle. The virus was detected and isolated from pathological material samples and identified by molecular methods.ResultsExtreme weather conditions, mixed-herd cattle and sheep farming, and unsatisfactory feed quality contributed to the outbreak. A virus related to herpesvirus OvHV2 was isolated and typed (MCF/Irkutsk/2017). Phylogenetic analysis showed its close genetic relationship to isolates from cattle and sheep in Germany, USA, and the Netherlands.ConclusionSporadic outbreaks of MCF caused by biotic and abiotic factors together are typical for the Russian Federation, and the Irkutsk outbreak epitomised this. Temperature anomalies caused pasture depletion, resulting in feed and water deficiency for grazing animals and dehydration and acidosis. Heat stress in animals ultimately led to the occurrence of MCF in the herd.

Assessment of the Current Eco-Socio-Economic Situation of the Baikal Region (Russia) from the Perspective of the Green Economy Development

Conducting research aimed at establishing the relationship between economic development and non-violation of the environment and developing optimal ways of their interaction is possible only by studying the features of regional development, which requires a comprehensive assessment of the ecological and socio-economic situation of the territories. The Baikal region includes Irkutsk Oblast, Republic of Buryatia, and Zabaykalsky Krai and occupies an exceptional place in Russia, due to Lake Baikal and unique natural features. The results of the assessment of the state of purity and quality of the environment indicate the emerging negative trends associated with water pollution, atmospheric air, and waste disposal in the Baikal region. Therefore, this article proposes the solutions to the problems in achieving sustainable development based on the implementation of the principles of the green economy, providing recommendations on how to reverse the current ecological and socio-economic situation of the Baikal region in a positive direction. Obtained practical assessments are essential for solving the problems of conservation and creating favorable conditions for the life of the population. Implementation of key government regulatory measures and changing existing approaches to managing the region based on the principles of the green economy will reduce the level of anthropogenic pressure on the environment.

Thermodynamic Model of Silicon Smelting in Ore-Smelting Furnaces

Silicon production by silica-containing raw material reduction by carbon in ore-smelting furnaces (OSF) is a complex pyro-metallurgic process. Silicon is produced in a system consisting of charge, furnace electrodes, air, melt, slag, and gases at temperatures above 2000°C, which generates silicon monoxide and carbide unavoidably. The finished product contains impurities (Fe, Ca, Al, Ti, etc.) in small amounts; however, it is still unknown for sure how impurities, contained in raw materials, behave and interact with each other and with silicon. To analyze the distribution of charge components during smelting, the research team used thermodynamic (mathematical) modeling in Selector software. The constructed four-tank silicon production model describes adequately the process. The assumed tank temperatures correspond to the OSF reaction zones (400°C, 1530°C, 2200°C, and 2000°C). Modeling involves 15 charge-carried elements: quartzite from the Cheremshanskoye deposit, charcoal and black coal, petroleum coke, wood chips, and OSF coal electrodes. According to the model, silicon recovery (with a 97.15 wt% silicon content in the melt) is 75%, which is consistent with literature and production data (AO Kremniy, Shelekhov, Irkutsk Oblast).

Satellite Monitoring of Siberian Wildfires and Their Effects: Features of 2019 Anomalies and Trends of 20-Year Changes

The features of anomalous Siberian wildfires in 2019 and trends of their changes during 2000–2019 are analyzed on the basis of satellite monitoring data. The average values of wildfire areas; total volumes of CO, CO2, and aerosol PM2.5 emissions; and their density (per area unit) in the Siberian Federal District of Russia and its regions are estimated for a 20-year period, as well as the number, radiative power, and spatial distribution of wildfires on the territory of North Eurasia in 2019. In July 2019, the wildfire area in Irkutsk oblast exceeded the average value for the period of 2001–2019 by more than four times, whereas the related total volumes of emissions of CO, CO2, and PM2.5 aerosol in June 2019 were five times higher than their average values for this period. The regional weather-climate features of summer 2019 were revealed using on-land observations and reanalysis, in particular, atmospheric blocking, which is related to the formation of extreme regimes of wildfires and floods in adjacent territories of Siberia.