Irish Question Research Articles

Picturing Austria-Hungary: The British Perception of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1865-70

This is the revised and expanded version of a work first published thirty years ago as The British Image of Hungary, 1865–70. As the new title implies, Professor Frank has meanwhile drawn the conclusion that for most British observers Hungary was just part of a larger entity. In fact there is still not much here on the rest of the Monarchy as such: the first representatives of English Czechophilia—Morfill or Wratislaw—are as little in evidence as the entrepreneurs and bankers who helped propel the Austrian economy to its phase of industrial take-off. Yet in terms of the politics which this book mainly treats, the stress on Hungary remains justified. These were the years of negotiation and implementation of the 1867 Compromise, and Frank, as well as providing much valuable information quite unavailable elsewhere, finds himself engaged on what has become a highly topical kind of study: some of his existing material on sources and channels of communication is now suitably wrapped up into a new section on ‘marketing’. Frank shows that whereas until 1866 Britain regarded the Monarchy as a basically German state, indeed still as the Confederation's hegemonic power and expected to win out in any contest with Prussia, in the aftermath of Königgrätz she speedily accommodated to the new German realities, which were on the whole welcomed. Now the Habsburg state was promptly viewed as an eastern power, and thus urged to strike a deal with the entrenched constitutional opposition in Hungary: a ‘compromise’ indeed (though it would have been good to know just how this free translation of the local terms Ausgleich and kiegyezés came into English usage). Gone was enthusiasm for Kossuth and other separatist heroes of the mid-century. Instead Britons looked henceforth for sober arrangements designed to rescue the great-power status of the Monarchy—and perhaps even to serve as a dry run for future British management of the Irish question. Of course, as Frank is happy to admit, the starting-point was a dismally low one: the Victorian public displayed widespread apathy about continental politics as a whole and their central-European dimension in particular, perhaps never more so than in the earlier 1860s; and, even after some galvanisation through war reporting during the Bohemian campaign, much of the still narrow band of expertise remained at least semi-official, associated either with the Austrian embassy in London (which had the Hungarian aristocrat Rudolf Apponyi at its head) or with its British equivalent in Vienna. The latter yields the most important new source for this edition of Frank's book: the reports compiled by Robert Morier as envoy to the Hungarian diet in early 1866 which are printed in extenso in an appendix. These already show the acuteness and insight that Morier would display in his later career, as documented in Agatha Ramm's major study of 1973. It is odd that Frank does not seem to know Scott W. Murray's more recent work on this earlier phase of Morier's diplomatic life which, with its analysis of British views of Germany, furnishes a valuable complement to Frank's approach. But the ignorance was mutual (Murray takes little notice of Austria or Hungary at all), and we must hope that in their handsome new format Frank's significant findings will now command the attention they deserve.

"We are Alienating the Splendid Irish Race": British Catholic Response to the Irish Conscription Controversy of 1918

Ireland was something of a paradox during the First World War. She was the one bright spot, from the British point of view, at the time of the July-August crisis in August 1914, because the threat of civil war in Ireland was greatly diminished when the Great War commenced. Furthermore, just when Britain accepted the inevitability of, and offered to grant her, Home Rule at the height of the conscription controversy in 1918, the Irish rejected the offer. Unlike the rest of the United Kingdom wnich accepted conscription as a necessity in January 1916, Ireland refused to have conscription imposed on her, even in 1918, when Britain faced its greatest peril. Led by their Catholic bishops, the Irish defied the British government and won. Their stance placed them at odds with leading British Catholics who, like other Britons at this time, were divided in their opinion over the Irish Question. However, unlike other Britons, they shared the same faith with the majority of Irish and this added a difficulty that other Britons did not experience. This article will outline the deep divisions caused among British Catholics by Irish Catholic recalcitrance during the Irish conscription controversy of 1918. The controversy threatened to destroy its image as a highly patriotic body that the British Catholics carefully culivated. It created division between those Catholics in Britain who considered the Irish hierarchy as troublesome rebels who interfered in politics too often and who muddied the British Catholics' reputation, and those who saw the Irish as an oppressed race who deserved British Catholic sympathy. The significance of the Irish Question to Catholics in

Catriona Burness, ‘Strange Association’: The Irish Question and the Making of Scottish Unionism, 1886–1918

Catriona Burness, <i>‘Strange Association’: The Irish Question and the Making of Scottish Unionism, 1886–1918</i>

The Eternal Paddy: Irish Identity and the British Press, 1798-1882

Drawing on more than ninety newspapers published in England, Scotland, and Wales, this is the first major detailed analysis of British press coverage of Ireland over the course of the nineteenth century. This book traces the evolution of popular understandings and proposed solutions to the Irish question, focusing particularly on the interrelationship between the press, the public, and the politicians. The work also engages with ongoing studies of imperialism and British identity, exploring the role of Catholic Ireland in British perceptions of their own identity and their empire.

Nationalism, international factors and the 'Irish question' in the era of the First World War

Abstract. The ‘Irish question’ encompassed negotiations leading to the partition of Ireland in 1921. The paper considers factors that contributed to the growing tendency for the major players involved in the struggle – Irish nationalists, unionists and British officials – to adopt postures that were mutually irreconcilable. Conceptualising the problem in terms of Rogers Brubaker's ‘triadic nexus’ model of nationalisms reveals that the rigidity was encouraged by the dynamic interaction of nationalist representations employed by the three parties in response to the postures adopted by their rivals. Further, international factors – specifically, the prevailing international definition of nation and the position taken by the authority in place to adjudicate claims of nationhood – combined with regional pressures to consolidate Irish, Ulster and British nationalisms in such forms that militated against a compromise solution. By amending Brubaker's model to include international as well as regional forces, the analysis shows how understanding of the Irish contest can be enhanced if conceived as issuing from the continuous and reflexive interaction of three distinct nationalisms with and within an international context that itself was structured with respect to questions of nation.

John Redmond and Irish Unity, 1912-1918

John Redmond was one of the most influential leaders of Irish nationalism. A classic tragic hero, Redmond displayed more integrity than his fellow contemporary Irish leaders. He was a sophisticated intellectual with an open mind but was plagued by a fatal flaw - his unreasonable optimism. Redmond's trust in British politicians, especially his Liberal allies, led him and Ireland to the events that probably had the most impact on Irish history since the Great Famine of the 1840s - his active support for Great Britain in the first World War. It severely damaged Anglo-Irish relations for three generations, and if Redmond's brand of inclusive, cosmopolitan nationalism would have been introduced sooner, it could have saved Britain and Ireland from decades of conflict. In his treament of Redmond, Joseph P. Finnan demonstrates the multiple identities of the Irish Parliamentary Party as nationalist, liberal, and Catholic. He looks at Home Rule as part of a federal solution to the Irish question within the United Kingdom, the reasons for the failure of Redmond's war policies, and the collapse of the Irish Parliamentary Party as part of the wider phenomenon of the decline of liberalism during the Great War. As he looks at Irish nationalism in its worldwide context, Finnan also shows how Redmond's handling of organizational problems in America sets the pattern for his later handling of similar problems in Ireland.

Late Modern

Books reviewed: Michael P. Fitzsimmons, The Night the Old Regime Ended: August 4, 1789, and the French Revolution. Paul R. Hanson, The Jacobin Republic under Fire: The Federalist Revolt in the French Revolution. Simonetta Polenghi, Fanciulli soldati: La militarrazione dell’infanzia abbandonata nell’Europa moderna. Helen F. Mulvey, Thomas Davis and Ireland: A Biographical Study. Kelly Boyd, Manliness and the Boys’ Story Paper in Britain: A Cultural History, 1855–1940. Owen R. Ashton and Paul A. Pickering (eds), Friends of the People: Uneasy Radicals in the Age of the Chartists. Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination 1830–1867. Kathleen Wilson, The Island Race: Englishness, Empire and Gender in the Eighteenth Century. Richard Sheppard, The Gunstones of St Clements. Catriona Burness, ‘Strange Associations’: The Irish Question and the Making of Scottish Unionism. Chris Wrigley, A Companion to Early Twentieth‐Century Britain. Nicoletta F. Gullace, ‘The Blood of Our Sons’: Men, Women, and the Renegotiation of British Citizenship during the War. Andrew Green, Writing the Great War: Sir James Edmonds and the Official Histories, 1915–48. Charles W. Magill, From Dublin Castle to Stormont: The Memoirs of Andrew Philip Magill, 1913–1925. Anthony Best, British Intelligence and the Japanese Challenge in Asia, 1914–1941. Roger Chickering and Stig Förster (eds), The Shadows of Total War: Europe, East Asia, and the United States, 1919–1939. Alan B. Steinweis and Daniel E. Rogers (eds), The Impact of Nazism: New Perspectives on the Third Reich and its Legacy. Richard A. Etlin (eds), Art, Culture, and Media under the Third Reich. Vandana Joshi, Gender and Power in the Third Reich: Female Denouncers and the Gestapo, 1933–45. Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Ronald Radosh, Mary R. Habeck and Grigory Sevostianov (eds), Spain Betrayed: The Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War. Geoffrey Jensen, Irrational Triumph: Cultural Despair, Military Nationalism and the Ideological Origins of Franco's Spain. Paul N. Hehn, A Low Dishonest Decade: The Great Powers, Eastern Europe, and the Economic Origins of World War II, 1930–1941. Louise Grace Shaw, The British Political Elite and the Soviet Union, 1937–1939. Talbot C. Imlay, Facing the Second World War: Strategy, Politics, and Economics in Britain and France 1938–1940. Philip Snow, The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation. Jeremi Suri, Power and Protest: Global Revolution and the Rise of Detente.

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:Renate Egger‐Wenzel, Ben Sira's GodPaul J. Achtemeier, Joel B. Green and Marianne Meye Thompson, Introducing the New Testament, Its Literature and TheologyI. Boxall, Revelation: Vision and Insight. An Introduction to the ApocalypseS. Moyise, Studies in the Book of RevelationG. R. Osborne, Revelation: The Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New TestamentN. T. Wright, The Resurrection of the Son of GodGillian Clark and T. Rajak, Philosophy and Power in the Graeco‐Roman World: Essays in Honour of Miriam GriffinRichard Paul Vaggione, Eunomius of Cyzicus and the Nicene RevolutionStephen T. Davies, Daniel Kendall S. J. and Gerald O'Collins, The Incarnation. An Interdisciplinary Symposium on the Incarnation of the Son of GodRichard Cross, The Metaphysics of the IncarnationHugh Connolly, SinAnthony W. Bartlett, Cross Purposes: The Violent Grammar of Christian AtonementStanley Hauerwas, With the Grain of the Universe: The Church's Witness and Natural TheologySarah Coakley, Powers and Submissions: Spirituality, Philosophy and GenderChristopher Cocksworth and Rosalind Brown, Being a Priest Today: Exploring priestly identityRandall Balmer, Encyclopedia of EvangelicalismKate Armstrong, Crisis and RepetitionAnthony A. Barrett, Livia: First Lady of Imperial RomeGerhard Podskalsky, Von Photios zu Bessarion: Der Vorrang humanistisch geprägter Theologie in Byzanz und deren bleibende BedeutungNicola Coldstream, Medieval ArchitectureW. J. Armstrong, J. A. W. Hellmann and W. Short, Francis of Assisi: Early Documents, IIIEllen E. Kittell and Thomas F. Madden, Medieval and Renaissance VeniceTheodor Dieter, Der junge Luther und Aristoteles: Eine historisch‐systematische Untersuchung zum Verhältnis von Theologie und PhilosophieAndrew Brown, Church and Society in England, 1000–1500Renate Blumenfeld‐Kosinski, Duncan Robertson, and Nancy Warren, The Vernacular Spirit: Essays on Medieval Religious LiteratureBarry Collett, Female Monastic Life in Early Tudor England, with an Edition of Richard Fox's Translation of the Benedictine Rule for Women, 1517Marc R. Forster, The Catholic Revival in the Age of the Baroque. Religious Identity in Southwest Germany, 1550–1750W. R. Ward, Christianity under the Ancien Régime 1648–1789Nigel Aston, Religion and Revolution in France 1780–1804Catharine Edwards, Roman Presences: Receptions of Rome in European Culture, 1789–1945Bruce L. Kinzer, England's Disgrace? J. S. Mill and the Irish QuestionJohn Corrigan, Business of the Heart: Religion and Emotion in the Nineteenth CenturyPeter M. Chisnall, John Henry Cardinal Newman: A Man of Courage, Conflict and ConvictionVincent Ferrer Blehl, Pilgrim Journey: John Henry Newman 1801–1845Kester Aspden, Fortress Church. The English Roman Catholic Bishops and Politics 1903–63David Alvarez, Spies In The Vatican: Espionage and Intrigue From Napoleon to the HolocaustPeter McDonough and Eugene C. Bianchi, Passionate Uncertainty: Inside the American JesuitsRuby Blondell, The Play of Character in Plato's Dialogues

THE ENGLISH CATHOLICS AND IRISH NATIONALISM 1865–1890: A TRAGEDY IN FIVE ACTS

After a long eclipse, Cardinal Manning seems to be slowly coming into his own: Vincent A. McClelland, Robert Gray, James Pereiro, and David Newsome have recently contributed to this long overdue reappraisal. A fresh look has been taken at many aspects of his work, but so far his political role has not attracted much attention, and since Shane Leslie in 1921 and Denis Gwynn in 1951 last took an interest, subject has been largely ignored. I wish here to reopen subject and study relation of English Catholics to Irish nationalism under his episcopacy. The Gladstone Diaries and correspondence, my own work on H. E. Manning and Social Question, and Professor Alphonse Chapeau's collection of Manning Papers formerly housed in library of Universit? Catholique de l'Ouest in Angers, have helped me track course of Manning's involvement with Ireland from 1865 to 1890, a twenty-five year period covering growth of Fenianism, Land War, and Parnell's rise and fall. The Irish question was no part of Manning's inheritance as Archbishop of Westminster. His predecessor, though himself an Irishman, had been wary of getting caught in this hornet's nest. A trueborn Englishman, Manning loved Catholic Ireland and managed to use his influence in high political circles for sake of peace and justice in sister-island until Britain, faced with a quasi-revolutionary situation in 1880s, tried to use authority of Rome to make Irish Catholics more amenable to British rule and approached Pope for sake of quieting Ireland, forcing Manning to side with his Irish brethren when English Catholics chose to stand by class and privilege. Delated by Times as the active promoter of separatist intrigues, dissuaded by Archbishop of Dublin to publish his Address to Irish People because he was viewed as real author of revolt of Irish Party against Parnell, Cardinal Manning seems to have been yet another victim of tragedy that wrecked career of a brilliant politician and shattered prospects of Ireland when Home Rule appeared so near at hand. Was Parnell's hubris responsible for eventual catastrophe, was it English Catholics' short sightedness, their archbishop's extreme and mistaken views or Nonconformists' Puritanism, will be up to reader to decide. But rapprochement

The Irish Question

The Irish Question

Punch’s portrayal of Redmond, Carson and the Irish question, 1910–18

The Irish question in the form of home rule reasserted itself in British politics during the years 1910-18, first as the central issue in British political debate, then as a secondary, though still significant, concern for Britain during the First World War. One of Britain’s national institutions, Punch, a weekly magazine of political commentary and satire with a circulation of 100,000, reflected the significance of the Irish question by devoting a great deal of attention during these years to the leaders of the two opposing forces in Irish politics, the Irish nationalist leader John Redmond and the Irish unionist leader Sir Edward Carson. Redmond and Carson became regular members of Punch’s leading cast of characters in its political cartoons in the 1910s, a group which included the Liberal premier H. H. Asquith, his leading ministers David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill, and the opposition leader Andrew Bonar Law.

'Strange Associations': The Irish Question and the Making of Scottish Unionism, 1886-1918

1Nuffield College, Oxford ‘Strange Associations’: The Irish Question and the Making of Scottish Unionism, 1886–1918 Catriona Burness 2003 235 £ 20

Shrouded Histories: Outlaw and Lawmaker, Republican Politics and Women’s Interests

This essay reads the novel of expatriate colonial writer Rosa Praed, Outlaw and Lawmaker (1893), as an intervention in the public debate about the Irish question and the marriage question which were vigorously discussed in the late 1880s in Britain, the United States and Australia. Although the novel belongs to the genre of colonial romance, Ferres argues that its author ‘speaks from a range of different positions within these debates, and thus underlines the inherent difficulty of characterising women’s interests’ (32).

England's Disgrace? J. S. Mill and the Irish Question

England's Disgrace? J. S. Mill and the Irish Question

The Irish Question in Victorian England

The Irish Question in Victorian England

The Irish through British eyes: perceptions of Ireland in the famine era

Preface Race, Gender, Class and the Historiography of English Perceptions of the Irish Public Perceptions of the Irish Question Official Britain and the Condition of the Ireland Question, 1841-1852 The Famine and English Public Opinion, 1845-1850 Aftermath of Disaster: Public Perceptions of the Irish Question, 1850-1860 Conclusion Bibliography Index

The Cambridge Union and Ireland, 1815-1914 (review)

If Waterloo was won on the playing fields of Eton, one might say that Ireland was lost in the debating clubs of Oxbridge. Ged Martin's Cambridge Union and Ireland, 1815-1914 is a fascinating account of the long career of the Irish question across successive cohorts of Cambridge student debaters, their sometimes worried faculty overseers, and their distinguished visitors from the Victorian and Edwardian political world. Multiple contexts— institutional, generational, political—lend the book a far wider significance than its rather straightforward title may suggest. Whether it was support for Catholic emancipation years before the demand became practical politics, or a belated endorsement of Irish home rule before the First World War, the Cambridge Union's engagement with Ireland intersects in intriguing ways with much more familiar parliamentary and party-political imbroglios such as Robert Peel's by-election defeat at Oxford in 1829 and William Gladstone's dramatic conversion to home rule in 1886.

England's Disgrace? J. S. Mill and the Irish Question. By Bruce L. Kinzer. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001. Pp. x+292. $60.00.

Previous articleNext article No AccessEngland's Disgrace? J. S. Mill and the Irish Question. By Bruce L. Kinzer. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001. Pp. x+292. $60.00.W. E. S. ThomasW. E. S. ThomasChrist Church College, University of Oxford Search for more articles by this author Christ Church College, University of OxfordPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 74, Number 4December 2002 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/376225 Views: 7Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

England's Disgrace?: J.S. Mill and the Irish Question (review)

England's Disgrace?: J.S. Mill and the Irish Question (review)

England’s Disgrace? J. S. Mill and the Irish Question, by Bruce L. Kinzer

<i>England’s Disgrace? J. S. Mill and the Irish Question</i>, by Bruce L. Kinzer