Iris Persica Research Articles

Screening of phenolic components and antimicrobial properties of Iris persica L. subsp. persica extracts by in vitro and in silico methods

AbstractThe tendency toward natural herbal products has increased due to the antibiotic resistance developed by microorganisms and the severe side effects of antibiotics commonly used in infectious diseases worldwide. Although antimicrobial studies have been conducted with several species of the Iris genus, this study is the first in the literature to be performed with Iris persica L. subsp. persica aqueous and methanol extracts. In this study, the phenolic content of I. persica was determined by LC–MS/MS analysis, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of I. persica aqueous and methanol extracts was examined, and this study was supported by in silico analysis. Consequently, methanol and aqueous extracts were observed to have inhibitory effects against all tested microorganisms except Candida krusei. Although the MIC values of aqueous extract and methanol extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the same (22.5 and 11.25 mg/mL, respectively), the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract is generally more potent (MIC value is 11.25 mg/mL for Candida parapsilosis and other bacterial species, and 90 mg/mL for Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis) than that of methanol extract. In silico results showed that hydroxybenzaldeyde, vanillin, resveratrol, isoquercitrin, kaempferol‐3‐glucoside, fisetin, and luteolin were more prone to antifungal activity. Hence, shikimic, gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, o‐coumaric, trans‐ferulic, sinapic acids, and hesperidin were more prone to antibacterial activity. In vitro and in silico results show that the antibacterial activity of our extracts may be higher than the antifungal activity. This preliminary study indicates the anti‐infective potential of I. persica extracts and their usability in medicine and pharmacology.

Isolation and identification of endophytic actinobacteria from Iris persica and Echium amoenum plants and investigation of their effects on germination and growth of wheat plant.

Plant biotechnology helps to develop different types of new products with increased resistance to disease, greater tolerance to drought and salt stress, and better nutritional value. The interaction of plants and microorganisms will play a significant role to achieve this purpose. The aims of this study were to isolate endophyte Actinobacteria strains of some medicinal plants and the investigation of their bioactive potential. 15 Actinobacteria strains were selectively isolated from Persian iris and Echium amoenum plants, and then their belonging to Actinobacteria phylum was confirmed using an Actinobacteria-specific primer pair. The antioxidant activity of the crude extract obtained from the isolated strains was investigated based on DPPH method. Investigating the antioxidant activity of the crude extract showed that at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, the two strains EG1 and EG2 had 71% and 78% antioxidant activity, respectively. According to the phylogeny studies, it was determined that two strains belonged to the Streptomyces genus. The effect of supernatant achieved from selected endophytic strain on 35-day wheat plants showed that the supernatant considerably promotes root and shoot growth and chlorophyll content under salinity stress (150 mM NaCl). In general, it can be concluded strains that live symbiotically with medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive compounds. Therefore, identification of the bioactive compounds in the extract of isolated Actinobacteria from medicinal plants and further studies on their metabolism are suggested.

An Overview of the Therapeutic Potential of Iris persica

The family Iridaceae contains 92 genera and more than 1800 species, mostly perennial herbs with underground storage organs called rhizomes (bulbs). Some genera are important in traditional medicines, especially Iris and Gladiolus. The genus Iris belongs to this family and comprises about hundreds of species among them, 12 species are found in Iraq. It has been widely used in various medicines worldwide especially Iris persica is used in folk medicine in the Kurdistan region of Iraq as an effective treatment of tumours, inflammation, and as antibacterial and antifungal agent. Earlier findings confirmed that Iris persica and its constituents play a role in the scavenging of free radical generation and prevention of disease pathogenesis. Each part of the Iris persica herb has some medicinal property. This review focuses mainly on the biological activities of the Iris persica and some of their compounds isolated, pharmacological actions of the Iris persica extracts and products, and plausible medicinal and therapeutically applications.

Phytochemistry and Biological Activities of Iris Species Growing in Iraqi Kurdistan and Phenolic Constituents of the Traditional Plant Iris postii.

A dozen Iris species (Iridaceae) are considered traditional remedies in Kurdistan, especially for treating inflammations. Phytochemical studies are still scarce. The information reported in the literature about Iris species growing in Kurdistan has been summarized in the first part of this paper, although, except for Iris persica, investigations have been performed on vegetal samples collected in countries different from Kurdistan. In the second part of the work, we have investigated, for the first time, the contents of the methanolic extracts of Iris postii aerial parts and rhizomes that were collected in Kurdistan. Both extracts exhibited a significant dose-dependent free radical scavenging and total antioxidant activities, comparable to those of ascorbic acid. Medium-pressure liquid chromatographic separations of the two extracts afforded l-tryptophan, androsin, isovitexin, swertisin, and 2″-O-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl swertisin from the aerial parts, whereas ε-viniferin, trans-resveratrol 3,4′-O-di-β-d-glucopyranoside, and isotectorigenin were isolated from the rhizomes. This is the first finding of the last three metabolites from an Iris species. The various remarkable biological activities of isolated compounds scientifically sustain the traditional use of I. postii as a medicinal plant.

Genome Size Evolution and Dynamics in Iris, with Special Focus on the Section Oncocyclus.

Insights into genome size dynamics and its evolutionary impact remain limited by the lack of data for many plant groups. One of these is the genus Iris, of which only 53 out of c. 260 species have available genome sizes. In this study, we estimated the C-values for 41 species and subspecies of Iris mainly from the Eastern Mediterranean region. We constructed a phylogenetic framework to shed light on the distribution of genome sizes across subgenera and sections of Iris. Finally, we tested evolutionary models to explore the mode and tempo of genome size evolution during the radiation of section Oncocyclus. Iris as a whole displayed a great variety of C-values; however, they were unequally distributed across the subgenera and sections, suggesting that lineage-specific patterns of genome size diversification have taken place within the genus. The evolutionary model that best fitted our data was the speciational model, as changes in genome size appeared to be mainly associated with speciation events. These results suggest that genome size dynamics may have contributed to the radiation of Oncocyclus irises. In addition, our phylogenetic analysis provided evidence that supports the segregation of the Lebanese population currently attributed to Iris persica as a distinct species.

Lily (Iris Persica) pigments as new sensitizer and TiO2 nanofibers as photoanode electrode in dye sensitized solar cells

In this study, lily (Iris Persica) dyes as sensitizer were examined by UV–vis and FTIR analyses. Corresponding results showed that lily pigments effectively absorb incident light. This was mainly due to the presence of functional groups such as CO and OH in the pigment structure appeared on the FTIR analysis. This shows the appropriateness of lily pigment as sensitizer. On the other hand, anatase TiO2 nanofibers with different diameters were synthesized by Electrospinning method, using Titanium isopropoxide (TIPP) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution. The Electrospinning feed rate was altered from 0.1 to 0.5 mL/h to control the diameter of the TiO2 nanofibers. Other effective parameters including voltage, needle tip distance to collector and speed of collector were 25 kV, 15 cm and 500 rpm, respectively and were kept constant during synthesizing of nanofibers. The Synthesized nanofibers were analyzed and characterized by means of SEM, FESEM, XRD and TEM techniques. The FESEM and XRD analyses indicated that the nanofiber's diameter and crystallinity increase with increase in feed rate. The fabricated DSSC with 430 nm TiO2 nanofibers (obtained from flow rate of 0.3 mL/h) provided 1.72 % energy conversion efficiency (ղ), 50.78 % conversion efficiency of photon to electron (IPCE), short-circuit current density (JSC) of 2.716 mA/cm2 and open circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.738 V. The efficiency of the developed DSSCs, in comparison with the previously fabricated similar cells, were found higher, due to more effective absorption of light by the dyes and adsorption of pigment by nanofibers.

A review of Iranian Iris germplasm

The goal of this study was to identify the genetic potential of Iris germplasm in Iran and characterize it for plant breeding and conservation purposes. The genus Iris belongs to the family Iridaceae. About 300 wild species of Iris have been identified around the world. So far, 20 species and subspecies of wild irises have been discovered in Iran, which have special economic and medicinal value in most parts of the world. Chromosome numbers of Iranian iris are 2n=2x=18-48. Identification and characterization of Iranian irises can be useful in upcoming breeding programs. Also, plant breeders require a reservoir of genetic variation (gene pool) for crop improvement. Numerous studies have attempted to evaluate Iranian irises using several methods, including molecular markers [randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR)] and biochemical, cytological and morphological traits. Genetic variation, phenotypic variation and heritability of important traits of irises were also investigated. Important species of Iranian irises include Iris acutiloba, Iris persica, Iris iberica and Iris spuria. The highest concentration of anthocyanins, flavonoids and carotenoids was observed in I. acutiloba. Having a larger reservoir of variation leads to higher chances of finding particular characters, such as resistance genes for diseases and pests or for adaptation to wider ecological amplitudes and stress conditions. In recent years, more than 60 new genotypes of Iris germanica and I. spuria have been bred in Iran, which are used for hybridization and can provide new perspectives on the composition of wild types and other species.

Bioactive Constituents from the Traditional Kurdish plant Iris persica

In the first phytochemical investigation of non-volatile secondary metabolites from the Kurdish traditional plant Iris persica L, (-)-embinin was isolated from flowers and leaves, isovitexin from flowers, trans-resveratrol-3- O-β-D-glucopyranoside from rhizomes and tectorigenin from bulbs. The complete NMR spectra of embinin are reported for the first time. In an MTT assay, embinin showed an inhibition activity higher than the well-known antitumor drug cisplatin against five of the six tested human tumor cells. Moreover, embinin showed a significant DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 value of 112.16) comparable to the reference antioxidant ascorbic acid. The remarkable biological activities exhibited by the extracts of Iris persica and isolated compounds have validated the uses of I. persica in the traditional medicine of Kurdistan.

Preparation of Solid Catalyst from Extracted Silica of Iris persica L.

Preparation of Solid Catalyst from Extracted Silica of Iris persica L.

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils from Flowers, Leaves, Rhizomes, and Bulbs of the Wild Iraqi Kurdish Plant Iris Persica

Essential oils-obtained by hydrodistillation of different parts of Iris persica L. were investigated for the first time by GC-FID and GC-MS; moreover, their antifungal activities were determined: 34,. 32, 27, and 17 compounds were identified in the oils from air-dried flowers, leaves, rhizomes and fresh. bulbs, respectively, representing ≥ 98% each oil. The major constituents of the flower essential oil were phenylethanol (24.8%) and furfural (13.8%), which, as the main component, constituted also 39.0% and 22.2% of the leaf and rhizome volatile fractions, respectively. Phenylacetaldehyde (37.1%) was the main constituent of the bulb volatile fraction. In in vitro tests, moderate antifungal activity was detected for the oils against strains of the human pathogenic fungal species Gandida albicans, Microsporum canis, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, the plant-fungal pathogen Pyricularia oryzae, and the fungal food contaminant Aspergillus carbonarius,. The highest activity was exhibited by the essential oils from leaves and flowers, suggesting that they could be considered natural antimicrobial agents.

ICP-AES, ICP-MS DETERMINATION OF ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF AERIAL PARTS AND ROOTS OF IRIS PERSICA L. COLLECTED IN KURDISTAN REGION/IRAQ

The present study includes the estimat ion of elements in the arial parts and roots of Iris persica L. (Iridaceae), collected in Kurdistan Region - Iraq, which is uses by Local people as a treatment of wound inflammation and tumor by using the ICP - AES /ICP - MS technique s for the first time. ICP - AES technique is one of the most powerful and quick multi elemental analysis with high sensitivity. 65 elements Au, Pd, Pt, Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, In, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na , Nb, Nd, Ni, P, Pb, Pr, Rb, Re, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr were screened. The content of Manganese and Zinc was highest an d least respectively among elements. In case of minor elements, the content of mang anese and chromium was h ighest and least, respectively. The elements present in the medicinal plant plays an important role in the treatment of diseases.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening of Iris Persica L. (Flowers, Leaves, Bulbs and Rhizomes) Collected in Kurdistan Region-Iraq

The curative properties of medicinal plants are perhaps due to the presence of various secondary metabolites. This paper reports the first investigation of phytochemical constituents present in the methanolic extracts of flowers, leaves, bulbs and rhizomes of Iris persica L. (Iridaceae), collected in Korek Mountain (Rawanduz) in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq, which is used by local people for the treatment of wound inflammation and tumor. The phytochemical analysis was performed to detect the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, protiens and reducing sugar in all extracts of Iris persica. While tannins and saponins were found in bulb and rhizome extracts only, alkaloids, steroids, aminoacids and anthraquinons were found to be absent in all extracts.

Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology of Some Medicinal Plants Used in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

The majority of Kurds inhabit a region that includes adjacent parts of Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. This review shows that the traditional medicine is still used by Kurdish peoples and underlines the medicinal value of a great number of plants used locally. The medicinal uses include the treatment of a variety of diseases, ranging from simple stomach-ache to highly complicate male and female disorders; even sexual weakness and kidney stones are treated by plants. The majority of the plants that are used are for curing gastro-intestinal disorders and inflammation, followed by urinary tract disorders, skin burns, irritations and liver problems. In the last part of this paper, we also report the first results of our ongoing research project on the constituents of some uninvestigated Kurdish medicinal plants. The C-glycosylflavone embinin, the α-methylene acyl derivative 6-tuliposide A, and the iridoids aucubin and ajugol were isolated for the first time from Iris persica, Tulipa systole and Verbascum calvum, respectively. These plants are traditionally used against inflammation, pain, and skin burns.