Iris Ensata Thunb Research Articles

Genetic diversity in the traditional cultivars and wild ancestor of near-threatened Japanese iris (Iris ensata Thunb.)

Wild relatives of cultivars are crucial sources of genetic variation for further enhancement, yet they face potential threats due to contemporary environmental changes. Iris ensata var. spontanea, a wild progenitor of the Japanese iris cultivars (I. ensata var. ensata), is extensively cultivated in Japanese gardens, is distributed across mesic meadows and wetlands in Japan and East Asia. This species is currently threatened owing to habitat loss linked to land use alterations. We assessed genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in 32 wild accessions and the 14 principal Edo Group of Japanese iris cultivars, originally bred during the Edo period (1600–1868). In the phylogenetic tree, the cultivars formed a cluster with reduced inbreeding coefficients, suggesting a singular origin and interbreeding between the genetically distinct accessions. Conversely, wild accessions exhibited greater overall genetic diversity and higher inbreeding coefficients than cultivars, indicating frequent inbreeding within divergent natural populations. Our findings highlight the distinct genetic reservoirs of both wild accessions and Edo cultivars, although the former may face inbreeding challenges. Urgent conservation action is needed to ensure the genetic diversity of wild populations as natural resources.

Therapeutic evaluation of herbal formulation in acne vulgaris and its influence on quality of life—A single-arm clinical trial

IntroductionAcne vulgaris is a disease of the pilosebaceous unit that primarily affects teenagers and young adults. It relates to significant psychological morbidity and, on rare occasions, fatality due to suicidal tendencies. Though Unani medicines have been used to treat it for millennia, scientific investigations and evidence-based literature are rare. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of the herbal formulation Ṭilā-i Muhāsa consisting of Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Albizia lebbeck L., and Iris ensata Thunb. in treating acne vulgaris as well as the influence on patients’ quality of life. MethodsIn this clinical trial, 31 clinically diagnosed patients with acne vulgaris received Ṭilā-i Muhāsa to be applied on the afflicted site every night and washed off with normal water after 20–30 min, of whom 30 completed the protocol therapy. The primary outcome measures were changes in subjective parameters such as comedones, papules, pustules, erythema, and itching, assessed on a 4-point grading scale, and change in investigator’s global assessment (IGA) for overall disease severity, at baseline, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. The secondary outcome measure was change in quality of life (QoL), assessed on the Cardiff acne disability index (CADI). ResultsThe per-protocol analysis of subjective parameters revealed statistically significant improvement in comedones, papules, pustules, erythema, nodules, and itching. Additionally, statistically significant improvements in IGA and QoL were also detected. ConclusionThe findings of the present study indicated that topical use of Ṭilā-i Muhāsa is an effective and well-tolerated therapeutic option for patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris.

Iris ensata Thunb: Review on Its Chemistry, Morphology, Ethno Medical Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities

Medicinal plants are mainly used as herbal medicine and play an essential role in primary health care, ethno-medicine system and production of appropriate drugs. Due to this multi-usage, trade network demand for the different medicinal species can extend to national as well as international boundaries. As only little studies are done on this plant, the purpose of current review is to make accessible up-to-date information on, botany, morphology, ecological biodiversity, therapeutic uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities on diverse parts of Iris ensata Thunb. The plant Iris ensata Thunb belongs to the family Iridaceae. It has been praised by the physicians of all times as a panacea and is broadly used in a huge number of disases. It heals up the chronic ulcers and absess, useful in insect bite, burns, vitiligo, weakness of muscles, itching and dandruff. It is emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory, anti orchitis, used in cold cough, in all humours, pneumonia, dyspnoea. The egesta accumulated in the chest are attenuated and resolved by Irsa, it is emetic and purgative. Ibne Sina recommends its efficacious actions in strengthening the wisdom and intellect, cures head injuries skull bone fractures, phlegmic and hot swelling. Ibne Baitar quoted that it is useful in tooth ache, dyspnoea, spleenomegaly, rigidity of uterus, flatulence, it is abortifacient, anti tussive. The fermentation with sosan is benifecial in endometritis, adenitis and hard swelling. Its efficacy in dyspnoea, asthma, thorasic pain, hydropes, jaundice, haemorrhoids, liver complaints, and sciatica. Root of Iris ensata Thunb are reach source of glycosides steroids, resins, proteins, phenolic compounds and also tannins. Flowers of this plant also contains anthocyanin 5-0-glucosyltransferase (R2) and anthocyanin-flavone e.g. malvidine 3KGaC5G, petunidine 3KGac5c, delphinidine 3RGac5G, petunidine(R2) . The epigeal parts of this plant contain mangiferin(R) and leteolin C-glycosides. This review highlights the traditional, ethnobotanical, phytochemical, pharmacological information available on Iris ensata, which might be helpful for scientists and researchers to find out new chemical entities responsible for its claimed traditional uses. Keywords: Iris ensata Thunb, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activity, Ayurveda, Medicinal uses

Nitrogen and phosphorus removal in simulated wastewater by two aquatic plants.

Water pollution control is the focus of environmental pollution control. Ecological water treatment is widely used because of its low cost and landscape effect, and has no pollution. Aquatic plants have attracted wide attention because of their low cost and high level of resource utilization. In order to study the effects of emergent and submerged plants on the removal of different concentrations of wastewater, and the effect of pollutants on plant growth, two common aquatic plants found in Northeast China (Iris ensata Thunb. and Potamogeton malaianus Miq.) were selected. Under static conditions, the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater with different concentrations by two kinds of plants was studied. The results showed that the removal rate of total nitrogen (TN) in medium- and high-pollutant concentration water samples and total phosphorus (TP) in medium- and low-pollutant concentration water with I. ensata reached more than 75%. The removal rate of TN in the medium-pollutant concentration water with P. malaianus reached 71.4%, while the removal efficiency of TN and TP in the low-pollutant concentration water was higher than 80%. In the Nanhu Park Lake samples, I. ensata had the highest removal rates of TN (80.38%) and TP (85.62%). This study shows that both I. ensata and P. malaianus can be used as aquatic plants to restore the water quality of urban lakes. This research provides an important basis for the phytoremediation and treatment of urban domestic wastewater and urban surface water bodies in Northern China.

SCAR MARKER DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CORRECT IDENTIFICATION OF IRIS ENSATA

Objective: The objective of this research was to develop the RAPD based SCAR marker for the correct identification of the Iris ensata Thunb. (I. ensata) plant from its adulterants.Methods: Five samples of I. ensata. from the different geographical area were used in this study. The plant genomic DNA was isolated with the CTAB method with some modification (as dried samples were also used). After that, polymorphism was checked with the help of the 10-mer random primers of OPAA and BG series. Then, the bands of interest were eluted and cloned into pGEMT easy vector for the sequencing. Finally, the sequence is used to develop the SCAR primers (Ir-f andIr-R) specific for I. ensata and the developed primers also validated with respect to the market samples.Results: A putative 580 bp sequence specific for Iris ensata was identified from the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. To overcome the main limitation of RAPD it has been converted into SCAR markers. So that, this specific band was then eluted, cloned and sequenced. After that, SCAR primers (Ir-F and Ir-R) were synthesized by using this sequence. For the validation of the synthesized SCAR primers, they were tested with respect to the market samples. The amplicon of 260 bp was produced by the SCAR primers in the authentic I. ensata but market samples did not produce any bands with the synthesized SCAR primers.Conclusion: The results of this study show a high level of polymorphism in the RAPD pattern of the different accessions of the plant. Furthermore, this study results in the successful development of the RAPD based SCAR marker for the identification of the I. ensata.

Morphogenesis and histology of cultures of Iris ensata Thunb. generative organs

The initiation stage of Iris ensata Thunb. tissue cultures is optimized when flower fragments containing meristem tissue and with morphogenetic capacity are used. Direct regeneration of inflorescence axis (rachis) and perianth tube explants in tissue culture led to the formation of shoots typical of this species. Examination of the anatomical structures of the ovary, pistil, and filament did not show any zones of meristematic activity, as examined over a 30-d cultivation period using these organs. These results could explain the lack of regenerative capacity of these explants.

Investigation and evaluation of wild Iris resources in Liaoning Province, China

There were 15 species and two variants of wild Iris recorded in Liaoning Province, where is a primary distribution area of Iris in China. According to the division of distribution area for wild plants in Liaoning, twenty-eight sites were selected for investigating wild Iris resources in Liaoning. Distribution, habitat and main accompanying plants of each Iris species were recorded. Fifty-three accessions were collected during the investigation and introduced to suitable environment. Morphological characteristics of each accession were observed. According to previous literatures and specimens, all accessions were identified and classified into 12 species and two variants. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to perform a comprehensive assessment on the ornamental value of 11 Iris species. The results showed that Iris tigridia Bunge and Iris ensata Thunb. had better ornamental value than the other species. Some suggestions for revision and classification were discussed on several Iris species.

Population genetic structure of Iris ensata on sky-islands and its implications for assisted migration

Due to global warming since the Last Glacial Maximum, many plant populations have retreated to mountain tops, i.e., sky-islands, which are isolated by low-elevation barriers and inhospitable habitats. Under projected environmental changes, these populations may decline and face local extinction. Iris ensata Thunb. populations at the species’ most southern distribution range are in this position. We used eight polymorphic nuclear microsatellite markers and three fragments of chloroplast genome to analyze population structure of six extant sky-island populations of I. ensata. A total of 83 alleles were found across 192 individuals from six populations. High levels of intra-population genetic diversity (HE = 0.578, HO = 0.608) of I. ensata were detected. Moderate but significant levels of genetic differentiation were also found among the populations (FST = 0.133, P < 0.001). Mantel test showed no isolation-by-distance pattern (r = 0.339, P = 0.161). Assignment analysis classified all individuals into five groups, and four populations were dominated by only one group. Five chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) haplotypes were found, and one was shared by all populations. Two populations contained a private haplotype. Long-term fragmentation, but relatively large population sizes and restricted gene flow among populations, contributed to the above patterns. Under projected habitat changes, the studied populations are at risk of local extinction. We identified three populations that had a high priority of ex situ conservation to be the source populations for the future assisted migration. Number of individuals, how to select individuals, and a potential recipient site were discussed.

Japanese Iris (Iris ensata Thunb.) in southern West Siberia

Japanese varieties of Iris ensata Thunb. were imported to Russia for more than 100 years ago by several scientists (E. Regel, N.I. Vavilov, V.M. Nosilov, V.T. Palvelyev), and in the 1980s these varieties were tested in the Central Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) and in most cases, they failed (Rodionenko, 2002; Mironova, 2008). The first varieties were developed by G.I. Rodionenko. Japanese varieties were successfully introduced under forest-steppe conditions of the Altai Krai at the Lisavenko RI of Horticulture for Siberia (RIHS), and then breeding was conducted with the participation of retro varieties developed in 1980–1982. The crossing of geographically distant varieties, first, French, and Japanese, and then, Altai, Far Eastern, Leningrad, and American, brought about 150 adapted ornamental genotypes and 15 I. ensata varieties. In the progeny of varieties with simple flowers, genotypes with double and half-double flowers were selected, and in the progeny of the last ones, a fertile genotype with 12 perianth segments. The pollen quality of the selected I. ensata genotypes was nearly as good as in the Altai species I. ruthenica and I. glaucenscens: pollen fertility was 78%, and viability, 53%. The fruit formation of cultivars with simple flowers was 54%, with double, 9%, and with forced crossing 93 and 73%, respectively. The fruit contained 5-116 seeds; their weight was 6–9 g; and germinative capacity 1–57%. Seedlings of 3–20% of plants from a group came to flowering in 3–5 years. Eight donors with high productivity, new colour, and flower shape were selected. During breeding, flower diameter increased from 12 to 20 cm; the width of the upper perianth segments, from 2 to 8 cm; and the width of the lower perianth segments, from 7 to 9 cm. The range of flower coloring extended to 11 groups.

Anthocyanins from the Flowers of Nagai Line of Japanese Garden Iris (Iris ensata)

Six anthocyanins were isolated from the flowers of the Nagai line of Iris ensata Thunb. They were identified as petunidin and malvidin 3-O-beta-[(4"'-Z-p-coumaroyl-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1-->6)-beta-glucopyranoside]-5-O-beta-glucopyranosides (1 and 3) and their E-forms (2 and 4), and petunidin and malvidin 3-O-rutinoside-5-O-glucosides (5 and 6). Though the E-form of petunidin 3-O-[(4"'-p-coumaroylrhamnosyl)-(1-->6)-glucoside]-5-O-glucoside has been reported, its Z-form was found for the first time. The presence of Z- and E-forms of malvidin 3-O-[(4'''-p-coumaroylrhamnosyl)-(1-->6)-glucoside]-5-O-glucoside is also reported for the first time. Fifty-one cultivars of Nagai line and their wild form (I. ensata var. spontanea) were divided into four anthocyanin patterns, i.e. 1) the presence of 1-4, 2) the presence of 2 and 4, 3) the presence of 5 and 6, and 4) no anthocyanin.

Изучение влияния БАП в средах размножения на показатели этапа укоренения у Iris ensata Thunb.

Изучение влияния БАП в средах размножения на показатели этапа укоренения у Iris ensata Thunb.

First report of an isolate of Japanese iris necrotic ring virus from Australia

An isolate of Japanese iris necrotic ring virus (JINRV) was detected from a plant of Iris ensata Thunb. growing in Western Australia, and the sequence of its complete genome (4019 nucleotides) was determined. The deduced replicase and coat proteins shared 75 % and 72 % amino acid identities, respectively, with those of the only other sequenced isolate of JINRV, from Japan. This is the first report of JINRV in Australia, and the first beyond Japan.

Vegetation-Groundwater Relationship Model for Subei Lake Watershed and Prediction of Vegetation Succession Rules under Exploitation

Located in an arid and semi-arid region with low rainfall and high evaporation, the Subei Lake watershed has fragile ecological environment; the impact of groundwater level recession on vegetation ecology is the key problem for the exploitation and utilization of groundwater resource in this region. In this paper, a succession model for vegetation and burial depth of groundwater level was constructed through field survey, and was used along with numeric simulation to predict the change in burial depth of groundwater level in the study area under exploitation and to analyze and predict the vegetation succession rules and processes. It is believed from the study that, while groundwater level falls constantly, the burial depth of groundwater level will increase gradually, and succession will occur gradually from aquatic vegetation to mesophytic and xerophytic vegetations, from Carex L. and Iris ensata Thunb shoaly lands to Achnatherum splendens shoaly lands, from Salix psammophila shrubs to Artemisia desterorum Spreng shrubs, and from Populus simonii to Salix matsudana.

A New Isolate of Iris Severe Mosaic Virus Causing Yellow Mosaic in &lt;I&gt;Iris ensata&lt;/I&gt; Thunb.

Severe mosaic disease was observed on Iris ensata Thunb. in Spring 2008, in Hangzhou, China and it was found to be widely distributed in that region. Detection of viruses by electron microscopy resulted in the occurrence of a potyvirus in most symptomatic seedlings. Sequencing 1745 nucleotides of the 3'-terminal region of the genome of the typical viral isolate revealed that it was a new isolate of Iris severe mosaic potyvirus (ISMV), tentatively named ISMV-PHz .This strain shared high nucleotide identity with ISMV. Phylogenetic analysis also showed that this isolate clustered with iris severe mosaic potyvirus (ISMV) and onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) into a monophyletic group, and was closest in similarity to ISMV. The divergence of potyvirus-infecting iris species had a higher degree of relevance with natural host but not with the region from which it was isolated. This is the first report of ISMV isolated from I. ensata in China.

Effect of phytohormones on plant regeneration in callus culture of Iris ensata Thunb

The effect of phytohormones on plant regeneration in callus culture of Iris ensata Thunb. was studied. 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) proved to be the most convenient auxin for the induction and subculturing of morphogenic callus. Biogenic calluses were induced from isolated embryos at the wax-ripeness stage in MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (1.0-2.0 mg/l) and kinetin (0.2-0.5 mg/l). Changes in the medium hormonal composition favor the development of adventitious structures. The setting of vegetative bugs took place in the presence of 6-benzylaminopurine, while the development of shoots and root primordia was observed after 2,4-D replacement with indoleacetic acid (2.0 mg/l). The root initiation in regenerating plants required a hormone-free medium. The properties of seedling growth from native regenerating I. ensata were studied. Analysis of the shoot structure demonstrated that in vitro cultured plants are at the juvenile stage.

アヤメ科植物によるカドミウムの吸収除去に関する研究

Recently the lower criterion on cadmium (Cd) concentrations for polished rice was suggested in CODEX. It is urgently necessary to find out the most effective phytoremediator to remove Cd from rice fields. We have selected Iris pseudoacorus L. and Iris ensata Thunb. for our study from the following reasons; Iris pseudoacorus L. is known for its high biomass and strong resistance to environmental impacts: Iris ensata Thunb. have been often planted in the rice field in fallow. Both species are recognized by their beautiful flowers, commonness, the low prices and the easiness of planting. This experiment is aimed to evaluate these two species as phytoremediators to remove Cd. These plants are planted into 1ppm, 10ppm, 100ppm Cd hydroponics for 7 days. In general, Cd uptake by plants increases according to the Cd level of the hydroponics. The Cd removal rates of Iris pseudoacorus L. are between 0.64 and 2.00% (g/DW), while those of Iris ensata Thunb. are between 0.48 and 4.33%. Iris ensata Thunb. showed the higher efficiency in the low Cd concentration, whereas Iris pseudoacorus L. indicated an advantage under the high Cd concentration. Both Iris pseudoacorus L. and Iris ensata Thunb. indicate high Cd concentration in their roots but low in their shoots.

Specific Features of Cultivation of Iris ensata Thunb. Callus Tissue

A continuous callus culture was obtained from zygotic embryos of Japanese iris (Iris ensata Thunb.) on Murashige–Skoog medium supplemented with 2 mg/l α-naphthylacetic acid and 0.5 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). It was found that successful callusogenesis required isolated embryos at the wax stage of endosperm development. The optimal combination of phytohormones for the growth of callus tissue was 1 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.5 mg/l BAP. The pigment composition of I. ensata callus tissue was studied. It was demonstrated that subcultivated callus tissue contained red pigments of flavonoid nature. Under stress cultivation conditions, yellow pigments were formed and the content of red pigments increased.

Characterization of Anthocyanins in Flowers of Japanese Garden Iris, Iris ensata Thunb.

The flower colors of 15 cultivars and a line in Japanese garden iris, Iris ensata Thunb. were examined by CIELAB scatter diagram. The cultivars classified as anthocyanin types, malvidin 3RGac5G-petunidin 3RGac5G, malvidin 3RG5G-petunidin 3RG5G and peonidin 3RGac5G showed color distribution from purple to red-purple, while the cultivar and line in peonidin 3RG5G and peonidin 3RG5G-cyanidin 3RG5G types were purplish red to red. This indicates that cyanidin 3RG5G and peonidin 3RG5G are good anthocyanin source for the breeding of red flower color. The anthocyanins of 83 cultivars, 13 lines and 5 wild forms of I. ensata were analyzed by HPLC, and these plants were classified into 17 types of major anthocyanins. Among these, 7 new types, delphinidin 3RGac5G-delphinidin 3RG, delphinidin 3RG-petunidin 3RGac5G, petunidin 3G-delphinidin 3G, petunidin 3RGac, peonidin 3RG5G, cyanidin 3RG5G and malvidin 3RGac5G-peonidin 3RGac5G-petunidin 3RGac5G were detected, and a novel anthocyanin source of red flower, cyanidin 3RG5G was obtained for the first time.

Identification of Somatic Hybrids between Iris ensata Thunb. and I. germanica L. by Designing Species-specific Primers of ITS Regions of Nuclear rDNA.

The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA in Iris ensata and I. germanica were sequenced to design the species-specific primers, which allowed us to identify their hybrids by PCR amplification. In 17 plants obtained through protoplast fusion between I. ensata and I. germanica, their hybridity was tested by this method, and 12 plants among these plants had 2 bands specific to parental species. Therefore, these plants were identified as somatic hybrids between I. ensata and I. germanica.

Stability of flower colors due to anthocyanin-flavone copigmentation in Japanese garden iris, Iris ensata Thunb.

The fading of flower color in bluish purple and reddish purple cultivars of Iris ensata and the in vitro stability of malvidin 3RGac5Gand petunidin 3RGac5G due to copigmentation with isovetixin under different pH conditions were examined. The bluish purple cultivars exhibited higher flower color stability than the reddish purple cultivars 2 days after anthesis. In the absence of isovitexin, malvidin 3RGac5G and petunidin 3RGac5G were not able to maintain color stability except at low pH. However, the color stability of malvidin 3RGac5G and petunidin 3RGac5G was increased by copigmentation with isovitexin under all pH conditions tested. Most remarkable was the stabilization of both anthocyanins due to the copigmentation at pH 4.2–6.2. Therefore, it can be concluded that the stability of flower color in the bluish purple cultivars of malvidin 3RGac5Gand petunidin 3RGac5G type of I. ensata is caused at least in part by the copigmentation between these anthocyanins and isovitexin.