Iris Camera Research Articles

A Preliminary Diagnostic Technique from Iridology for Heart and Lung Disorders

The major aim of any diagnosis method is early detection and prevention of disorders. This can be possible by several advanced methods and one such health disorder cure is using Iridology. This work can help a health practitioner to study the iris of the eye and to identify the presence of abnormalities say heart disorders, Lung disorders in a human body. This is achieved by developing image processing algorithms that includes pre processing, image segmentation, feature extraction and classification using hybrid algorithms. This work can be used as preliminary diagnosing tool to identify the abnormalities present in the body. Images are acquired using 12MP USB iroscope iris analyser model iris camera to test the developed algorithm and validated from the real time data that will be collected from health centres and hospitals.

Design and Development of Biometric Enabled Advanced Voting System

The focus of this paper is to design and development of a biometric enabled biometric electronic voting machine. The proposed biometric electoral voting system allows the user to scan fingerprint and iris so that his or her credentials can be compared to existing fingerprint and iris images already stored in the system's database. Counting is going on right away, making the voting process more efficient, faster and safer. This system requires the identification of the voter Aadhaar card, the voter's thumb impression as well as the iris image. Voter's complete data, including all voters' fingerprint and iris image, is collected and stored in the database. While voting, the voter gives their Aadhaar card details and puts eye in front of the iris camera and finger inside a fingerprint scanner, the system looks for the seal already provided in the data base, and then compares the iris image to authenticate the voter's identity. If the data matches, the system commands the voter to vote through the electronic voting machine. If the fingerprints do not match, the voting presiding officer looks for the registration, or the iris image does not match after the fingerprint match, the voter is not allowed to vote, consider it vote rigging.

Development of a clinical prototype of a miniature hand-held optical coherence tomography probe for prematurity and pediatric ophthalmic imaging.

We report a novel design and operation of a highly integrated miniature handheld OCT probe, with high-speed angiography function that can be used in clinical settings for young children and infants, providing rapid, non-invasive structural and angiographic imaging of the retina and choroid. The imaging system is operated at 200 kHz, with 3D OCT and OCTA scan time of 0.8 and 3.2 seconds, respectively, and the scanning angle on the pupil is ± 36°, covering the full perifoveal region. Operator assisting features of the direct-view iris camera and on-probe display are integrated into the hand-held probe, and the fixation target can display animations to attract the attention of young subjects. Compared to conventional OCT systems, the high-speed hand-held OCT system significantly improves the operator's experience and scanning efficiency, which is important for imaging infants. Imaging results indicate a significant reduction in total time consumption in pediatric ophthalmic imaging sessions, as well as the image quality of OCT angiography.

Variability in the ocular phenotype in mucopolysaccharidosis.

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs)are a heterogeneous group of lysosomal storage disorders. Ocular complications (such as corneal clouding, retinopathy and optic neuropathy) are common. Notably, there is a paucity of data on the effect of genotype and systemic treatments (enzyme replacement therapy or haematopoietic stem cell transplantation) on the ocular phenotype in MPS. We prospectively studied the ocular features of patients with MPSI (Hurler/Hurler-Scheie/Scheie), MPSIV (Morquio) and MPSVI (Maroteaux-Lamy), to evaluate the effect of different therapeutic interventions and to correlate the findings with genetic and biomarker data. Prospective observational cohort study. Study participants underwent detailed ocular examination including visual acuity; assessment of corneal clouding (Iris camera Corneal Opacification Measure score and Pentacam densitometry) and retinal and optic nerve imaging (optical coherence tomography and wide-field fundus imaging). Data on genotype, biomarkers and delivered therapies (type and length of treatment) were also collected for each patient where available. Overall, 21 patients withMPSI, 4 patients withMPSIV and 3 patients withMPSVI were recruited. Corneal clouding scores were higher in MPSI compared with MPSIV and MPSVI. Retinopathy was evident in patients withMPSI only. Association was observed between corneal clouding and biomarkers in MPSI, MPSIV and MPSVI. However, no clear association was seen between genotype or treatment type and ocular phenotype. The ocular phenotype in MPS is variable, with corneal clouding occurring in MPSI, MPSIV and MPSVI, and retinopathy in MPSI only. There was an association between corneal clouding and efficacy of systemic treatment as measured by biomarkers.

Extended depth of field in an intrinsically wavefront-encoded biometric iris camera

This work describes a design process that greatly increases the depth of field of a simple three-element lens system intended for biometric iris recognition. The system is optimized to produce a point spread function that is insensitive to defocus so that recorded images may be deconvolved without the knowledge of the exact object distance. This is essentially a variation on the technique of wavefront encoding; however, the desired encoding effect is achieved by aberrations intrinsic to the lens system itself, without the need for a pupil phase mask.

Multitemporal Very High Resolution From Space: Outcome of the 2016 IEEE GRSS Data Fusion Contest

In this paper, the scientific outcomes of the 2016 Data Fusion Contest organized by the Image Analysis and Data Fusion Technical Committee of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society are discussed. The 2016 Contest was an open topic competition based on a multitemporal and multimodal dataset, which included a temporal pair of very high resolution panchromatic and multispectral Deimos-2 images and a video captured by the Iris camera on-board the International Space Station. The problems addressed and the techniques proposed by the participants to the Contest spanned across a rather broad range of topics, and mixed ideas and methodologies from the remote sensing, video processing, and computer vision. In particular, the winning team developed a deep learning method to jointly address spatial scene labeling and temporal activity modeling using the available image and video data. The second place team proposed a random field model to simultaneously perform coregistration of multitemporal data, semantic segmentation, and change detection. The methodological key ideas of both these approaches and the main results of the corresponding experimental validation are discussed in this paper.

Survey on Iris Image Analysis

Objectives: Iris recognition is one of biometric identification methods adopted over worldwide. In this paper we intend to update the previous survey and cover the survey over the period of roughly 2010 to 2015. Methods: We focus on the paper that appeared in Springer, IEEE Xplore and International Conferences, National and International journals covering Image Processing, Signal Processing, Pattern recognition and Bioinformatics. This paper primarily focuses on the survey of Iris camera for Iris acquisition, Methods adopted for iris segmentation, feature extraction, matching and public Iris database. Iris segmentation and feature extraction are important steps in Iris recognition. As there are several publications on the segmentation and feature extraction separately in literature, we have selected and summarized only prominent work in our paper. Findings: We have compared the algorithm used by various researchers with the performance parameter obtained by other researchers. We have found that there is scope for improvement in algorithms and need to understand the Iris Code in detail. Application: This comparative analysis will help researcher to get view on present scenario related to Iris recognition system.

Handheld optical coherence tomography angiography.

We developed a handheld optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) system using a 100-kHz swept-source laser. The handheld probe weighs 0.4 kg and measures 20.6 × 12.8 × 4.6 cm3. The system has dedicated features for handheld operation. The probe is equipped with a mini iris camera for easy alignment. Real-time display of the en face OCT and cross-sectional OCT images in the system allows accurately locating the imaging target. Fast automatic focusing was achieved by an electrically tunable lens controlled by a golden-section search algorithm. An extended axial imaging range of 6 mm allows easy alignment. A registration algorithm using cross-correlation to register adjacent OCT B-frames with propagation from the central frame was used to effectively minimize motion artifacts in volumetric OCTA images captured in relatively short durations of 1 and 2.1 seconds. 2.5 × 2.5 mm (200 × 200 pixels) and 3.5 × 3.5 mm (300 × 300 pixels) retinal angiograms were demonstrated on two awake adult human subjects without the use of any mydriatic eye drops.

Real-time image-guided nasogastric feeding tube placement: A case series using Kangaroo with IRIS Technology in an ICU

ObjectivePulmonary misplacement during the blind insertion of enteral feeding tubes is frequent, particularly in ventilated and neurologically impaired patients. This is probably the first clinical study using the Kangaroo Feeding Tube with IRIS technology (IRIS) which incorporates a camera designed to provide anatomic landmark visualization during insertion. The study aim was to evaluate IRIS performance during bedside gastric placement. MethodsThis is the first prospective study to collect data on the use of IRIS. Twenty consecutive unconscious patients requiring enteral nutrition were recruited at a single center. IRIS placement was considered complete when a clear image of the gastric mucosa appeared. Correct placement was confirmed using a contrast-enhanced abdominal X-ray. To evaluate the device performance over time, the camera was activated every other day up to 17 d postplacement. ResultsIn 7 (35%) patients, the trachea was initially visualized, requiring a second placement attempt with the same tube. The IRIS camera allowed recognition of the gastric mucosa in 18 (90%) patients. The esophagogastric junction was identified in one patient, while in a second patient the quality of visualization was poor. Contrast-enhanced X-ray confirmed the gastric placement of IRIS in all patients. IRIS allowed identification of gastric mucosa in 14 (70%) patients 3 d after placement. Performance progressively declined with time (P = 0.006, chi-square for trend). ConclusionIRIS placement could have spared X-ray confirmation in almost all patients and prevented misplacement into the airway in about one third. Visualization quality needs to be improved, particularly after the first week.

Use of new imaging in detecting and monitoring ocular manifestations of the mucopolysaccharidoses.

The aim of this review is to summate the eye involvement in patients with mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) using current ocular imaging techniques, their advantages and disadvantages and how they may aid diagnosis, management and monitoring. We critically reviewed the current literature surrounding MPS and recent imaging technology as well as histology. Primary searches of PubMed and Web of Science were performed. We reviewed all papers on the topic published and summarized the findings of each medical device as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using these for the MPS patient. We discussed the potential of each of these devices to monitor potential ocular pathology in the MPS cohorts in the order of MPS subtype. We reviewed imaging techniques involving use of the Iris Camera, Pentacam, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) as well as ultrasound and Heidelberg OCT. The need for reliable objective quantification of eye findings in MPS has led to utilization of new imaging technologies described here, and future use will enhance our understanding of the unique eye features in MPS. In particular, we note that the Pentacam and iris camera are able to provide objective measurements of corneal haze and monitor ocular response to treatment.

An empirical study on iris recognition in a mobile phone

The iris recognition on a mobile phone is different from the conventional iris recognition implemented on a dedicated device in that the computational power of a mobile phone and the space for placing NIR (near infrared) LED (light emitting diode) illuminators and iris camera are limited. This paper raises these issues in detail based on real implementation of an iris recognition system in a mobile phone and proposes some solutions to these issues. An experimental study was conducted to search for the relevant power and wavelength of NIR LED illuminators with their positioning on a phone for capturing a good quality iris image. Subsequently, in view of the disparity between the user's gazing point and the center of the iris camera which causes degradation of acquired iris images, an experiment was performed to locate the appropriate gazing point for good iris image capture. A fast eye detection algorithm was proposed for implementation under the mobile platform with low computational facility. The experiments were conducted on a currently released mobile phone and the results showed promising potential for adoption of iris recognition as a reliable authentication means. As a result, two 850nm LEDs were selected for iris illumination at 1.1cm away from the iris camera for the size of a 7cm × 13.7cm phone. In the performance, the recognition accuracy was 0.1% EER (equal error rate) and the eye detection rate with the speed of 17.64ms on a mobile phone was 99.4%.

Novel technique to measure horizontal corneal diameter using a Scheimpflug image on the Pentacam.

A new method to measure the horizontal corneal diameter using a Scheimpflug image (SFI) was introduced and compared with the automated iris camera photo (ICP) method on the Pentacam. Each one eye of 88 subjects without significant abnormality in the cornea was included. In SFI, diameters were measured manually using the built-in software tool with the edge-filter option. ICP value read from the overview display. Repeatability was determined from the first two measurements of each eye. The accuracy was assessed using Bland-Altman plot in comparison with caliper measurements. The measurement failure rate of ICP was aggravated by pupil dilation, while that of SFI was unrelated to pupil dilation. Repeatability coefficients of ICP and SFI were 0.1mm and 0.12mm, respectively. The mean difference between ICP values and caliper values was not significant. SFI values were greater than caliper measurements by a mean of 0.13mm. New SFI was reliable and could complement ICP in dilated pupil. The measurement failure rates of Pentacam need to be improved.

Nonintrusive Finger-Vein Recognition System Using NIR Image Sensor and Accuracy Analyses According to Various Factors.

Biometrics is a technology that enables an individual person to be identified based on human physiological and behavioral characteristics. Among biometrics technologies, face recognition has been widely used because of its advantages in terms of convenience and non-contact operation. However, its performance is affected by factors such as variation in the illumination, facial expression, and head pose. Therefore, fingerprint and iris recognitions are preferred alternatives. However, the performance of the former can be adversely affected by the skin condition, including scarring and dryness. In addition, the latter has the disadvantages of high cost, large system size, and inconvenience to the user, who has to align their eyes with the iris camera. In an attempt to overcome these problems, finger-vein recognition has been vigorously researched, but an analysis of its accuracies according to various factors has not received much attention. Therefore, we propose a nonintrusive finger-vein recognition system using a near infrared (NIR) image sensor and analyze its accuracies considering various factors. The experimental results obtained with three databases showed that our system can be operated in real applications with high accuracy; and the dissimilarity of the finger-veins of different people is larger than that of the finger types and hands.

Handheld ultrahigh speed swept source optical coherence tomography instrument using a MEMS scanning mirror

We developed an ultrahigh speed, handheld swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) ophthalmic instrument using a 2D MEMS mirror. A vertical cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) operating at 1060 nm center wavelength yielded a 350 kHz axial scan rate and 10 µm axial resolution in tissue. The long coherence length of the VCSEL enabled a 3.08 mm imaging range with minimal sensitivity roll-off in tissue. Two different designs with identical optical components were tested to evaluate handheld OCT ergonomics. An iris camera aided in alignment of the OCT beam through the pupil and a manual fixation light selected the imaging region on the retina. Volumetric and high definition scans were obtained from 5 undilated normal subjects. Volumetric OCT data was acquired by scanning the 2.4 mm diameter 2D MEMS mirror sinusoidally in the fast direction and linearly in the orthogonal slow direction. A second volumetric sinusoidal scan was obtained in the orthogonal direction and the two volumes were processed with a software algorithm to generate a merged motion-corrected volume. Motion-corrected standard 6 x 6 mm(2) and wide field 10 x 10 mm(2) volumetric OCT data were generated using two volumetric scans, each obtained in 1.4 seconds. High definition 10 mm and 6 mm B-scans were obtained by averaging and registering 25 B-scans obtained over the same position in 0.57 seconds. One of the advantages of volumetric OCT data is the generation of en face OCT images with arbitrary cross sectional B-scans registered to fundus features. This technology should enable screening applications to identify early retinal disease, before irreversible vision impairment or loss occurs. Handheld OCT technology also promises to enable applications in a wide range of settings outside of the traditional ophthalmology or optometry clinics including pediatrics, intraoperative, primary care, developing countries, and military medicine.

Improved iris localization by using wide and narrow field of view cameras for iris recognition

Biometrics is a method of identifying individuals by their physiological or behavioral characteristics. Among other biometric identifiers, iris recognition has been widely used for various applications that require a high level of security. When a conventional iris recognition camera is used, the size and position of the iris region in a captured image vary according to the X , Y positions of a user’s eye and the Z distance between a user and the camera. Therefore, the searching area of the iris detection algorithm is increased, which can inevitably decrease both the detection speed and accuracy. To solve these problems, we propose a new method of iris localization that uses wide field of view (WFOV) and narrow field of view (NFOV) cameras. Our study is new as compared to previous studies in the following four ways. First, the device used in our research acquires three images, one each of the face and both irises, using one WFOV and two NFOV cameras simultaneously. The relation between the WFOV and NFOV cameras is determined by simple geometric transformation without complex calibration. Second, the Z distance (between a user’s eye and the iris camera) is estimated based on the iris size in the WFOV image and anthropometric data of the size of the human iris. Third, the accuracy of the geometric transformation between the WFOV and NFOV cameras is enhanced by using multiple matrices of the transformation according to the Z distance. Fourth, the searching region for iris localization in the NFOV image is significantly reduced based on the detected iris region in the WFOV image and the matrix of geometric transformation corresponding to the estimated Z distance. Experimental results showed that the performance of the proposed iris localization method is better than that of conventional methods in terms of accuracy and processing time.

DEVELOPMENT OF CAMERA MODEL AND GEOMETRIC CALIBRATION/VALIDATION OF XSAT IRIS IMAGERY

Abstract. XSAT, launched on 20 April 2011, is the first micro-satellite designed and built in Singapore. It orbits the Earth at altitude of 822 km in a sun synchronous orbit. The satellite carries a multispectral camera IRIS with three spectral bands – 0.52~0.60 mm for Green, 0.63~0.69 mm for Red and 0.76~0.89 mm for NIR at 12 m resolution. In the design of IRIS camera, the three bands were acquired by three lines of CCDs (NIR, Red and Green). These CCDs were physically separated in the focal plane and their first pixels not absolutely aligned. The micro-satellite platform was also not stable enough to allow for co-registration of the 3 bands with simple linear transformation. In the camera model developed, this platform stability was compensated with 3rd to 4th order polynomials for the satellite's roll, pitch and yaw attitude angles. With the camera model, the camera parameters such as the band to band separations, the alignment of the CCDs relative to each other, as well as the focal length of the camera can be validated or calibrated. The results of calibration with more than 20 images showed that the band to band along-track separation agreed well with the pre-flight values provided by the vendor (0.093° and 0.046° for the NIR vs red and for green vs red CCDs respectively). The cross-track alignments were 0.05 pixel and 5.9 pixel for the NIR vs red and green vs red CCDs respectively. The focal length was found to be shorter by about 0.8%. This was attributed to the lower operating temperature which XSAT is currently operating. With the calibrated parameters and the camera model, a geometric level 1 multispectral image with RPCs can be generated and if required, orthorectified imagery can also be produced.

Super-Resolution Iris Image Restoration Based on Multiple MLPs and CLS Filter

Iris recognition is a biometric technology which shows a very high level of recognition accuracy, but low resolution (LR) iris images cause the degradation of the recognition performance. Therefore, a zoom lens with a long focal length is used in an iris camera. However, a bulky and costly zoom lens whose focal length is longer than 150 mm is required for capturing the iris image at a distance, which can increase the size and cost of the system. In order to overcome this problem, we propose a new super-resolution method which restores a single LR iris image into a high resolution (HR) iris image. Our research is novel in the following three ways compared to previous works. First, in order to prevent the loss of the middle and high frequency components of the iris patterns in the original image, the LR iris image is up-sampled using multiple multi-layeredperceptrons (MLPs). Second, a point spread function (PSF) and a constrained least square (CLS) filter are used to remove sensor blurring in the up-sampled image. Third, the optimal parameters of the CLS filter and PSF in terms of the recognition accuracy are determined according to the zoom factor of the LR image. The experimental results show that the accuracy of iris recognition with the HR images restored by the proposed method is much enhanced compared to the three previous methods.

장파장 근적외선 조명 및 밴드 패스 필터 기반 이동형 홍채 인식 시스템 및 성능 평가

Recently, there have been previous research about the iris recognition in mobile device to increase portability, whose accuracy is affected by the quality of iris image. Iris image is affected by illumination environment during the image acquisition. The existing system has high accuracy in indoor environment. However the accuracy is degraded in outdoor environment, because the gray levels of iris patterns in image are changed, and ghost and eyelash shading regions are produced by the sunlight of various wavelengths into iris region. To overcome these problems, we propose new mobile iris camera system which uses the near-infrared (NIR) light illuminator of 850 nm and band pass filter (BPF) of 850 nm. To measure the performance of the proposed system, we compared it to the existing one with the iris images captured in indoor and outdoor sunlight environments in terms of the equal error rates (EER) based on false acceptance rate (FAR) and false rejection rate (FRR). The experimental result showed that the proposed system had the lower EERs than those of previous system by 0.96% (with frontal light in indoors), 4.94% (with frontal light in outdoor), 9.24% (with side light in outdoor), and 7% (with back light in outdoor), respectively.

Coaxial optical structure for iris recognition from a distance

Supporting an unconstrained user interface is an important issue in iris recognition. Various methods try to remove the constraint of the iris being placed close to the camera, including portal-based and pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ)-based solutions. Generally speaking, a PTZ-based system has two cameras: one scene camera and one iris camera. The scene camera detects the eye's location and passes this information to the iris camera. The iris camera captures a high-resolution image of the person's iris. Existing PTZ-based systems are divided into separate types and parallel types, according to how the scene camera and iris camera combine. This paper proposes a novel PTZ-based iris recognition system, in which the iris camera and the scene camera are combined in a coaxial optical structure. The two cameras are placed together orthogonally and a cold mirror is inserted between them, such that the optical axes of the two cameras become coincident. Due to the coaxial optical structure, the proposed system does not need the optical axis displacement-related compensation required in parallel-type systems. Experimental results show that the coaxial type can acquire an iris image more quickly and accurately than a parallel type when the stand-off distance is between 1.0 and 1.5 m.

A novel portable iris recognition system and usability evaluation

We propose a new portable iris recognition system. Because existing portable iris systems use customized embedded processing units, they are limited in ability to expand to other applications, and they have low processing power. To overcome such problems, we propose a new portable iris recognition system consisting of a conventional ultra-mobile personal computer (UMPC), a small universal serial bus (USB) iris camera, and near-infrared (NIR) light illuminators. In general, portable iris systems produce considerable optical blurring. Although auto-focusing motor-driven lenses can be used to overcome it, they are too bulky to be used in a small-sized portable iris system. Therefore, we adopt an iris image restoration algorithm which performs at real-time speed. And by using a conventional UMPC as a processing unit, our portable iris system is more extensible than previous systems. In general, the performance of iris recognition has been mainly evaluated based on the quantitative metrics such as EER (Equal Error Rate), ROC (Receiver Operational Characteristics) curve or recognition time. We propose a new performance measuring method based on qualitative metrics. That is usability evaluation including user acceptance, convenience, satisfaction and resistance.