Pangasianodon Hypophthalmus Research Articles

Effects of guava (Psidium guajava L.) and bhumi amla (Phyllanthus amarus Chum et Thonn) extracts on haematological parameters and oxidative stress of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fingerlings exposed to high-temperature stress

Effects of guava (Psidium guajava L.) and bhumi amla (Phyllanthus amarus Chum et Thonn) on haematology and thermal stress mitigation of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) were investigated. In a 42-day trial, fish were administered 4 diets as control (without extract), 0.2% P. guajava (Pg0.2), 0.5% P. amarus (Pa0.5), and a mixture of Pg0.2 and Pa0.5 (Mix). Fish were then subjected to temperatures of 27°C, 31°C, and 35°C for another 42 days. Haematological parameters were highest at 35°C, but these parameters were not significantly different from values recorded at 31°C on day 14 post-temperature challenge. The Pg0.2 diet modified red blood cells, haematocrit, and haemoglobin (p<0.05). The lowest glucose concentration was recorded in Pg0.2 (57.4±1.34 mg/100 mL) and Mix (58.9±1.87 mg/100 mL) groups after 14 days of thermal exposure. Glucose concentration surged on the third-day post-temperature challenge, then declined, and was maintained at 35°C until the end of the experiment which was not significant if compared to those at 27°C. Pg0.2 and Mix diets significantly reduced lipid peroxidation and enhanced catalase in gill and liver after 42 days. In the case average water temperature in the Mekong Delta remains below 35°C, the feeding diets for P. hypophthalmus administered Pg0.2 or...

Identification of Types of Fish Captured by Fishermen at TPI Wuryantoro Wonogiri that are Consumed by the Community

Research with the title “Identification of Types of Fish Captured by fishermen at TPI Wuryantoro Wonogiri that are consumed by the community”.The aims of this study are: to identify the types of fish caught by fishermen at TPI Wuryantoro that are consumed by the community as student learning materials in the Vertebrate Animal Systematic Course, Biology Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Veterans University Bangun Nusantara Sukoharjo in 2021. In In this study, fish sampling was carried out at the Wuryantoro fish auction, Gajah Mungkur Wonogiri reservoir, while identification was carried out in the laboratory of the Biology Education Study Program, FKIP Univet Bantara Sukoharjo. The results of the identification of the types of fish caught by fishermen at TPI Wuryantoro, Gajah Mungkur Wonogiri reservoir. There are 7 types of fish, of which 7 species of fish were found to be in 1 class, namely the Ostheichthyes class, included in 2 sub-classes, namely the Teleostei and acthynopterigii subclasses, included in 4 orders, and 7 families. The fish are: red snapper (Lutjanus argntimaculatus), catfish (Clarias batrachus), tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Tawes Fish (Barbonymus gonionotus), betutu fish (Oxyeleotris marmorat), cursed fish / cork (Channa striata), catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus). Fisherman's catch at TPI Wuryantoro Gajah Mungkur Wonogiri reservoir, can be used as study material for students of the Vertebrate Animal Systematic course.

High Dietary Histamine Induces Digestive Tract Oxidative Damage in Juvenile Striped Catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus).

A 56-day feeding trial investigated the effects of dietary histamine on the antioxidant capacity, gastric and intestinal barrier functions, and growth performance of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). Seven isonitrogenous (34.0% crude protein) and isolipidic (10.5% crude lipid) diets were formulated with supplemental 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 480 mg/kg of histamine, named H0, H15, H30, H60, H120, H240, and H480 group, respectively. Results showed that the weight gain rate, specific growth rate, relative intestinal length in the H240 and H480 groups, and the condition factors in the H480 group were significantly lower than those in the H0 group. Intestinal total antioxidant capacity, peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase activities in the H480 group were significantly lower than those in the H0 group, whereas intestinal malondialdehyde content exhibited the opposite trend. Intestinal complement 3, complement 4, immunoglobulin M, and Recombinant Mucin 2 in the H480 group were significantly lower than those in the H0 group, in contrast to intestinal lipopolysaccharide content. Intestinal IL-10 gene expression in the H480 group was significantly lower than that in the H0 group, whereas the TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 gene expression exhibited opposite results. Scanning and transmission electron microscopic observation of the gastrointestinal tract revealed severe damage to the gastric mucosa and intestinal epithelium in the H480 group. The abundance of Treponema in the histamine groups was significantly higher than that in the H0 group. These results indicated that high dietary histamine decreases intestinal immunity and antioxidant capacity, inducing digestive tract oxidative damage and ultimately decreasing the growth of striped catfish.

Nano‑copper enhances thermal efficiency and stimulates gene expression in response to multiple stresses in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Striped catfish)

Climate change and pollution are the major contributors to the aquatic system degradation. These factors also affect the existence and suitability of the aquatic animals. These abiotic factors affect the thermal tolerance of the Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. In the above backdrop, an experiment was conducted to delineate the role of nano‑copper (Cu-NPs) in the enhancement of thermal efficiency, anti-oxidative gene expression, and immunity of the P. hypophthalmus reared under arsenic (As), high temperature (34 °C) and low pH (6.5) stress for 110 days. Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets containing Cu-NPs at 0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg kg−1 were formulated and prepared. The thermal efficiency study was conducted at the end of 110 days feeding trial and determined the critical thermal minima (CTmin), lethal thermal maxima (LTmax) and lethal thermal minima (LTmin), and critical thermal maxima (CTmax). The cortisol, heat shock protein (HSP 70) gene, and neurotransmitter enzymes were noticeably affected by As, As+T and As+pH+T, whereas it improved by dietary Cu-NPs during LTmin and LTmax. The genes related to immunological index viz. tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interleukin (IL1b), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), immunoglobulin (Ig) and toll like receptor (TLR) in liver were noticeably altered with stressors. Whereas dietary Cu-NPs at 1.5 mg kg−1 diet improved the immune systems by improving gene expression during LTmin and LTmax. The anti-oxidative related gene expression SOD, CAT, and GPx were significantly enhanced with As, As+T, and As+pH+T, whereas Cu-NPs remarkably reduced the oxidative stress. The bioaccumulation and concentration of arsenic in P. hypophthalmus muscle and water were significantly reduced using dietary Cu-NPs. It also protects the tissues against DNA damage during LTmax. The present investigation revealed that supplementation of Cu-NPs at 1.5 mg kg-1 diet improves thermal efficiency and gene regulation related to anti-oxidative and immunity of the P. hypophthalmus.

Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 53103), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 11774) and Sacchromyces cerevisiae (PS 42571-1) with antagonistic activity, safety and pathogenicity assessments on Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Probiotic potential of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ATCC 53103), Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 11774) and Sacchromyces cerevisiae (PS 42571-1) with antagonistic activity, safety and pathogenicity assessments on Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Evaluation of dietary α-lipoic acid supplementation on the growth performance and physiological status of striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

This study aimed to evaluate the dietary supplementation of α-lipoic acid (ALA) on the growth performance, antioxidative capacity, and protein-sparring effect of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fingerling. The striped catfish (individual weight of 1.4 ± 0.0 g) were stocked in 25 cages at 2x1x1.5 m size in a 200-m pond at 50 fish. Fish were fed formulated diets with ALA supplementation, namely: diet A (27% protein: 390 kcal), diet B (27% protein: 390 kcal +ALA 8 g/kg), diet C (27% protein: 400 kcal), diet D (27% protein: 400 kcal +ALA 8 g/kg), and diet E (30% protein: 390 kcal). Feeding was performed until apparent satiation for 60 days. The ALA supplementation significantly produced higher final individual weight, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio, followed by a lower feed conversion ratio on the 27:390+ALA diet treatment (P<0.05) than other diet treatments. The highest liver performance based on superoxide dismutase enzyme activity and glycogen contents was obtained from the 27:390+ALA diet treatment. The malondialdehyde, triglycerides, and lipid accumulation in the liver on the 27:390+ALA diet treatment were lower than other diet treatments (P<0.05). Therefore, the best growth performance and physiological status in striped catfish was obtained from 27:390+ALA diet treatment.

Astragalus membranaceus Extract (AME) Enhances Growth, Digestive Enzymes, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immunity of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Juveniles

The present study evaluated the impacts of powdered Astragalus membranaceus extract (AME) on the growth, physiological responses, and serum immunity of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus juveniles. Four test diets were formulated to include varying AME levels as 0.0 (control), 1.5 (AME1.5), 3.0 (AME3.0), and 4.5 (AME4.5) g/kg. Fish weighing approximately 11.50 g were stocked into four triplicate groups and hand-fed on the test diets three times daily for two months. At 60 days post-feeding, the growth performance, including weight gain and the specific growth rate, was increased quadratically (R2 > 0.90) with increasing AME inclusion levels. An improvement in the feed intake and feed conversion ratio were also noticed in groups fed at different AME levels. The whole-body and amino acid composition were unaffected by the test diets. A significant quadratic trend in the digestive enzymes (lipase, α-amylase, and protease) was found along with increasing AME inclusion levels. Liver enzymes associated with liver functions were improved by AME dietary inclusion levels. Meanwhile, the blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and creatinine values were unaffected by AME dietary inclusion. On the other hand, serum immunity (lysozyme and total Igs) was elevated with a significant quadratic trend along with increasing AME dietary inclusion levels. Liver MDA levels decreased with increasing AME levels. Liver CAT, GPx, and SOD enzyme activities demonstrated a significant increasing trend along with dietary AME inclusion. The aforementioned effects of dietary AME on P. hypophthalmus health underpinned the potentiality of AME to be used as a phyto-additive to improve the functionality of aquafeed.

Growth performance of Pangasius sp. cultured at different stocking density in floating net cages in Bijuri coalmine pond of Anuppur district (M.P.) India

The study deal with the comparative growth performance of Pangasius sp. cultured at different stocking density in floating net cages in Bijuri Coalmine pond of Anuppur district (M.P.). The experiment was conducted in 05 replications at 03 stocking densities in 15 floating net cages of the size -3.65 x 3.65 x 5.48 m (L x W x D). The stocking densities were- T1 (2600 fish fingerling/cage), T2 (2800 fish/cage) and T3 (3000 fish/cage). During experiment of 60 days, the fingerlings of pangas (Pangasius hypophthalmus were fed on commercial floating pelleted feed given to fish @ 5 % of their body weight per day. The fishes were properly maintained for good health by regular feeding schedule and use of prophylactic measures and probiotics. The results indicated that the weight gain (NWG), specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and gross conversion efficiency (GCE) were significantly different (p < 0.05) in all the treatments. Still, the significantly higher growth performance was observed in T1. In this treatment NWG, SGR and GCE were the highest 289.570c±0.928g, 1.698c±0.019 and 0.852c±0.00 respectively. The lowest FCR (1.174a±0.004) was also recorded in T1 compared to all other treatments. The net yield in 60 days was maximum in T3 (9.080/m3) and per cent increase in biomass was maximum (176.955%) in T1. The fish growth was maximum at 30-45 days of observation which corresponds with water temperature of 24.56±2.16 °C, pH-8.02±0.11 and dissolved oxygen 8.28±0.14 mg/l. The higher Ponderal index was noticed in T1 i.e. 2.403b±0.057 indicating wellness of fish. Through this study we can recommended that in above conditions 2600 fingerlings of Pangasius hypophthalmus stocked in each floating net cage gives maximum growth and per cent increase in fish yield.

The potential of terminalia catappa treat to inflammation on morphological erythrocyte of pangasius hypophthalmus poisoned with lead (pb)

This reseach concentrated on exploring the deformed erythrocytes morphology due to the effects of heavy metal toxicity and the size of erythrocytes when treated with almond leaves (Terminalia Catappa) on Pangasius Hypophthalmus. The fishes were fed with food mixed with almond leaves extract with concentrations of 0.3ml, 0.6ml, and 0.9ml in 7 days. After that, lead is contaminated with an amount of 1.0mg/l for all 3 treatments to evaluate the ability to treat inflammation in catfish contaminated with lead. The results when feeding fishes with almond leaves extract shown that the size of the area and circumference of erythrocytes increased, showing the ability to treat inflammation in Pangasius of almond leaves extract.

Histopathological characteristics of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) in challenge with Edwardsiella ictaluri

The present study attempted to understand the histopathological index of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) in challenge with Edwardsiella ictaluri, the causative agent of bacillary necrosis of Pangasius. Total of 355 healthy striped catfish juveniles was challenged with E. ictaluri (25 control; 330 infected). After the challenge, a total of 355 samples of the trunk kidney, liver, and spleen were collected at five different time points including just prior to infection, 24, 48, 264 and 312 hours post-infection (hpi) to measure the represented tissue damage of the fish. Results showed that many areas of the diseased liver, kidney, and fish organ tissues have been congested and hemorrhaged early at 24 hpi. The number of macrophage centers in the kidney and spleen increased at 24 - 48 hpi. Tissue damage (multifocal hemorrhages; necrosis) increased sharply from the period 48 - 256 hpi. The increased number of dead fish throughout infection, particularly the period from 48 to 200 hpi. At 312 hpi, the histopathological index was the highest, so the mortality rate was the highest during the experimental period.

Nutritional Profiling of Wild (Pangasius pangasius) and Farmed (Pangasius hypophthalmus) Pangasius Catfish with Implications to Human Health

This study analyzed and compared the nutritional profiles of wild (Pangasius pangasius) and farmed (Pangasius hypophthalmus) pangasius catfish collected from the various sources of river and culture ponds in Bangladesh. The results indicated that the wild pangasius catfish had a significantly (p &lt; 0.05) higher levels of moisture, fat and ash content, compared to the farmed one. However, the farmed pangasius had significantly higher level of protein and carbohydrate, compared to wild pangasius. The total EAA ratio was found to be significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) in wild pangasius (1.51 ± 0.01 g/100 g), compared to farmed pangasius (1.55 ± 0.01 g/100 g), which exceeded the FAO/WHO minimum standard of 40% for both species. In regard to fatty acid contents, wild pangasius was found to be rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) with a mean value of 4.89% and 2.72%, respectively, while the values in the farmed pangasius were 1.07% and 0 (not detected), respectively. A higher ω-3/ω-6 ratio was found in wild pangasius 14.26%, in comparison with farmed pangasius (0.14%). Overall, the results indicated that pangasius catfish either farmed or wild are suitable for human consumption wherein wild pangasius has superior amino acid and fatty acid quality, compared to the pangasius reared in captivity.

Preparation of Pangasius hypophthalmus protein-stabilized pickering emulsions and 3D printing application

Pickering emulsions stabilized by protein have gotten many interests in recent years. The Basa fish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) is a popular aquatic product in the world, but its protein functions were seldom developed. This study reports food 3D printing inks constructed from Pickering emulsions by Basa fish protein stabilized and the profiles of its digestion in vitro. The excellent adsorption behavior of Basa fish protein (20 mg/mL) was applied to the interface of oil (60%) and water two-phase of Pickering emulsions. Rheological properties of crosslinking networks in the investigated Pickering emulsion might be adjusted to reach the required printability and extrudability during 3D printing. A slower release profile of free fatty acids was shown in the in vitro intestinal digestion experiment of Pickering emulsions. These edible Pickering emulsions have the potential to broaden 3D printing applications in foods and offer information about modulate the digestion of emulsified lipids with protein interface.

A multispecies probiotic modulates growth, digestive enzymes, immunity, hepatic antioxidant activity, and disease resistance of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fingerlings

An eight-week trial was designed by feeding Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fingerlings on diets supplemented with a multispecies probiotic comprised of three probiotic bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Enterococcus faecium) in combination with a probiotic yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The effects were observed regarding growth, body composition, digestive enzymes, liver function enzymes, serum metabolites, immunological responses, hepatic antioxidant capacity, and resistance to the challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish (9.54 ± 0.50 g) were allocated into four triplicate groups and were fed on formulated pelleted diets enriched with varying levels of the probiotic as 0.0 (reference or CONT), 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 g per 1 kg feed. After the feeding trial ended, a significant augmentation of the growth performance in terms of the fish's final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate were observed in the probiotic-enriched groups in comparison to the CONT group. There were also improvements in the feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Nevertheless, no variations were noticed in whole-body analysis, liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), and serum metabolites (blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, and creatinine) among the experimental groups. Meanwhile, digestive enzymes (lipase, amylase, and protease) and enzymatic antioxidant activities (CAT, SOD, and GPx) were increased in all probiotic-supplied groups in comparison with the CONT group. On the other side, hepatic malondialdehyde concentrations declined in probiotic-supplemented groups in relation to the CONT group. An improved immunological response (serum lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulins) was aligned with the higher cumulative survival of P. hypophthalmus in response to the pathogenic A. hydrophila challenge. Taken together, the enhancement of the growth, antioxidant activity, and immunity, aligned with increased resistance to A. hydrophila, can suggest the potentiality of dietary supplementation with a multispecies probiotic composed of probiotic bacteria and yeast to improve the functionality and effectuality of aquadiets prepared for this valuable fish species.

Effect of blanching pre-treatment on texture and sensory characteristics of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus fillet for preparation of pickle

Blanching is a thermal pre-treatment done before other processing operations, in which food items are briefly heated to modify texture and other sensory characteristics. Blanching of the fish meat before pickle preparationis done to stabilise the texture and salt added for flavour enhancement and antimicrobial action. In the present study, freshwater fish species pangas (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) was selected for the manufacturing of fish pickles. Raw pangas fish strips were treated by four different blanching temperatures accordingly 950C, 1000C, 1100C, 1200C for 5 min with the different molar concentrations of salt solution like T1 (0 molar NaCl), T2 (0.5 molar NaCl), T3 (1 molar NaCl) and T4 (1.5 molar NaCl). The aim of this study is to standarize the blanching temperature with salt concentration which gives better texture and sensory properties in pickle. Considering the high loss in meat the blanching temperature of 110oC and 120 oC is concluded to be unsuitable for pangas strips. At higher concentrations of salt, T3 and T4 , the loss in yield significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) for all blanching temperatures. T3 and T4 resulted in softening of the meat and the temperature of blanching further caused heat induced denaturation of protein resulting in lowering of hardness. Based on sensory evaluation all the values were within the sensory perception of “dislike slightly” and “neither like nor dislike” for T3 and T4 sample rendering the samples unacceptable. Among T1 and T2 salt treatments, T2 scored better than T1 . Within the T2 samples, it was observed that the pangas strips blanched at 1000C temperature had a better overall acceptability. Considering the significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) yield of T2 samples at 1000C (-16.69±0.45%) in contrast to a yield of -5.95±0.08% at 950C, the T2 samples blanched at 950C in 0.5M of NaCl was chosen for preparation of pickle.

A fish market survey using a novel PCR-sequencing-based protocols for the identification of commercial significant fish species

This study developed a simple, specific, and affordable PCR-sequencing-COI gene-based protocol for the simultaneous identification of some important commercial fish species: Merluccius merluccius, Lates niloticus, Gadus morhua, Ruvettus pretiosus, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Epinephelus spp. For this study, a local market survey on fish was carried out to evaluate the application of labelling laws and to detect fraudulent actions using the developed PCR protocols. Ten specimens of each fish species of interest were obtained from wholesale fishery plants and were utilized for the protocol development. DNA was extracted from the individual samples and quantified. DNA isolates were subjected to end-point PCR and the PCR products were sequenced. For the identification of fish species, novel species-specific primers were developed by the program "Primer Express 3.0" and by the software “Primer-BLAST” to amplify fragments of 200 bp, 250 bp, 300 and 562 bp, 350 bp, 400 bp and 522 bp within the COI gene for M. merluccius, L. niloticus, G. morhua, R. pretiosus, P. hypophthalmus, Epinephelus spp., respectively. Single PCR was performed using DNA isolates and developed primers for each fish species of interest. After sequencing, the isolates were compared with the selected sequences of the COI gene and showed a similarity ranging from 99 to 100%. Among 43 samples obtained for the survey, 19 (44.2%) were mislabelled, with 18 (41.9%) mislabelled samples from local fisheries and fish marketplaces and 1 (2.32%) from hypermarket stores. Among fish samples purchased at local fisheries and fish marketplaces, fraudulent actions were observed more frequently in fish slices (100%) than fish fillets (65%). Regarding fish fillets, out of four samples labelled as grouper, three were L. niloticus and one P. hypophthalmus. Two fillets marketed as cod were substituted with L. niloticus. Five samples labelled as “fillet” and two samples labelled as “perch” were identified as P. hypophthalmus. Regarding fish slices, all samples marketed as grouper (E. marginatus) were slices of R. pretiosus. The single case of mislabelling detected from fishery products purchased at hypermarket stores was a sample of “Spinycheek grouper” (Epinephelus diacanthus) that was indicated on label as “Grouper” (Epinephelus marginatus). In summary, our work highlights the need for continuous surveillance of the commercialization of fishery products, to reduce the number of fraud cases that happen in the market. Furthermore, our protocols based on PCR techniques could be useful for quality control of fresh finfish and to strengthen controls on the most frequent fraudulent actions of marketed fishery products.

Effects of Citrus limon extract on growth performance and immunity in striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus)

Effects of Citrus limon extract on growth performance and immunity in striped catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus)

Histopathology of the Gill of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus that were Fed with Fermented Red Ginger to Prevent Motile Aeromonas Septiceamia Disease

Red ginger is a natural ingredient that contains several antibacterial compounds such as essential oils, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, and zingiberene. This research was conducted from June to August 2021. The purpose of this study was to analyze the structure of the gill and liver tissue of jambal siam fish and to obtain the best dose of adding fermented red ginger to the feed before and after being challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria. The method used is an experimental method using a one-factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatment levels and three replications, namely: Feeding without fermentation of red ginger and without being tested against A. hydrophila (Kn), Feeding without fermentation of red ginger and tested against A. hydrophila (Kp), Feeding with a dose of 150 mL/kg (P1), dose 175 mL/kg feed (P2), dose 200 mL/kg (P3). The results showed that the structure of the gill tissue of Jambal Siam fish showed damage such as hypertrophy, hyperplasia and bent lamellae. The best results were found in the P2 treatment, a dose of 175 mL/kg feed and tested against A.hydrophilla bacteria

Molecular cloning, characterization and constitutive expression analysis of TLR4 gene in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus

Toll like receptor (TLR) signalling pathway plays a central role in inflammatory responses through the recognition of PAMPs and DAMPs. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is well known for the recognition of LPS of gram-negative bacteria leading to production of inflammatory cytokines. Modulation of a TLR pathway gene in different tissues indicates the functional importance of the tissues in innate immunity. The aim of this study was to clone and characterize TLR4 and evaluate its constitutive tissue distribution in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, a commercially important fish species. The study was carried out at ICAR-CIFE, Mumbai during 2017. Partial nucleotide and amino acid sequences of TLR4 were identified in P. hypophthalmus and termed as phTLR4. Bio-informatics analysis of partial sequence revealed four putative LRR domains characteristic of TLRs. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences showed varying degree of identity with TLR4 sequences from other fish species in BLASTn and BLASTp analysis. Phylogenetic analysis placed the phTLR4 close to Ictalurus punctatus. TLR4 was found to be constitutively expressed in all the tissues studied. The significantly highest expression was recorded in intestine and spleen. The lowest expression was in muscle, heart and skin. House-keeping gene ß-actin was used as an internal control. The outcome of this research will be helpful for studying mRNA expression levels of phTLR4 under different conditions in different tissues of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus.

Evaluation of feed utilization, immune response and disease resistance in striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage 1878) fed with a novel Aeromonas hydrophila biofilm vaccine

Striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus was immunized with Biofilm (BF) and Free cell (FC) of Aeromonas hydrophila vaccine at 1010 CFU g−1 for 20 days and monitored for growth parameters, immune responses and disease resistance up to 60 day post vaccination (dpv). Pangasius catfish in the BF vaccinated group had considerably higher growth and feed utilization than the FC vaccinated and unvaccinated groups (p < 0.05). Biofilm vaccinated group showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the mean weight gain (46.91 ± 0.59) than the FC (35.94 ± 0.21) and unvaccinated group (34.92 ± 0.35). The vaccinated fishes were challenged with A. hydrophila at 107 CFU/ml. Significant higher relative percentage survival (RPS) was recorded with BF (84.21 ± 1.49%) compared to that with FC (33.33 ± 1.21%). Polyclonal antibody-based ELISA was used to quantify the antibody titre. BF vaccinated group showed significantly higher antibody titer compared to other treatments (p < 0.05). Moreover, higher haematological parameters recorded in the present study were differentially stimulated by the oral administration of A. hydrophila biofilm vaccine. The mean total protein, albumin, and globulin levels of the BF vaccine groups were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the mean total protein, albumin, and globulin contents of the unvaccinated group. Furthermore, biochemical stress parameters (SGPT, SGOT) in the vaccinated groups showed an incremental trend in the early days of the experimental period. However, the values were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the biofilm group on 20 dpv onwards indicating improved health condition. Vaccinated BF fishes showed gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) within the laminar propria of mid gut. But in FC group fishes showed less aggregation of lymphoid cells. The unvaccinated control fish had no lymphoid cell aggregation in their intestines. The findings of the current research suggested that biofilm vaccine has the capability to be one of the potential oral vaccines in striped catfish against A. hydrophila infection.

EVALUASI PROBIOTIK KOMERSIAL YANG BERBEDA TERHADAP EFISIENSI PAKAN DAN SINTASAN BENIH IKAN PATIN SIAM (Pangasius hypophthalmus)

Siamese pangasius fish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) is a freshwater fish species originated from species introduced and has economic value for cultivation. This study aimed to analysed the administration of different commercial probiotics through feed on the survival rate and feed efficiency of Siamese pangasius fish. This research was conducted in the hatchery of Teuku Umar University. The method used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were control/administration of Mina Pro (P0) commercial probiotic, administration of Raja Grameh (P1) commercial probiotic, administration of EM4 (P2) commercial probiotic and administration of Boster (P3) commercial probiotic. Parameters observed were survival, feed efficiency, and water quality. Data were analysed using analysis of variance; for different treatments, Duncan's test was carried out. The results showed that the administration of different commercial probiotics had a significant (P&lt;0.05) effect on feed efficiency but had no significant effect (P&gt;0.005) on the survival rate of Siamese pangasius fish. Raja Grameh's commercial probiotic with the composition of Rhodobacter sp., Lactobacillus sp., Acetobacter sp., and yeast were the best commercial probiotic to increase the growth and feed efficiency of Siamese pangasius fish