Iraqi Sample Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of the Immunophenotypic Profile of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in Adult and Paediatric Age Groups in Iraq

Background: Immunophenotyping is a primary tool for investigating acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia accounts for 75 - 80% of pediatric leukemia cases and 14% of adult leukemia cases. However, the prognostic factors, treatment strategies, and pathogenic pathways differ between these groups. Objectives: This study aims to compare the pattern of antigen expression between adult and pediatric ALL patients in the Iraqi population and to evaluate the frequency of aberrant myeloid antigen expression in both groups. Methods: A total of 131 patients with de-novo ALL were studied from May 2014 to May 2015. The diagnosis of ALL was confirmed by morphology and immunophenotyping of peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate specimens using a panel of fluorochrome-labeled antibodies in 6 - colored flow cytometry. Results: The B-ALL phenotype was prevalent in 44 (68.7%) of adult patients compared to 51 (76.1%) in the pediatric group. CD10 expression was present in 49 (76.6%) of adults, mostly with B-ALL. The pediatric group had lower CD10 expression in T-ALL (P = 0.039). CD20 expression was significantly lower in adults compared to children. In T-ALL, significant differences between adult and pediatric groups were observed in CD1a and CD2 expression. Aberrant myeloid antigen expression was present in 29 (45.3%) adults and 30 (44.8%) pediatric patients, with CD33 and CD13 being the most prevalent in both groups. Conclusions: There was an increased T-cell lineage and aberrant antigen expression in both adult and pediatric ALL cases in this Iraqi sample. Adults with ALL tend to display higher levels of CD20 and lower levels of CD1a and CD2 compared to children, markers associated with poorer prognoses.

Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) Stratification for Thyroid Incidentalomas in Iraqi Sample

Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) Stratification for Thyroid Incidentalomas in Iraqi Sample

Distortions to the passage of time for annual events: Exploring why Christmas and Ramadan feel like they come around more quickly each year.

Commonly heard statements such as "Christmas comes around more quickly each year" suggest that the passage of time between annual events can become distorted, leading to the sensation of time passing more quickly than normal. At present however, it is unclear how prevalent such beliefs are and, what factors are predictive of it. To explore the prevalence of beliefs that annual events such as Christmas (Study 1 UK sample) and Ramadan (Study 2 Iraqi sample) feel like they come around more quickly each year. To establish the association between distortions to the passage of time between annual events and emotional wellbeing, event specific enjoyment, memory function and self-reported attention to time. Participants completed an online questionnaire exploring their subjective experience of time in relation to Christmas and Ramadan. In addition, measures of attention to time, memory function, quality of life and event specific emotion were also taken. There was widespread agreement that Christmas and Ramadan appeared to come around more quickly each year. In both countries, this belief was associated with greater prospective memory errors, greater attention to time and greater enjoyment of the event. Furthermore, in the UK greater belief that Christmas comes around more quickly was associated with lower social quality of life and in Iraq, greater belief that Ramadan comes around more quickly each year was associated with lower age and female gender. Distortions to the passage of time for annual events are widespread, occur across multiple cultures and are consistently predicted by prospective function, event enjoyment and attention to time. The absence of an association between older age (above 55 years) and a faster passage of time suggests that caution should be taken when concluding that time passes more quickly with increasing age.

Immunohistochemical expression of Wilms tumor 1 protein in endometrioid endometrial cancer in Iraqi sample: A clinicopathological study

Immunohistochemical expression of Wilms tumor 1 protein in endometrioid endometrial cancer in Iraqi sample: A clinicopathological study

The Incidence of CD28 Gene Polymorphism (rs3116496) and Gene Expression with Oral Carcinoma in Some Iraqi Samples

Abstract Background: Oral carcinoma is one kind of cancer that develops in the cavity of the oral, lip, tongue, gingiva, and oropharynx. The World Health Organization (WHO) illustrated that oral carcinoma is among the most prevalent cancers in the world, considered the sixteenth most malignant, which is commonly prevalent, and the fifteenth reason that causes mortality in the world. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the association between oral carcinoma with single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs3116496) and CD28 (cluster differentiation 28) gene expression. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from 61 control and 61 patients with early squamous oral carcinoma from the gum diseases department/Fallujah specialized center. Then we investigated the variation of CD28 polymorphism and gene expression of CD28 using real-time PCR. Results: The results showed that there are significant differences between patients and control in the TT genotype of codominant models with P = 0.003 and OR = 8.89. There were significant differences in the dominant and recessive models with P = 0.03 and 0.008, and OR = 2.4, 7.2, respectively. In addition, the T allele showed significant differences between patients and control with P = 0.002 and OR = 2.61. However, in the CD28 gene expression there were no significant differences between patients and control. Conclusion: The genotype TT and allele T of SNP of the CD28 gene are considered risk factors in oral carcinoma.

Relationship between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Depressive Disorder in Iraqi Sample Patients

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Depression is considered one of the principles of debility in most of the world and the main share in general increased universal burden of diseases. The top important complication of depression from the point of the patient’s view is social and living problems, which lead to permanent disability. THE OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: Weight changes could occur with depression due to variability of appetite, so this study was to define the association between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and depression disorders. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred participants enrolled in the study with a mean age of 37 ± 8.2 years in this case–control study conducted in Diwanyiah Educational Hospital from February 1 to May 1, 2022, the study enrolled patients with depression features visiting the psychiatric clinic in the hospital selected as cases and matched age and sex selected from another clinic in the same hospital or attendant with patients as control. RESULTS: The mean age for healthy control was 36.3 years and for cases, it was 38.5 years; there were 64% of patients and 16% of healthy control had anemia, whereas, for depression, patients 32% not presenting with anemia and 84% of control had no anemia. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the association between IDA and depression disorder.

Three-Dimensional Determination (Morphometric Study) of Arch Perimeter and Palatal Depth in an Iraqi Sample Aged 17–25 Years with Sickle Cell Anemia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a hereditary disorder caused by the substitution of valine for glutamic acid in position six of globin's beta chain. Segmental arch dimensions, arch perimeter, and palatal depth comparison between SCA and control using the three-dimensional (3D) technique was the aim of this study. This cross-sectional investigation was carried out in Karbala City. The sample consisted of 200 casts (100 SCA and 100 control). Each group consisted of 50 casts upper, and 50 casts lower (25 males and 25 females). The arch perimeter was calculated using two segmented arch lengths bilaterally. Palatal depth was measured from the mesiolingual cusp tip of the upper first permanent molar to the corresponding palatal vault. The difference between the control and SCA groups was calculated using the independent t-test. Except for lower left incisal to canine distance (LLI-C), where p = 0.01 there was no significant difference in segmental arch measurements and perimeter between males in SCA and males in control. There was no significant difference in segmental arch measurements and perimeter between females in SCA and females in control. There was no significant difference in palatal depth between the control and SCA (male and female). SCA did not affect the segmental, arch perimeter, and palatal depth measurements.

Survey on maloccluslon in Iraqi dental student sample

The aim of this survey is to investigate the prevalence of malocclusion anddifferent morphological features of dental occlusion in an Iraqi sample. The sampleconsisted of (218) dental student at college of Dentistry, Baghdad university, aged (18-21year) & of both sexes. Were clinically evaluated after exclusion of students who havereceived any type of orthodontic treatment. The students also divided into two groups, thegroup who have received extraction of any tooth and the other group who have noextraction. Ag,Of the sample (26.14%) had normal occlusion, (6o)05%) had CL.l malocclusionhad CL.II malocelusion and (0.45%) who had CLIII malocclusion. The )%3,77(differences in prevalence of maloeclusion was statistically significant between thesegroups. On the other hand. This statistical difference was significant in eases withextraction than those cases without extraction (P< 0.05). clearly, there is a need forfurther epidemiologeal research aiming to increase the knowledge a bout the prevalenceand type of malocclusion as well as the extent of need & demand for orthodontic treatment.

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) evaluation of ridge shape and bone density in Iraqi sample pre-dental implant insertion

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) evaluation of ridge shape and bone density in Iraqi sample pre-dental implant insertion

Dental and Alveolar Arch Widths in Normal Occlusion and Class II Division 1 Malocclusion

This study was to evaluate and compare dental arch and alveolar widths of patients with Class II division one malocclusion with group of untreated normal occlusion subjects. This study was performed using measurement on dental casts of 30 normal occlusion and 30 Class II division 1 malocclusion of Iraqi sample aged 15-22 years. T-test was applied for comparing the groups , the finding of this study indicated that maxillary interpremolar width, maxillary canine, maxillary premolar and maxillary first molar and mandibular premolar and molar alveolar widths were found significantly narrower in the Class II division 1 group when compared with the normal occlusion sample (P<.001). The maxillary and mandibular intermolar and mandibular intercanine alveolar widths were statistically significantly larger in the Class II division 1 group ( P<.01) . Maxillary molar teeth in subjects with Class II division 1 malocclusion tend to incline to the buccal to compensate the insufficient alveolar base therefore rapid maxillary expansion rather than slow maxillary expansion should be considered during treat ment of Class II division 1 patients. The results of our study sugg ested that transverse discrepancy in Class II division one maloccl usion originated from upper posterior teeth and maxillary alveolar base.

Evaluation the Actual and Effective Symphysis to Detect the Direction of Mandibular Rotation in Iraqi Sample (Cephalometric Study)

This study is attempted to find out if the actual and effective symphysis are correlated with the measurements of mandibular rotation and can be used to detect the direction of mandibular growth. Ninety five Iraqi adult patients (54 females and 41 males)with an age ranged between 18-31 years collected among patients having Cl I skeletal and occlusal relations and full permanent dentition regardless the third molars were chosen for this study. Each person was subjected to clinical examination and digital true lateral cephalometric radiograph. The radiographs were analyzed by using AutoCAD 2007 computer program to measure the two symphyseal measurements with eleven measurements for mandibular rotation. Descriptive statistics were obtained from the measurements of both genders; independent samples t-test was performed to evaluate the gender differences, while Pearson’s correlation coefficient test was used to find the correlation of actual and effective symphysis with the mandibular rotation measurements. Actual and effective symphysis were not significantly differing between genders, while facial heights were significantly higher in males. Regarding the mandibular rotation angles, only SN-MP, saddle (N-S-Ar), and the sum of the posterior angles (Sum PA)were significantly higher in females, while PP-MP, FMA, articular (S-Ar-Go), and gonial (Ar-Go-Me) angles showed non-significant higher mean values in males. For both genders and the total sample, the actual symphysis didn’t show any significant correlation with the facial heights and the mandibular rotation angles, on the contrary the effective symphysis showed in both genders and the total sample significant positive correlations with Jarabak ratio, and significant negative correlations with SN-MP, PP-MP, FMA, and the sum of the posterior angles. In males and the total samples, the saddle angle (N-S-Ar) significantly positively correlated with the effective symphysis, while gonial angle (Ar-Go-Me) was significantly negatively correlated with it. Articular angle (S-Ar-Go) only significantly negatively correlated with the effective symphysis in the total sample. Effective symphysis is a good predictor of the direction of mandibular rotation, while actual symphysis is a poor predictor.

Farklı Ülkelerdeki Loranthus europaeus'un Amino Asit Profili

In this study, the amounts of amino acids in Loranthus europaeus samples grown in different regions (Türkiye, Iran and Iraq) were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).The results indicate that, aspartic acid, serine, alanine, proline and tyrosine were found to be highest in samples grown in Iran, glutamic acid, asparagine, glycine, and glutamine were found in Loranthus europaeus samples grown in Iraq, and cysteine was found to be highest in samples grown in Türkiye. It can be said that Loranthus europaeus growing in Turkey is poor in terms of asparagine, serine, glycine, glutamine, alanine, proline and tyrosine, on the other hand aspartic acid found to be lowest in samples from Iraq and glutamic acid is the lowest samples from Iran. It was obtained that while Loranthus europaeus samples grown in Iran is the richest in terms of total essential amino acids, on the other hand samples grown in Türkiye is the poorest. Total amino acids content was highest in Iraqi samples and the lowest in Turkish samples. It can be said that the variation of essential and non-essential amino acids contents between regions could be due to geographical, and ecological differences.

The impact of applying International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) on audit fees (An exploratory study of the opinions of a sample of Iraqi auditing firms and offices)

The impact of applying International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs) on audit fees (An exploratory study of the opinions of a sample of Iraqi auditing firms and offices)

Relation of Mandibular Canal to the Root Apices of Different Types of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars Using Panoramic Radiographs in Iraqi Sample

The lower third molar is the most teeth failed to erupt in the alveolar process and the surgical extraction of lower third molar is widely carried out in the dental clinic due to pathologic change and prophylactically purpose, the damage of the inferior dental canal can be occurr ed when the lower third molar located deep and its root is closely to the inferior dental canal, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the types of impacted lower third molar between male and female and to determine the radiographic relationship of the inferior dental canal to the root apices of different types of the impacted lower third molar using dental panoramic radiograph, eighty (80) panoramic radiographic images ,40 male 40 female aged (18-41) were selected from the pool of data stored in the computer of the digital panoramic machine, the teeth were divided according to the relation to the lower 7th molar (angulation), and the relation of the root apices to the inferior dental canal according to the distance of root apices from the inferior dental canal either far, close , superimposed. The result of this study showed that the mesioangular type of impaction is the most closely positioned to the inferior dental canal , and this may represent an independent risk factor for postoperative paraesthesia, the majority of patients showed the position of the inferior dental canal varies in relation to the root apices of impacted mandibular third with the majority being in adjacent position , The superimposed relation of roots apices of the mesioangular impaction in male was 32% while in female was 46% so the risk of the damage to the mandibular canal in female more than the male during the surgical extraction of lower third molar, this variation should be appreciated by the oral surgeon when undertaking surgical extraction of the impacted mandibular third molars.

Bolton Ratio in Different Groups of Malocclusions in Iraqi Population

It is important clinically to evaluate Bolton ratio and it influences the organizing of orthodontic management. The objective of the present study was to relate anterior and overall Bolton ratios in dissimilar Angle's malocclusion classes of Iraqi sample with Bolton’s standards, and also to find if there is any gender difference. This study involved dental casts from one hundred twenty subjects 14-25 years old divided into three main malocclusion groups Class I, Class II and Class III from Saladin city. Statistically no significant differences in anterior and overall Bolton’s ratios were recorded in malocclusion classes and no significant gender difference in any malocclusion group.

Evaluation of Salivary Nickel and Chromium Level of Iraqi Sample Treated with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

As orthodontic appliances consider one of the esthetic treatment in dentistry, which contain variable amount of Nickel and Chromium in different part of the orthodontic appliance that may release in saliva and affect patient's health, the aim of the study was conducted to evaluate the nickel and chrome concentration level in saliva for orthodontic patients who are treated with nitinol and stainless steel arch wire and compare this concentration with that of control group. Three groups have been studied 1st group and 2nd experimental includes 17 patients with nitinol arch wire and other 17 patients with stainless steel arch wire. The 3rd group was control group includes 17 patients without orthodontic appliance, stimulated saliva collected in sterile screw capped bottle, and kept at (-20 C˚) then allowed to defrost at room temperature, then the concentration of salivary ions of nickel and chromium was measured by using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Descriptive and Inferential statistical analysis has been used. Revealed significant difference in Cr and Ni concentration among three groups. This study proved that with nitinol arch wire the level of Cr and Ni increase in saliva more than that of control and stainless steel group.

Assessment of Health Risks for Heavy Metals in Iraqi, Iranian and Turkish of Cheese Samples Available of Iraqi Markets

Abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine the concentration of Pb, Cd, and Cr in a number of selected cheese samples in Iraqi markets, both locally produced and imported from Iran and Turkey. This assessment was carried out through the application of atomic absorption spectroscopy. In the current investigation, human health risk parameters, such as estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk (CR), were evaluated in all tested cheese samples. The evaluation of the r lead assay for Iraqi, Iranian, and Turkish cheese samples yielded the following average values: 2.88 ± 0.43, 4.33 ± 0.57, and 3.89 ± 0.63 in units of mg/kg, respectively. In the case of cadmium, the values were 0.131 ± 0.02, 0.135 ± 0.03, and 0.167 ± 0.032, respectively, whereas chromium values were 0.015 ± 0.01, 0.183 ± 0.12, and 0.105 ± 0.07, respectively. The average values of HI for Iraqi, Iranian, and Turkish samples were 0.352 ± 0.05, 0.526 ± 0.07, and 0.483 ± 0.26, respectively. Additionally, the average values of CR×10-6 for Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations in Iraqi samples were 0.004 ± 0.0006, 0.297 ± 0.05, and 0.09 ± 0.08, respectively. Meanwhile, the corresponding values for Iranian and Turkish samples were 0.006 ± 0.0007, 1.13 ± 0.0007, and 0.0056 ± 0.7, and 0.005 ± 0.0008, 0.37 ± 0.07, and 0.65 ± 0.4, respectively. The heavy metal content in the Iraqi samples was lower than in Iranian and Turkish samples. Also, no statistical significance was found when comparing the Iranian and Turkish samples, where the P-value was greater than 0.05. Most of the values of Pb, Cd, and Cr concentrations were above the permissible limits according to EU regulations. However, the health risk parameters were within the globally accepted limits. Therefore, the majority of the investigated cheese samples have no health risks when used by Iraqi customers. Keywords: Heavy metal, Health risk, Canned cheese, Iraqi markets.

The role of inflammatory processes and zinc levels in prostatic enlargement among Iraqi samples.

This study aimed to investigate the role of inflammatory processes in benign prostatic enlargement among men with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels without a history of prostatic disease. Additionally, we aimed to examine the influence of serum zinc levels on prostate volume. We investigated the associations between systemic inflammatory markers, serum PSA, and serum zinc levels in 48 men without a history of prostatic disease, aged between 60-72 years, and 30 healthy men in the same age range. Data collection occurred between 1/2/2022 to 1/10/2022. The results are presented as mean values ± standard error (SE), and statistical significance was determined at p≤0.05. The levels of sIL-8 (P: 44.295±1.002, C: 1.404±0.2562), IL-6 (P: 7.406±0.5632, C: 4.468±0.830), CRP (P: 14.765±0.565, C: 6.267±0.538), increased significantly in patients with high PSA, while zinc levels (P: 92.305±2.8235, C: 114.565±8.861) decreased in the patient group. Regarding white blood cell (WBC) parameters, patients exhibited a significant increase in WBC total count (P: 12995.00±488.47, C: 7713.333±777.778), neutrophil % (P: 69.450±1.619, C: 51.200±1.826), lymphocyte % (P: 39.50±2.024, C: 30.867±1.268), and NLR (2.013±0.105). Conversely, there were no significant differences in eosinophil % (P: 3.450±0.4558, C: 3.267±0.5297), basophil % (P: 0.300±0.105, C: 0.267±1182), or monocyte % (P: 3.450±0.4558, C: 3.267±0.5297) between the two groups. In men without known prostatic illness, increased PSA was linked to markers of systemic inflammation. The results indicate the role of inflammatory processes in increasing the size of the prostate gland, as evidenced by the increased levels of immune markers like white blood cells and interleukins, along with the influence of zinc. Future research is required to determine how these markers relate to the development and incidence of prostate cancer.

Health-related factors of the Iraqi adult population during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic: physical activity, eating behavior, quality of life, general health, and mood states cross-talk

BackgroundThe lockdown and social distancing caused by Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may have changed Physical Activity Level (PAL), eating behavior, and health habits due to long-term confinement worldwide.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the PAL, eating behavior, Quality of Life (QoL), General Health (GH), and mood states during COVID-19 confinement in a large sample of Iraqi adults.Methods3738 healthy adults (age 18–70 years) residing in Halabjeh, Iraq answered the online questionnaires including the short form of international physical activity, GH, three-factor eating (TFEQ-R18), and a short form of the profile of mood states (POMS-SF) questionnaires. Data analysis was done by Chi-square, and Spearman’s correlation using SPSS statistical software at a significant level of (P < 0.05).ResultsThe results showed unfavorable PAL, eating behavior, QoL, GH, and mood states in the total population. Low PAL was observed in 69.96% of the men and 75.99% of the women; only 3.60% of the men and 0.77% of the women had a high PAL. There was a significantly positive relationship between low PAL and the incidence of COVID-19 both in men and women (P = 0.801; r = 0.001; and P = 0.682; r = 0.011), respectively; While a significant negative relationship was observed between the moderate and high PAL and the incidence of COVID-19 in men (P = 0.011; r=-0.682 and P = 0.027, r=-0.589), and women (P = 0.001; r=-0.796 and P = 0.018, r=-0.623). No significant relationships were observed between PAL and eating behavior (men: P = 0.086; r = 0.256 and women: P = 0.365, r=-0.121); While, the results show significant positive relationships between PAL with QoL in men (P = 0.012; r = 0.623) and women (P = = 0.001; r = 0.837). based on the results, significant negative relationships between PAL with GH and mood state scores were observed in both men (P = 0.001; r=-0.837 and P = 0.001, r=-0.786) and women (P = 0.010; r=-0.652 and P = 0.001, r=-0.745), respectively.ConclusionsThe Iraqi adult population showed low PAL, GH, QoL, and mood state during COVID-19 which might be due to the confinement. Also, the significant relationships between low PAL with GH, and mood state recommends physical activity as a valuable health optimizing factor during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Digital immigrants’ attitudes toward e-reading in Iraq and Pakistan

PurposeIn the digital transformation race, the older generation, called digital immigrants (generation X), encounter various obstacles. This study aims to investigate the e-reading adoption and cross-cultural differences among generation X.Design/methodology/approachThis study collected survey-based data from generation X e-readers in Iraq and Pakistan (Pakistan, N = 235; Iraq, N = 251). Structural equation modeling and multigroup analysis (MGA) were used to arrive at a statistical decision regarding the hypotheses and the study’s primary objectives.FindingsThree hypotheses (H2, H3 and H8) were supported by both data sets. However, there is positive variance based on MGA for two hypotheses (H1 and H3) where the Pakistani sample’s path coefficients are greater than the Iraqi sample’s path coefficients. In contrast, there is negative variance based on MGA for two hypotheses (H7 and H9) where the Iraqi sample’s path coefficients are greater than the Pakistani sample’s path coefficients. Finally, these distinctions are examined, along with a few potential research topicsOriginality/valueAlthough there is a plethora of literature on digital immigrants and technology adoption in general, and specifically on e-reading uptake. Research on e-reading adoption in a global learning context is still lacking. Therefore, this study examines the e-reading behavior of digital immigrants from two developing countries (Iraq and Pakistan) and identifies significant cross-cultural differences in e-reading adoption.