Iraqi Architecture Research Articles

Levels of Creative Addition and its Characteristics in Contemporary Iraqi Architecture

Addition is regarded as one of the imp rtant concepts which has accompanied humanculture from time memorial in its various aspects of thinking, sc ience, and art.Thus, addition in architecture which represents a cultural product embodying man's thought, his social needs and demands was reflected in theory and practice through different historical era. Each era added to the previous one something new and distinctive serving development and growth. At present, the importance of this concept has emerged after an increased call to invest in the heritage and re-ernploy it in new attempts after adding to it, thus achieving an architecture that keeps up with progress and development, as manif( Sted in all fields of life. The issue of this paper pointed out the iack of knowledge a bout the crem ive nature of addition, which is connected to the designer in Contemporary Iraqi Architecture Thus; the main goal of this research is to.give the most efficient and :learest image to define this nature. The research has adopted four main steps which cover firstly theoretical study of creative product. Secondly, a comprehensive conceptual framework is built to describe creative nature of addition in architecture (its levels and characteristics). Th rdly, this framework is applied to selected examples of contemporary architecture in Iraq to extract the nature of creative addition.
 In this research we found the- special feature of addition in contempo,ary Iraqi architectural products has been explored becau•se it is a creative and inventive addition with derivative nature at the conceptual and physical levels, by adcpting assembly technique to achieve original and appropriate addition taking into consideration theoretical content and the nature of form elements.

Levels of Creative Addition and its Characteristics in Contemporary Iraqi Architecture

Addition is regarded as one of the imp rtant concepts which has accompanied humanculture from time memorial in its various aspects of thinking, sc ience, and art.Thus, addition in architecture which represents a cultural product embodying man's thought, his social needs and demands was reflected in theory and practice through different historical era. Each era added to the previous one something new and distinctive serving development and growth. At present, the importance of this concept has emerged after an increased call to invest in the heritage and re-ernploy it in new attempts after adding to it, thus achieving an architecture that keeps up with progress and development, as manif( Sted in all fields of life. The issue of this paper pointed out the iack of knowledge a bout the crem ive nature of addition, which is connected to the designer in Contemporary Iraqi Architecture Thus; the main goal of this research is to.give the most efficient and :learest image to define this nature. The research has adopted four main steps which cover firstly theoretical study of creative product. Secondly, a comprehensive conceptual framework is built to describe creative nature of addition in architecture (its levels and characteristics). Th rdly, this framework is applied to selected examples of contemporary architecture in Iraq to extract the nature of creative addition.
 In this research we found the- special feature of addition in contempo,ary Iraqi architectural products has been explored becau•se it is a creative and inventive addition with derivative nature at the conceptual and physical levels, by adcpting assembly technique to achieve original and appropriate addition taking into consideration theoretical content and the nature of form elements.

The Impact of Event in the Context and Response of Architectural Act

The research philosophicallydeals with objects, about how the Architectural act represents many acts in the fact of context. The research problem is how the architectural act was responding to theevent that happened in thecontext. The research hypothesis is: there is a relationship between strategies of reading (explanation, interpretation, and deconstruction) and strategies of response (animation, renewal, and reform). 
 The plan of the research includes two parts: first part includes knowledge framework about; event, response, and architectural act, second part includes analysis of terms and ideas of many architects. According to first part, the event, response, and architectural act is a philosophical concept, each of them can read another term, and became an event. 
 The architectural act had a chance of physical event documentation in context, and it is one of main methods in society culture building. There are some conclusions, the main oneis that every architect has many readings of event and many responses at the same time, according to that there are verity in architectural acts. There is more than a singlestate between event reading and response kind because of the philosophical interpenetration between them. The contemporary Iraqi architecture fact needs to clearness, frankness and honesty in response of architects to build architectural act.

The Impact of Event in the Context and Response of Architectural Act

The research philosophicallydeals with objects, about how the Architectural act represents many acts in the fact of context. The research problem is how the architectural act was responding to theevent that happened in thecontext. The research hypothesis is: there is a relationship between strategies of reading (explanation, interpretation, and deconstruction) and strategies of response (animation, renewal, and reform). 
 The plan of the research includes two parts: first part includes knowledge framework about; event, response, and architectural act, second part includes analysis of terms and ideas of many architects. According to first part, the event, response, and architectural act is a philosophical concept, each of them can read another term, and became an event. 
 The architectural act had a chance of physical event documentation in context, and it is one of main methods in society culture building. There are some conclusions, the main oneis that every architect has many readings of event and many responses at the same time, according to that there are verity in architectural acts. There is more than a singlestate between event reading and response kind because of the philosophical interpenetration between them. The contemporary Iraqi architecture fact needs to clearness, frankness and honesty in response of architects to build architectural act.

Iraqi architecture in mogul period

Iraqi architecture have many periods passed through it until now, each on from these periods have it is architectural style, also through time these styles interacted among us, to creating kind of space forming, space relationships, and architectural elements (detailed treatments), the research problem being from the multi interacted architectural styles causing some of confused of general characteristic to every style, that we could distinguish by it. Research tries to study architecture style through Mogul Conquest to Baghdad. Aim of research follow main characteristic for this architectural style in the Mogul periods on the level of form, elements, and treatments. Research depending on descriptive and analytical all buildings belong to this period, so from analyzing there style by, general form for building, architectural elements, and it architectural treatment, therefore; repeating this procedures to every building we get some similarities, from these similarities we can making conclusion about pure characteristic of the style of these period. Other side, we also discover some Dissimilar in the building periods, these will lead research to make what interacting among styles in this period, after all that we can drew clearly main characteristic of Architectural Style for Mogul Conquest in Baghdad

Basic Designs in Iraqi Architecture and Building Techniques "Archaeological Study"

Basic Designs in Iraqi Architecture and Building Techniques "Archaeological Study"

The architecture of the British Mandate in Iraq: nation-building and state creation

This paper seeks to examine and contextualise the architecture and infrastructure projects developed by the British during the occupation of Iraq in the First World War and the Mandate period that immediately followed. Relying heavily on military-political events for its structure and underlying narrative, the paper demonstrates how architecture, planning and ‘development’ were integral to the act of creating the new state and were very much part of the colonisers’ vision to create a nation in their own image. Works were deployed to imbue a sense of collective belonging and national identity through the creation of new town plans, as well as through institutions such as museums and universities. A certain dissonance emerges between the infrastructure and prestige projects, with the latter presenting an imagined and fabricated notion of Iraqi history, blended with a grandiose colonial style imported from India, and designed predominantly by James M. Wilson. The infrastructure projects began with sanitation improvements, road and rail installation, and expansion of the Basra docklands to attract international shipping and for the export of oil. Further building projects undertaken by the Public Works Department included a large number of administrative buildings called serais. Built at strategic locations, they were deployed as multi-functional centres for justice, taxation and land registration as well as places where local devolved empowerment was instigated. Iraqi architecture from this period has been largely overlooked in the emerging global histories of architecture, yet it offers an important view of the quandaries that faced late British colonial architecture in its attempts to respond to, and reflect changing and hostile political conditions.

Civilizations and Environmental Particulars of Place in Islamic Holy Thresholds in Iraq (Alkadhumain Holy Threshold as a case study)

Islamic shrines architecture is one of the Islamic Architectural building types. It is called (Thresholds); (Atabat) in Arabic. Thoroughbred throughout the Islamic world from the east to west. In addition, it carries the style features and peculiarities of uniqueness from the rest of the types of Islamic architecture. By virtue of the particularity of its function as tomb for important person in Islamic history. Islamic shrines architecture has grown and evolved in started from the small shrines, and then taken to widen with the evolution of time in line with the value of the event and the rituals associated with it. Some of them to became centers of large cities of the largest in many parts of the Islamic world.
 The research problem represented is the insufficiency of information about what roles influences and factors of place (cultural and environmental) in the formation of patterns and relationships space holy Islamic shrines architecture in Iraq. In addition, what the role-played by the inherited urban civilization Iraqi both sides physical & moral support and integration with the concepts and spirit of the Islamic religion, and its rules in construction of architecture. Moreover, presumably Holy Islamic shrines architecture in Iraq are to be studied and its impact on the urban structure and planning in many cities of Iraq mission. In addition to the dimensions of the moral and doctrinal and their impact on society, they have evolved modes of planning over time according to the needs and requirements circumstantial, but the factor of place had a role the basis for the formation of masses and spaces. In addition to the formal role of the Islamic religion and the nature of religious practice in which they are, and the availability of spatial knowledge about the factors that produced the Iraqi architecture, provides a comprehensive picture about the origin of processors and architectural configurations and their source of origin from which it came. Which branded the Islamic holy shrines in Iraq equipped and versatile textural characteristics and detailed thoroughbreds.

Greening Existing Buildings in Contemporary Iraqi Urban Reality/ Virtual Model

The approach of greening existing buildings, is an urgent necessity, because the greening operation provides the speed and optimal efficiency in the environmental performance, as well as keeping up with the global green architecture revolution. Therefore, greening existing buildings in Iraq is important for trends towards renewable energies, because of what the country went through economic conditions and crises and wars which kept the country away from what took place globally in this issue. The research problem is: insufficient knowledge about the importance and the mechanism of the greening of existing buildings, including its environmental and economic dimensions, by rationalization of energy consumption and preserving the environment. The research objective is: clarifying the importance of greening existing buildings environmentally and economically, providing a virtual experience for greening the presidency building of Baghdad University, through advanced computer program. The main conclusions is: there is difference representing by reducing the disbursed thermal loads amount for cooling in summer and heating in winter through the use of computerized program (DesignBuilder) and that after the implementation of greening operations on the building envelope, which confirms its effectiveness in raising the energy performance efficiency inside the building. Hence, the importance of the application of greening existing buildings approach in Iraq, to bring back Iraqi architecture to environmental and local track proper.
 

Structural Systems for Modern Architecture in Iraq Analysis Study to Dr. Qahtan Al-Madfa’i’s Architecture

Dr. Qahtan Al-Madfa’i’s architecture has been characterized by a particular characteristic that may be unique and extreme at the same time, that is the use of the distinctive three-dimensional structural coverings and the exploitation of structural construction to give an extra aesthetic touch to the composition of the building, to achieve the application of his universal ideas, which he strongly believed and defended.
 In the period of the marked urban decline that the country undergoes now, which urges us toward making a comparison between the beginning of the modern Iraqi architecture and its ascending path up to its peak and the periods of its decline until it reached a very bad condition which has been referred to by many critics and specialists. In order not to have solutions that are subject to action-and-reaction principle, it is necessary to search for the intact origins of this architecture and its construction, define its concepts and achievements and the methods adopted by its pioneers to scaffold the urban status of Iraq and to find a pure Iraqi touch full of modernity and innovation. Dr. Qahtan Al-Madfa’i is one of those distinguished pioneers whose works and urban outcome can take as excellent examples of that period and to deduce from him and from his work many things that cannot be ignored. 
 All of this will be done through the illustration and analysis of selected group of Al-Madfa’i’s buildings, designed and implemented, and to be compared with the works of his international architects and thereby reaching the goal of the research.

Sustainable Architectural Concepts (Green Architecture) and its Application in Modern Iraqi Architecture

Sustainable design… Green architecture… Sustainable constructions…Green Buildings these are all new ways and methods for designing and constructing. The environmental and economical challenges of this era are affecting many sectors. New buildings are being designed and executed and operated by modern technologies which reduces the environmental impact and at the same time leads to reduction in cost especially running costs and it participates in providing a safe and comfortable architectural environment so the need to develop the concept of sustainability in the architectural sector does not differ much from the needs that led to the development of sustainable development with its environmental, economic and social dimensions. As this term is one of the new concepts in the field of Iraqi architecture and engineering, so it necessitates the presence of researches concerning this idea from all its aspects in order to make use of the current international and so this research will define the concept of sustainability and green architecture and the important international standards and scales used in this field and highlighting it as a means to increase the efficiency and quality of Iraqi architectural projects. We have focused on international architectural examples as case studies and analyzed them architecturally and environmentally in order to understand the designing and engineering philosophy that the designer depended on.

Comparison Between Membrane Theory and Finite Elements Analyses for Domed Shells Edged by Support Ring Beam

Domes are back again in Iraq. They are early recognized with specific houses of those who consider them a symbol of Iraqi architecture, beauty and luxury at the same time. Nowadays, domes are widely implemented. Domes, built with brick, reinforced concrete or steel; separated or overlapped are widely implemented (5). In order to achieve fast and accurate dome designs, we must to be familiar with how domes behave under various types of loads and boundary conditions. This humble work illustrates the deduced results of membrane theory and finite element to address specific cases in which fast and easy membrane theory results cannot be adopted directly by recommending other ways in order to get an accurate implementation of membrane theory in harmony with engineering sense. Several types of loading applied on a spherical dome –as an example– in this research to get results which were analyzed, discussed and then recommendations were presented in this paper.

دراسة العالقة المتبادلة بين أثار البيئة السيئة في عمر إطراف األقواس المشيدة من الخشب البالستيكي والخسائر الزحفية

In this study an attempt capitalize on wood industry residues in Iraqi architecture after particle wood production in the construction of halls in engineering arches due to environment absence of good timber species. On the subject attended of particles thermosetting wood consists of unsaturated of polyester reinforced of beech wood shell particles again say wood shell particles once

The Textural Effects and Heritage Continuity in Contemporary Iraqi Architectural Product

The present study defines the research problem as a reformulation of a scientific aspect to study the relations between heritage and textural effects under the influence of the continuity. The studies discuss the relations of textural effects with heritage continuity. This research clarifies how strategically use the concept textural effects in architecture in achieving the communicated for architectural product depending heritage usage on different levels mentally. Formally and specially, research contains four axes: firstly, discusse the relation between textural effects and heritage continuity, and secondly, discusse the studies about textural effects, then differentiation the theoretical framework, thirdly, at last concluding the applying operations which represented by electing six main items of detailed theoretical field as the following. Firstly, the aims of textural effects, kind of textural effects, applications level of textural effects, Types depend on formal properties and Nature of the resources of textural effects, which limit the concept in architecture. In addition, the application of the items by electing four important projects in contemporary Iraqi architecture (as models) and crystallized the hypothesis, secondly. The application of the theoretical framework has revealed two patterns of utilization of textual effects in Iraqi Architecture, which attributed to designer architectural style. Similar results obtained from the theoretical framework had also been made by other observers, all of these points paid special attention about this effect in general. It is relation with heritage continuity in specific, which clarifies the utilization of it in two types. The revelations demonstrate the validity of the assumptions made in the development of the theoretical framework. Finally, this paper lays down a set of guidelines for other architects who wish to apply the type of Iraqi Architect to produce an Iraqi Architecture with textural effects under influence of continuity. Keywords Textural Effects, Heritage Continuity, Contemporary Iraqi Architecture

Metaphoric Image in Contemporary Iraqi Architecture

Metaphoric Image in Contemporary Iraqi Architecture

العلاقة بين الطراز و الحركة في العمارة و اثرها في التصميم على الاعمال المعمارية المعاضرة في العراق

One of the basic considerations to determine specialty and identity of any architecture is its role as epistemological discipline in specific cultural structure, so the research depending on cultural history theories is able to distinguish between two types of architecture identification that, is architectural style and architectural movements by its relation to culture. The research basic focusing is on the relation between style and movement in architecture and its influence on architecture especially in Iraq. Where the last had a lot of analytical and critical studies from different points. So the research problem has concerned with the epistemological confusion in styles and movement concepts and the relation between them in addition to the lack of information that explains the influence of any of them on contemporary architectural design in Iraq. For reaching the research goal in explaining the way that architectural products would belong to architectural style or movement and its influence on contemporary design in Iraq from (1965-2005) .First the research had to extract stylistic and move mental measures architecturally, which counts as objective measures can be implemented on any historical or present stage and then implement it on Iraqi architecture in the stage (from 1965 to 2005) The research finally reached to a number of results ,the most important that is Iraqi architectural design from 1965 to 2005 is the stage where architectural thoughts was born. The research put the stage in two parts; the first one (from the sixties to the end of seventies) was able to define a general basic trend in the necessity of heritage in contemporary architecture but its experiences were a kind of continuity to modern solutions with specialty of a place, environment and culture, others built on stylistic metaphors as a way of making contemporary architecture in Iraq. The later staqe of this stage developed a consesuous experiences toward heritage and conceptual understanding of style, so it didn't have continues stylistics elements or a parallel experiences in a specific movement, but it depend on individual translation of architectural solution. The last result of the research is that between the individual way of thinking and a general theoretical solutions in which comes the joint of architectural movement that unify a common architectural terminologies between people tests and architect thoughts.

Studies in Medieval Iraqi Architecture, by Tariq Jawad Al Janabi. Pp. 276, pls. 200, figs. 51, index, bibliography. Ministry of Culture and Information, State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage, Iraq1982.

Studies in Medieval Iraqi Architecture, by Tariq Jawad Al Janabi. Pp. 276, pls. 200, figs. 51, index, bibliography. Ministry of Culture and Information, State Organization of Antiquities and Heritage, Iraq1982. - Volume 18 Issue 2