Experience In Iraq Research Articles

A Comparative Analysis of Single Versus Multiple Arterial Grafts in Coronary Arterial Bypass Grafting: Initial Experience in Iraq.

The global recognition of multiple arterial grafting (MAG) and total arterial grafting (TAG) in coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is increasing. However, many centers have not yet adopted these procedures. Our study aims to examine the intraoperative, early postoperative, and two-year follow-up outcomes associated with MAG and TAG in candidates for CABG. The goal is to provide valuable insights into the role of these procedures. A prospective comparative study was conducted at Sulaimani Cardiac Hospital to analyze a cohort of 300 patients who underwent CABG surgery between January 2021 and April 2022. Convenience sampling was used to select participants. Prior to surgery, patients underwent comprehensive pre-operative evaluations, with certain CABG types being excluded. The patients were then categorized into three groups based on their surgical approach: single arterial conduit (SA), two arterial conduits (MA), and total arterial revascularization (TA). The standard bypass procedure was performed for all patients, and they were monitored for 30 days, six months, and two years after the surgery. A range of variables, including bypass and cross-clamp times, as well as postoperative complications such as bleeding and stroke, were recorded and analyzed. Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, version 25; IBM Corp.,Armonk, NY) was used for this analysis, with a predetermined significance threshold of p ≤ 0.05. The study included 300 participants who underwent CABG. The participants had an average age of 61.19 ± 4.67 years (95% CI: 36-81) and an average BMI of 27.40 ± 8.4 kg/m² (95% CI: 18-45). Diabetes was present in 40.3% of the patients, and the majority of the participants were male (77.7%). The number of vessels involved in the bypass varied, with two vessels in 21% of cases, three vessels in 65%, and four vessels in 14%. The left internal thoracic artery (LITA) was primarily used for arterial revascularization, and additional arterial conduits were used in 30.3% of cases. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the number of grafts among patient groups (P = 0.042). However, there were no significant differences in bypass duration, cross-clamp duration, stroke incidence, or in-hospital mortality rates among the groups (P > 0.05). The rates of myocardial infarction (MI) approached significance (P = 0.05), and the mortality rates were comparable over a two-year period after CABG (4.7%) and at shorter intervals. These findings highlight the importance of age and the number of grafts in determining outcomes in CABG patients. In a developing nation, the lack of a specialized center for MAG does not hinder the implementation of MAG or TAG. The overall occurrence of complications after CABG is similar across all groups, except for MI. Patients who undergo MAG have higher rates of overall survival compared to those who receive SA and TAG.

Kurdish Women’s Experience in Iraq: History, Politics and Literature

AbstractThe aim of this article is to study the conspicuous impact of the changing historical and political situation in Iraq on the Kurdish intellectual and literary production with particular attention to Kurdish women’s position and perspective on these changes. Focusing on the hectic periods of the Kurdish history and national movement in Iraq, the article answers such intriguing questions as how do the social and political discourses in Iraq shape Kurdish women’s roles and contributions and how has the interplay between Kurdish nationalism and women’s participation developed within the different literary, intellectual and political circles. Chronicling the various socio‐political dimensions of Kurdish national movement and investigating the ways in which Kurdish women’s participation has been relegated both by the Iraqi regimes and within the Kurdish national movements, the article presents a content analysis of different intentions, oversights, and insights of Kurdish and non‐Kurdish political, literary and intellectual actors regarding Kurdish women’s changing roles and desires in Iraq and of the images by which Kurdish women have been presented, thereby positioning itself within a socio‐political studies.

Os Efeitos dos Padrões de Corrupção Administrativa no Processo de Desenvolvimento

Objective: Identifying the relationship between administrative corruption and development in the Arab world and Iraq. Theoretical framework: The study contributed to defining the relationship of corruption to development in the Arab world. As for the second axis, it talks about the impact of administrative corruption and its patterns on development efforts in Iraq. As for the third axis, it will be about the reasons for the failure or faltering of the development model in Iraq. Method: We shed light on the concept of corruption, its manifestations, its causes, effects and impactful repercussions, then we look at Iraq's experience in administrative corruption, trying to shed light on the characteristics and dimensions of this experience and the negative effects resulting from it, then we come to develop the most prominent solutions and objective treatments to reduce the impact of this phenomenon on human societies. Results and conclusion: Administrative and financial corruption is an old phenomenon that has afflicted the administrative apparatus in Iraq since the establishment of the Iraqi government in the twenties of the last century. Weak political will to combat corruption, as members of Parliament are prevented from disclosing their income and sources. Implications of the research: Corruption leads to weak investment and the flight of funds outside the country at a time when these funds were supposed to be used to establish economic development projects that serve citizens by providing job opportunities. Originality/value: Developing educational and cultural curricula through various media to create a culture of integrity and preservation of public money through a long-term strategy for the purpose of achieving loyalty and belonging between the individual and the state, as the law is not the only deterrent to corruption, but rather there must be a culture of integrity and preservation of public money.

Effects of radiotherapy on blood parameters in patients with different types of cancer; single center experience in Iraq

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Radiotherapy is important for the treatment of cancer but it is not without side effects on the human body like lethal effects on blood cells. This study aimed to estimate the effect of radiotherapy on blood parameters in cancer patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and two patients from Zhianawa Hospital in Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq, were included in this study from July 2022 to October 2022. The blood samples were collected for blood analysis and the information of participants was taken through a detailed questionnaire. RESULTS: Out of the 102 patients, 61 (59.8%) females and 41 (40.2%) males, the median age was 50.1 years ± 17.02 years. Forty-nine (48%) of studied patients were in Stage 4 and the most common cancer was breast cancer accounting for 43 (42.2%). We found a statistically significant (P < 0.05) reduction in total white blood cell (WBC) count, red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin, and platelet counts, but regarding neutrophils, the reduction was statistically not significant (P = 0.343). Doses of radiotherapy and more advanced stages of cancer affect the degree of the reduction of blood counts and it can be seen in different ages. The cell drop was significantly lower in younger patients, aged <60 years as related to the curative intent in those age groups. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that radiotherapy has a potential effect on circulating WBCs, RBC counts, and platelets, but not neutrophils and it is related to the stage of cancer and age of the patients.

Profile of childhood central nervous system tumors in Iraq experience of children's welfare teaching hospital in medical city, Baghdad

Profile of childhood central nervous system tumors in Iraq experience of children's welfare teaching hospital in medical city, Baghdad

Political and security instability and its effects on foreign investment: with reference to Iraq's experience after 2003

The research deals with the conceptual framework of political and security stability and foreign investment, the theoretical framework for the impact of political and security stability on foreign investment, and the practical aspect that affected political and security stability on foreign investment in Iraq for the period 2003-2021. The research aims to explain the reasons for the modest levels of foreign investment in Iraq and the fluctuation of its flows. Since 2003 and studying the causes of this imbalance, and among these reasons the security and political instability for the period under study, the Iraqi society was chosen as a sample for the research, and simple statistical tools were used in the analysis. The measurement method (SPSS) and linear programming were excluded because the results obtained are negative and do not explain Scientific explanation of the relationship between the two variables. Therefore, the method of direct analysis was resorted to through the tables obtained related to the index of political and security instability, and the results were positive and depended on solid scientific facts.
 On the outside world and then lift the economic sanctions imposed on Iraq, and the issuance of the investment law for the year 2006 had a great impact in encouraging the flow of foreign investment to Iraq. Although these flows are still modest and weak, and most of them are in the oil sector, and what indicates the obstacles to foreign investment are the security and political instability and cases of administrative and financial corruption were among the reasons that prevented the provision of an appropriate investment climate capable of attracting foreign investments. And the research recommended that Political stability is an attractive factor for foreign investors to invest their money inside the country because stability is one of the important elements for the investor and the economy of Iraq must be developed because Iraq’s economy is a one-sided renter economy that depends on oil and the development of the rest of the sectors to advance the economic reality and build a strong state. The instability index is considered one of the dangerous and important indicators, and due to the fluctuations of government systems and their unstable policies in recent times, this has led to a deterioration in conditions and a decrease in the demand for invest.

The challenges of breast conservative surgery in multifocal breast cancer: The first insights from Iraq experience

This article illuminates the changing landscape of managing multifocal (MF) breast cancer, specifically within the context of Iraq. Conventionally, MF breast cancer, characterized by multiple tumors within the same quadrant, has been deemed unsuitable for breast-conserving surgery (BCS) due to the perceived risk of local recurrence. However, data from our two centers in Baghdad may challenge this perspective. Of the 239 patients diagnosed with MF breast cancer in 2020, 73 underwent BCS, with only one local recurrence (1.37%), comparable to the recurrence rate in the mastectomy group (1.20%). Despite ongoing debates regarding MF breast cancer’s management and its association with higher local recurrence rates, our findings support emerging consensus on the effectiveness of BCS. Our experience from Iraq offers a unique perspective, suggesting equivalent local recurrence rates for BCS and mastectomy, necessitating a re-evaluation of surgical approaches and potentially endorsing less invasive treatments.

Local Government and Its Relationship with The Central Government In Light of Iraqi Legislations

Objective: The study deals with the situation in Iraq after 2003, which is a new stage in the political and administrative history of Iraq after the adoption of the federal system and the transition from the centralization system to the administrative decentralization system, which was explicitly stated in the Iraqi constitution of 2005, and the law of irregular governorates in Region No. 22 for the year 2008. Method: the descriptive approach was used in explaining the concept of local governance and local administration and the differences between the two concepts, using the comparative method in defining the competencies of each of the central government and its local units in accordance with the Iraqi constitution of 2005 and comparing that with the law of irregular governorates in the region No. 22 of the year 2008 and its amendments. Results: Because the federal experience in Iraq came as a result of the occupation and its repercussions and not as a result of the maturation of social and political awareness, its legislation was characterized by weakness with regard to the distribution of competencies for both the local administration and the central administration. Also, the Governorates Law No. 22 of 2008 failed to set a general policy for local governments for their establishment, organization, management and the way of distributing their competencies, which led to a conflict between the competencies of each of the local governments and the central government.

Environmental Compatibility of the Suggested New Cities Study Area -Samawah New City

The research presented the experience of creating a new sustainable city, and this experience of establishing an Eco-City (Environmentally friendly) is considered the first experience in Iraq. The current study stressed the importance of the need for environmental planning in the early stages of planning new cities based on realism in planning, design and implementation. Subsequently, that aims to preserve the ecosystem, which is difficult to compensate if degraded or polluted. The research incorporated environmental planning indicators within sustainable urban planning (Reliance on generating electric power that is based on clean and renewable energy sources, Availability of public transport services and pedestrian paths, providing green and open areas, approval the principle of mixed use of urban land; reuse of treated wastewater for various urban usages, as well as an interest in solid waste management and recycling residual wastes. Community participation, intensification and compactness within urban areas are evaluating by indicators conducting statistical analysing, and discussing results within methods and strategies of sustainable urban planning and their compatibility for implementation in new cities in Iraq. The main research contribution was to plan a new Eco-City integrated and comprehensive, healthy and liveable city that provides comfort and luxury to residents, taking into account environmental planning. Another contribution is presenting by eliminating informal housing and reducing pressure on social and technical services within the existing Samawah city, especially study area is adjacent to Samawah existing city.

The Reality and Future of Parliamentary Experience in Iraq after 2003

Parliamentary systems are the most prevalent form of government worldwide today, such as in Britain, Germany, Italy, Spain, Japan, India, and others. However, there are countries that adopt political systems different from those mentioned, such as the presidential system in the United States of America and the assembly system in Switzerland. Nevertheless, most parliamentary systems have their origins in the British parliamentary experience, which was used as a model in establishing their powers and managing public affairs.
 The reality of the parliamentary experience in Iraq is one of the parliamentary experiences in the countries of the Global South that reflects a societal reality different from parliamentary experiences in emerging parliamentary democracies, as it is a young experience after 2003. It was established and developed in a historical context, political instability, and insecurity that Iraq witnessed after 2003, under the authority of the American occupation. The clear shortcomings in this parliamentary experience are attributed to historical circumstances, the pressures of the American occupation, and the newness of the experience.
 Therefore, it was necessary for us to examine the reality of the Iraqi parliamentary experience after 2003, in terms of its characteristics, legislation, oversight, and its challenges, as well as evaluating the work of governments, and looking at the future prospects of the experience.

Risk factors of limited joint mobility in type 1 diabetic adolescents: a two-center experience in Iraq

BACKGROUND Limited joint mobility (LJM) is the most common joint-related complications in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and indicates the presence of microvascular complications. This study aimed to assess the frequency of LJM among adolescents with type 1 DM (T1DM), its risk factors, and the other microangiopathies.
 METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 75 patients (adolescents between 10 and 17 years old) with T1DM were assessed for hand joint mobility using a prayer sign test. It was carried out from January 15 to June 1, 2022 in Baghdad city, Iraq. The patients’ height, body mass index, blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were recorded. Only 44 subjects were screened for diabetic nephropathy and 64 for diabetic retinopathy based on the eligibility criteria by the American Diabetes Association guidelines.
 RESULTS Mean age was 13.60 (1.85) years, with a mean diabetes duration of 5.61 (2.87) years. LJM was found in 18 patients (24%). It was associated with a longer duration of diabetes (p<0.001), high LDL level (p = 0.012), diabetic nephropathy (p = 0.04), and diabetic retinopathy (p<0.001).
 CONCLUSIONS The proportion of LJM was high among adolescents with T1DM, especially in those with a long duration of DM. It was associated with high LDL levels and diabetic microangiopathies (nephropathy and retinopathy).

Impact of using combined chemotherapy regimen in children with Hodgkin lymphoma in countries with limited resources: a single center experience in Iraq

Impact of using combined chemotherapy regimen in children with Hodgkin lymphoma in countries with limited resources: a single center experience in Iraq

Diversification and Economic Growth in Emerging Economies: The Kurdistan of Iraq Experience

Diversification and Economic Growth in Emerging Economies: The Kurdistan of Iraq Experience

Incidence of hepatitis B and C in children with cancer: a single institution experience in Iraq

Hepatitis viruses, including B and C, are present in a large number of cancer cases, such as leukemia, and they are responsible for most of hepatitis. Objective: To determine the incidence of hepatitis virus infection among children being treated for cancer and to evaluate the factors that may increase the risk of infection. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Al-Imam Al-Hussain Oncology Center in Kerbala during a period of seven months, from the 13th of June 2019 till the 13th of January 2020. One hundred fifty-one patients were included in this study; their ages were < 18 years. They were diagnosed with cancer for at least six months before. They were either on current treatment or finished treatment and were attending for follow-up. A two ml of blood was drawn from all patients to test for liver function test, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag), and anti-hepatitis C antibody (anti-HCV). Results: In this study, the incidence of hepatitis C was 4%, and the incidence of hepatitis B was 1.3%. The highest prevalence of hepatitis infection was significantly seen in patients who received platelets transfusion more than ten times, in leukemia patients, in patients who received packed RBC transfusion 1-10 times, in patients who had elevated liver function tests, and in patients who received the last transfusion outside Kerbala. Conclusion: Incidence of blood born hepatitis is comparable with other published studies, higher with more frequent blood product transfusion, and higher with hematological malignancies rather than solid malignancies

Establishing Zion in the Heat of Battle

Establishing Zion in the Heat of Battle

Exploring the Literary Representation of Trauma in Contemporary Iraqi Fiction from Socio-historical Perspective

The present study aims to critically review the aspects of war in selected Iraqi war novels— Sinan Antoon, The Baghdad Eucharist (2017), Corpse Washer (2013) Zauhair Jabouri, The Corpse Hunter (2014)—that focus on depicting vividly the traumatic experiences of Iraqi, particularly after the US-led invasion of Iraq 2003 and how these novels could recur constantly to humanist themes and traumatized figures, the psychological suffering of minorities and the oppressed. In other words, it aims to make visible specific historical instances of trauma in Iraqi war fiction. The present study undertakes an in-depth investigation of the socio-political and historical dimensions of Cathy Caruth’s literary trauma simply because trauma experiences in Iraq were emanated from several causes such as social injustice, the oppression of minorities, political despotism, and the persecution of religious minorities, the displacement of Iraqis from the homeland, and the genocidal policies of jihadist. The study has found that Iraqi war fiction depends on the stylistic technique of repeating certain expressions, phrases, and lexical items to intensify the extraordinary events. It is a narrative of traumatic haunting known for its non-linear and circular style that often leads to ambiguity where readers are often unable to decode the authorial intentions, deriving its ambiguity from the traits of dreams and nightmares, the interpretations of which are continually and unredeemably haunted by the memory of loss.

The relationship between corporate governance and financial reporting transparency

PurposeThe present study aims to examine the relationship between corporate governance factors and financial reporting transparency pre and post of ISIS.Design/methodology/approachA multivariate regression model was used to test the hypotheses for this purpose. The research hypotheses were tested on a sample of 35 companies listed on the Iraqi Stock Exchange from 2012 to 2018 using a multivariate regression model based on panel data technique.FindingsThe results indicate a negative and significant correlation between the board independence, audit committee independence, management team stability and remuneration of the board of directors and financial reporting transparency. In contrast, there is a positive and significant correlation between the board expertise, audit committee expertise and managerial ownership, with financial reporting transparency. Moreover, ISIS has had a direct and significant impact on the correlation between the board of directors’ independence and remuneration with financial reporting transparency. The present study also tested research models using additional methods (such as feasible generalised least squares, ordinary least squares, random effects and T + 1) to obtain better results. The results of these different methods were entirely in line with the main results of the research.Originality/valueThe political and economic instability resulting from the entry of ISIS into Iraq has created severe problems for society’s economic, political, security and performance dimensions. Macroeconomic uncertainty driven by terrorist activities can negatively affect managers’ perceptions of firms’ future performance and result in poor judgments and estimations, significantly impacting business units' financial reporting transparency. Because no study has examined the relationship between corporate governance and financial reporting transparency on the Iraq stock exchange before and after the presence of ISIS, this study examines such a relationship. Although the economic and political situation in Iraq may not be identical to that in other nations, much of the experience in Iraq is anticipated to apply to other countries in the region.

The Federal Experience in Iraq and its Obstacles

أ.م. د. نادية فاضل عباس فضليمركز الدراسات الاستراتيجية والدولية / جامعة بغدادdrnadia1927@gmail.comhttps://www.doi.org/10.51424/Ishq.30.14الملخصالفيدرالية هي نظام سياسي يفترض واقع تنازل عدد من الدول او القوميات الصغيرة في غالب الاحيان عن صلاحياتها وام

Economic courts as a mechanism to encourage investment and the need to develop them in the Kurdistan region of Iraq

Abstract Commercial courts are one of the mechanisms developed to resolve trade and economic disputes. The idea began in countries to establish commercial and economic courts as a result of the nature of commercial cases and the speed they need to resolve lawsuits related to trade and investment, as well as the need for specialized courts and dedication to the principle of jurisdiction in the courts. It is clear to us that the presence of specialized commercial and economic courts will help to encourage investment in the country when investors trust that in the event of a dispute, there will be specialized judges who will resolve their dispute and as soon as possible based on the required experience which guarantees their rights. We find through this study, although there are deficiencies and shortcomings in the law of establishing economic courts in Egypt, but Egypt's experience is one of the modern experiences with regard to establishing commercial courts comparison with experience in Iraq, and the experience of Iraq is better comparison with the judicial experience in the Kurdistan Region so that it did not We find any courts specialized in commercial cases. In view of the importance of commercial and economic courts, this research attempted to clarify the importance of commercial courts and the relationship of trade and investment to the judiciary, as well as the jurisdiction of commercial and economic courts, and finally the need to create these courts and the possibility of their creation based on existing laws in the Kurdistan Region or amend them or legislate a new law in this regard.

Iraq experience in handling the COVID-19 pandemic: implications of public health challenges and lessons learned for future epidemic preparedness planning.

BackgroundIraq has been exceptionally challenged by the COVID-19 pandemic due to the already exhausted healthcare system.ObjectivesTo describe the epidemiological situation of COVID-19 in Iraq, the government’s response to the pandemic, and provide recommendations for further action.MethodsA desk review of secondary data using the available reports on the epidemiological situation in Iraq as well as official governmental sources was conducted.ResultsThe major surge in the number of COVID-19 cases occurred in the first week of June and continued to increase dramatically until mid-October when a significant decrease happened. With a few exceptions, the reproductive number R has been consistently above 1. Patients aged 30–39 years (25.6%) were the most affected, while those aged 60–69 years (26.7%) had the highest deaths rates. Iraq tried to contain the pandemic through several regulations: border control, enforcing curfew, mask-wearing, and social distancing, COVID-19 isolation centers, expanding lab capacity, contact tracing, as well as several supportive economic measures. However, the extent of implementing these regulations is questionable.ConclusionAdditional administrative and scientific measures with special emphasis on handling mass gathering, coordination with media and better training of healthcare workers particularly on infection prevention and control.