Iran National Research Articles

Acceptability of a Mobile App-Based Intervention Program for Choosing Mode of Delivery Among Pregnant Women

Background & Aim: Maternal health and pregnancy outcomes are vitally important areas of each country's healthcare system. This study sought to investigate the acceptability of a mobile app-based intervention program for choosing the mode of delivery among pregnant women. Method: The Mobile App-Based Program focused on facilitating choosing mode of delivery based on information, motivation, and behavior theory among pregnant women in Tehran, Iran. A retrospective post-intervention study was carried out. We used qualitative semi-structured interviews to explore the experiences of women participating in the Mobile App-Based Program and investigate the intervention's acceptability. Thirty pregnant women participated in this study. Result : A total of 76.6 percent of the users assessed the application as usable. Three central themes have emerged from women’s experiences of Easy Birth Application using qualitative findings; (1) specific features of the App (images, text, colors…), (2) advantages (distance learning method, reliability, and credibility, user friendly and comfortability, time-saving, interactive,….), and (3) disadvantages (fear of mobile radiation on fetus, poor internet connection, and limited audience) regarding using of this kind of interventions. Conclusion: Implementing interventions via the mobile application could be accepted by pregnant women during their pregnancy; it also eased women's knowledge and behavior precisely during a new-emerged pandemic. Funding: This study has been financially supported by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) and the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF). Declaration of Interest: None to declare. Ethical Approval: This study was approved by the Tehran University and Medical of science ((Ethics code: IR.TUMS.SPH.REC-1397-130).

The technical knowledge of Early Neolithic Iranian Societies. The bone industries of Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq and Tepe Abdul Hosein, Iran National Museum

The technical knowledge of Early Neolithic Iranian Societies. The bone industries of Tappeh Sang-e Chakhmaq and Tepe Abdul Hosein, Iran National Museum

Multi-layer structures including zigzag sculptured thin films for corrosion protection of AISI 304 stainless steel* *Project supported by the Funds from the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili and University of Tehran and the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) and the Centre of Excellence for Physics of Structure and Microscopic Properties of Matter, Department of Physics, University of Tehran.

To increase corrosion resistance of the sample, its electrical impedance must be increased. Due to the fact that electrical impedance depends on elements such as electrical resistance, capacitance, and inductance, by increasing the electrical resistance, reducing the capacitance and inductance, electrical impedance and corrosion resistance can be increased. Based on the fact that these elements depend on the type of material and the geometry of the material, multilayer structures with different geometries are proposed. For this purpose, conventional multilayer thin films, multilayer thin film including zigzag structure (zigzag 1) and multilayer thin film including double zigzag structure (zigzag 2) of manganese nitride are considered to protect AISI 304 stainless steel against corrosion in salt solution. These multilayer coatings including zigzag structures are prepared by alternately using the conventional deposition of thin film and glancing angle deposition method. After deposition, the samples are placed in a furnace under nitrogen flux for nitriding. The cross sections of the structures are observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Atomic force microscope (AFM) is used to make surface analyses of the samples. The results show that the multilayer thin films including zigzag structures have smaller grains than conventional multilayer thin films, and the zigzag 2 structure has the smaller grain than the other two samples, which is attributed to the effect of shadowing and porosity on the oblique angle deposition method. Crystallography structures of the samples are studied by using x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern and the results show that nitride phase formation in zigzag 2 structure is better than that in zigzag 1 structure and conventional multilayer thin film. To investigate the corrosion resistances of the structures, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization tests are performed. The results reveal that the multilayer thin films with zigzag structures have better corrosion protection than the conventional multilayer thin films, and the zigzag structure 2 has the smallest corrosion current and the highest corrosion resistance. The electrical impedances of the samples are investigated by simulating equivalent circuits. The high corrosion resistance of zigzag 2 structure as compared with conventional multilayer structure and zigzag 1 structure, is attributed to the high electrical impedance of the structure due to its small capacitance and high electrical resistance. Finally, the surfaces of corroded samples are observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).

Determination of the concentration of heavy metals in infused teas and their assessment of potential health risk in Kashan, Iran

ABSTRACT Tea was known as one popular and power-consuming beverage. The purpose of the current study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals in infused tea consumed in Kashan City. This cross-sectional study was carried out on 29brands of dry tea purchased from Kashan city stores. The samples were placed under acidic digestion based on the cited method in the standard method. Measuring heavy metals such as chromium, cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, arsenic, zinc, and iron was performed through ICP-OES device.SPSS16 and Excel software was used to evaluate the statistical parameters. The evaluation carcinogenic risk was performed using related formula. The obtaining results indicated that mean concentration of heavy metals in infused black tea were related to iron, zinc, copper, lead, nickel, chromium, cadmium, arsenic which was equal to 0.819 ± 0.139, 0.419 ± 0.314, 0.173 ± 0.107, 0.125 ± 0.103, 0.097 ± 0.078, 0.059 ± 0.061, 0.045 ± 0.064, 0 mg/kg, respectively. According to their associated potential health risk assessment, HQ of some heavy metals including Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Fe and As was 0.642, 0.51, 0.2806, 0.0692, 0.0618, 0.0199, 0.0167 and 0 mg/kg-day and THQ or HI was upper than one(1.601).The results of the present study revealed that the concentration of copper, zinc and arsenic metals in all samples of infused tea was considered standard, but the concentration of lead, chromium, cadmium and nickel elements in some samples and the concentration of iron in all studied samples exceeded the maximum permissible limit presented by Iran National Standard and WHO. In addition, risk assessment analysis indicated that the consumption of the studied black tea on average(1 litre per day) had no adverse effect on the health of tea consumers.so, continuous monitoring of the concentration of heavy metals in black tea samples is essential.

“God’s Favored Nation”: The New Religious Nationalism in Iran

A new religious nationalism has evolved in the Islamic Republic of Iran as a means to reconcile the contestation between the Persian ethnic (Iraniyat) and the Islamic (Islamiyat) elements, which has marked Iranian nationalism since its inception. The new synthesis identifies Shiʿism with Iran and associates Sunni Islam with Arab tribalism. It commends Iran’s pre-Islamic cultural attributes and highlights its contribution to Islam. Concurrently, it presents Shiʿism as key factor in the endurance of Iranian nationalism and the preservation of Iran’s independence. It culminates with the claim that the Iranians are “God’s favorite nation,” destined to lead the Muslim world.

Selection Criteria for the Coaches of Iran National Basketball Team: A Model Based on Gender Perspectives

The purpose of this study was to identify the most important criteria to choose qualified coaches for the national Basketball team of Iran and prioritize them based on the perspective of four different groups of men and women including sport experts, managers, Basketball coaches and elite players. Method used in this research was descriptive and survey kind. Among the limited number of population with 214 subjects, 135persons were randomly selected due to the Morgan table. Two different questionnaires were distributed; first one for the assessment of demographic characteristics and the second one consisted of eight coaching criterion with 64 sub-factors that were asked over in form of a sentence. Finally and after collecting the questionnaires, 110 samples were qualified for further investigation. These data were analyzed with both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Friedman test for finding the priority of criteria and analysis of variance test (ANOVA), using SPSS software. According to descriptive findings collected from 110 people, the population consists of 50 male (mean 45.5%) and 60 female (mean 54.5%). The results also showed that among the eight main criteria, ‘personality and cognitive features of a coach’ with mean rank of 6.35 is the most important factor (X2= 61.39, p<0.01). It was also noticeable that male and female participants in this study had similar standpoints on the first six priorities, and the significant difference was obvious only on the last two items, where the highlights of the model for choosing national basketball coaches stands based on gender differences of the subjects.

Incidence patterns of gynecological sarcomas in Iran analysis of National Cancer Registry data between 2009 and 2014.

Gynecological sarcomas (GS) are rare malignant tumors arising in the female genital organs. Due to the low incidence and diverse histology, information on the epidemiology of these tumors is sparse. We aimed to investigate the incidence rates of GS in Iran that in our knowledge is the first report from Eastern Mediterranean Region. In this retrospective study, all malignant tumors with a sarcoma morphology arising in the female genital organs diagnosed between 2009 and 2014 were extracted from the Iran National Cancer Registry dataset. All the cancer cases were categorized according to ICD-O-3 morphologic and topographic codes. Age-standardized incidence rates, age-specific incidence rates, morphologic and geographic distribution of all cases were analyzed and compared with other parts of the world. A total of 1174 cases were diagnosed over the period 2009-2014. The overall age-standardized incidence rate for all sites combined was 6.13 per million females. Analysis of trends in incidence did not show a significant change over time according to annual average percent change analysis (P-value = 0.300). The most common anatomical site was the uterus, accounting for 77% of all cases. The mean (±SD) age at diagnosis, irrespective of tumor site, was 52.3 (±15) years. In terms of morphology, leiomyosarcoma was the most frequently observed subtype, constituting 34% of all GS. Also, the highest ASIR was observed in women aged 60-64 years. Based on the findings, GS are relatively rare tumors that occur more in old women. The results of this study provide a comprehensive picture of GS incidence patterns in Iran for more investigation.

Descriptive Epidemiology of Brain and Central Nervous System Tumours: Results from Iran National Cancer Registry, 2010-2014.

Background Central nervous system (CNS) tumours account for only 1-2% of cancer incidence but are a major reason for mortality and morbidity due to malignancies. Recent studies show an increase in the rate of CNS tumours worldwide, especially in developing countries. Moreover, there is significant heterogeneity in epidemiological patterns worldwide. This study is aimed at representing nationwide epidemiology of CNS tumours in Iran. Methods Iran National Cancer Registry 2010-2014 data were reviewed for CNS tumours. The epidemiological rates were calculated for both genders and all age groups using the 2011 census information. Results Out of 17345 cases, 58.5% were men and 41.5% were women. The mean age was 45.55 years ranging from less than 1 month to 100 years old. Average total age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) was 5.19 for primary tumours. The annual percent change (APC) was 14.23% during the study period. The most frequent site and histology recorded were brain, NOS and diffuse astrocytic, respectively. Geographical distribution showed about five-fold difference in ASRs between different provinces. Conclusion The overall ASR calculated was higher than the global rate in 2012 but lower than that of most developed countries, showing an increasing trend which may be due to either advances in diagnosing or risk factor augmentation. The mean age and incident rates were higher than those of previous reports in Iran.

Fine-tuning of routine combined first- trimester screening: The ratio of serum-free- beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (fβ-hCG) to pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) could improve performance of Down syndrome screening program, a retrospective cohort study in Iran.

To evaluate the performance of the current national screening policy for Down syndrome (DS) in Iran and suggest a more efficient protocol with a wealth of a large series of first-trimester screening (FTS) data obtained from Nilou medical laboratory. To fulfill this aim, detection rate (DR), positive screening rate (PSR), false negative rate (FNR) and odds of being affected given a positive results (OAPR) were calculated at different cutoff risk. In the latest update of DS screening program in Iran, there is no place for intermediate group to be further investigated. Next, we proposed a novel parameter namely the ratio of fβ-hCG multiple of the median (MoM) value to PAPP-A MoM value to delicately categorize FTS results in a way that reduce FNR without imposing unnecessary anxious and extra money on most families. The present investigation was conducted retrospectively on 197,210 pregnancies undergoing FTS for aneuploidies in Nilou medical laboratory, Tehran, Iran, from March 2015 to February 2016. Intermediate risk group is important as 23 out of 45 FN fell in the range 1:250 to 1:1100. By applying the proposed index, the ratio of fβ-hCG MoM to PAPP-A MoM and subsequent decision about NIPT, 8 out of 23 FN cases in intermediate group could be detected. Compared with the current policy, our novel proposed approach had better performance and could be applied by the Iran National Health Service to improve the screening program guideline.

Investigating Anti-mutagenic Activities of Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) Applying Salmonella typhimurium and the Ames Test

Introduction: Genetic mutations have a significant role in causing cancers, and plants are effective on cancer recovery by producing metabolites. In this regard, the present study aimed to evaluate the Lantana camera anti-mutation effects applying Salmonella typhimurium in the Ames test. Methods: To this end, the plant was prepared from the Iran National Botanical Garden in 2018 (Tehran, Iran), and the methanolic extracts of its leaves and flowers were obtained by the percolation method. Then, anti-mutagenic activities were studied by the Ames method and the assessment of the rate of reverse mutations in mutant Salmonella typhimurium. Mutant strains cannot grow on minimal mineral media thus only those bacteria that have acquired a wild genotype after reverse mutation in the presence of the mutagen are able to grow on this medium. The plant extract, along with a mutagen substance was used to evaluate its anti-mutagenic effects by counting grown colonies and calculating the mean mutation inhibitory index according to the "Ong" formula. Finally, anti-mutagenic activities were retested by adding the sterile extract of the mouse liver (S9), and the data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software, version 22.Results: In general, the results showed that the mean number of grown colonies decreased significantly despite the plant material in comparison with the standard. According to the "Ong" formula, the percentage of inhibition was [1-T/M]×100. Based on the results, T grew a number of colonies on each petri dish despite the mutagen and extract, and M grew a number of colonies in positive control plates. Eventually, mutation inhibition percentages in leaf extracts were significantly higher than those of flower extracts, which were 75.59 ± 0.73 (+S9) and 84.79 ± 0.17 (-S9), as well as 49.57 ± 0.55 (+S9) and 62.32 ± 0.23 (-S9), respectively (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: In general, the leaves and flowers of L. camara demonstrated anti-mutagenic activities with higher activities in the leaves compared to flowers.

Groundwater quality evaluation for drinking and industrial purposes. A case study in Northeastern Iran

ABSTRACT Groundwater is an important source of drinking water in arid areas, and its quality can affect human health. Groundwater quality investigations were performed to assess the physicochemical quality parameters of groundwater of Northeastern Iran, to determine its suitability for drinking purposes based on the drinking water quality index (WQI). The suitability for drinking purposes was evaluated by comparing the physicochemical parameters of groundwater in the study area with those prescribed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and standard Code of 1053 (Iran National Standard). Five indices were considered to determine water suitability for industrial purposes. A total of 51 water samples were taken based on standard methods (in September 2017 and April 2018) for the measurement of the most important physicochemical parameters, including major anions, cation, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, and electronic conductivity. The WQI values showed that 30.65 and 65.08% of the groundwater samples were in the excellent and very good water quality categories, respectively. Due to the human impact, 4.07% of the samples were in the poor range category. The results demonstrated that based on the Langelier saturation index (LSI), 34.9% of the water distribution network was corrosive. Furthermore, the Larson empirical index showed that 17.46% of the network had a corrosive potential for the occurrence of holes and leakages. The aggressiveness index (AI) categorised 20.6% of the groundwater resource into a moderately aggressive condition. The high values of WQI in several groundwater samples of Neyshabur indicated that water is suitable for direct domestic consumptions. The results also showed that drinking water tends to be corrosion in the studied area.

An Evidence-Informed and Key Informants-Appraised Conceptual Framework for an Integrated Elderly Health Care Governance in Iran (IEHCG-IR).

PurposePopulation ageing has been steadily rising in Iran and in the over 60-year-old population, the ratio increased from 5.4% in 1986 to 8.6% in 2016 which represents an increase of 4.3 million over the past three decades. The inevitable impacts of a growing elderly population on the demand-side of the health care provision (HCP) equilibrium call for an urgent revision of the current arrangements of the Iran’s National health care system (INHS). The main aim of this study was to scrutinize the best available scientific evidence on the international integrated elderly health care governance (HCG) models to revamp health care practice and policy-making processes in Iran.Materials and MethodsThis multiphasic study consists of a scoping review of existent HCP modalities for the elderly population worldwide, and the disposition of an optimal HCP scheme for the elderly population and its application for the detection of the gaps in Iran. The final stage includes a Delphi-based consultation and consensus process which was reciprocated in three rounds and the key subjects were requested to give their judgment on the eventuated HCP layout designed to serve the ageing Iranian population.ResultsThe yielded model (IEHCG-IR) included four dimensions consistent with the four levels of prevention along with social support services. The structure and feasibility of the preliminary framework were approved by 83.6% of the study participants.ConclusionThe study findings could have important implications for future policy making in the INHS and the suggested healthcare framework for the elderly Iranian population could be a preliminary model for health system re-engineering.

The Unfolding Tragedy of Kandovan: The Loss of the last inhabited cone-shaped settlement in the world

Kandovan, a rural village in northwestern Iran, is a significant settlement because of its unique cone-shaped architecture and distinctive social consistency, having been continually inhabited for the past nine centuries. This uniqueness was officially acknowledged when it was enshrined in Iran's National Heritage List in (give date here). Over the past two decades, however, this unique settlement has experienced profound changes driven by the 21st-century lifestyles of its current residents. This research paper aims to identify the underlying factors responsible for these on-going changes. Data on the architecture, society, and culture of its inhabitants was collected using the qualitative methodology of an embedded single-case study, drawing on direct observation, interviews, document analysis, archival records, and physical artefacts, the content of this data then being evaluated using thematic analysis. The results from this analysis have indicated that both the rural community and unique architecture of Kandovan are fast disappearing, mostly due to mass-tourism and urbanisation which is resulting in a rapid change of the socio-cultural backgrounds of the local residents. This research confirms the importance of providing additional support for the preservation and management of the architectural context and living traditions of Kandovan as the last surviving rock cone-shaped rural habitation, and other, similarly endangered heritage sites.

Differential Expression Pattern of Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition Gens; AXL, GAS6, Claudin-1, and Cofilin-1, in Different Stages of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), is the fatal form of gynecological cancer. Almost 70% of ovarian cancer patients are detected at an advanced stage (III-IV) with metastases. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process associated with metastasis. This study investigated the expression levels of AXL, GAS6, Claudin-1, and Cofilin-1, as genes involved in EMT in relation to clinicopathologic features in ovarian cancer patients. In this descriptive study, 78 ovarian epithelial cancer patients were enrolled. Samples were provided by the Iran National Tumor Bank, founded by the Cancer Institute of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2017. The expression levels of AXL, GAS6, Claudin-1, and Cofilin-1 genes were investigated in a fresh, frozen tumor sample and normal adjacent tissue by real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Findings showed a significant relationship between the overexpression of AXL and TNM staging (P=0.03). The expression level of GAS6 decreased in more advanced stages (P=0.01). There is a negative relationship between Cofilin-1 expression level and TNM staging (P=0.002). Claudin-1 expression level was higher in low stages compared with that in high stages (P=0.01). There was no relationship between gene expression levels of target genes with size and grade of the tumor. Given the importance of these genes in EMT, alteration in their expression pattern can contribute to the progression of the disease and distant metastasis of cancer cells. Additionally, knowing the alteration pattern of these genes expression can help to better understanding and prediction of the prognosis of EOC.

A hybrid data mining driven algorithm for long term electric peak load and energy demand forecasting

Load forecasting is one of the main required studies for power system expansion planning and operation. In order to capture the nonlinear and complex pattern in yearly peak load and energy demand data, a hybrid long term forecasting method based on data mining technique and Time Series is proposed. First, a forecasting algorithm based on the Support Vector Regression (SVR) method is developed. The parameters of the SVR technique along with the dimension of input samples are optimized using a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. Secondly, in order to minimize the forecasting error, a hybrid forecasting method is presented for long term yearly electric peak load and total electric energy demand. The proposed hybrid method acts based on the combination of Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and the proposed Support Vector Regression technique. The parameters of the ARIMA method are determined based on the autocorrelation and partial autocorrelation of the original and differenced time series. The proposed hybrid forecasting method prioritizes each forecasting method based on the resulted error over the existing data. The hybrid forecasting method is used to forecast the yearly peak load and total energy demand of Iran National Electric Energy System.

Correlation between Chest Computed Tomography Scan Findings and Mortality of COVID-19 Cases; a Cross sectional Study.

Predicting the outcomes of COVID-19 cases using different clinical, laboratory, and imaging parameters is one of the most interesting fields of research in this regard. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between chest computed tomography (CT) scan findings and outcomes of COVID-19 cases. This cross sectional study was carried out on confirmed COVID-19 cases with clinical manifestations and chest CT scan findings based on Iran's National Guidelines for defining COVID-19. Baseline and chest CT scan characteristics of patients were investigated and their correlation with mortality was analyzed and reported using SPSS 21.0. 380 patients with the mean age of 53.62 ± 16.66 years were evaluated (66.1% male). The most frequent chest CT scan abnormalities were in peripheral (86.6%) and peribronchovascular interstitium (34.6%), with ground glass pattern (54.1%), and round (53.6%) or linear (46.7%) shape. There was a significant correlation between shape of abnormalities (p = 0.003), CT scan Severity Score (CTSS) (p <0.0001), and pulmonary artery CT diameter (p = 0. 01) with mortality. The mean CTSS of non-survived cases was significantly higher (13.68 ± 4.59 versus 8.72 ± 4.42; <0.0001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of CTSS in predicting the patients' mortality was 0.800 (95% CI: 0.716-0.884). The best cut off point of chest CTSS in this regard was 12 with 75.82% (95% CI: 56.07%-88.98%) sensitivity and 75.78% (95% CI: 70.88%-80.10%) specificity. The mean main pulmonary artery diameter in patients with CTSS ≥ 12 was higher than cases with CTSS < 12 (27.89 ± 3.73 vs 26.24 ± 3.14 mm; p < 0.0001). Based on the results of the present study it seems that there is a significant correlation between chest CT scan characteristics and mortality of COVID-19 cases. Patients with lower CTSS, lower pulmonary artery CT diameter, and round shape opacity had lower mortality.

The Survival and Incidence Rate of Ewing Sarcoma; a National Population-based Study in Iran (2008-2015).

The effect of race and ethnicity on some kind of malignant bone tumors including Ewing sarcoma has been proven in different studies. In order to evaluate the latter, national cancer registries may help to increase understanding about potential cancer causes, prevention and control strategies, and apply these findings to control health problems among populations with similar characteristics. A national population-based cancer registry study based on all patients affected by Ewing Sarcoma was registered in the Iran National Cancer Registry (INCR) between 2008 and 2015 was designed. Demographic data of microscopically confirmed cases of bone Ewing sarcoma were registered. Patients with Ewing sarcoma were divided in groups to describe the primary site of the tumor (including axial or appendicular bones) and analyzed. In order to analyze the survival rate, randomized selection of the patient through the INCR data-base was performed. A total of 678 cases of malignant Ewing sarcoma of the bone were identified through the INCR. The mean age of Ewing sarcoma in Iran was 21.53 years. Nearly half of patients were observed at the age group of 15-24. The total crude incidence rate of Ewing sarcoma was 1.29 in 1 million. The mean 5 year survival rate was 47%. The Mean survival rate for study population was 5.53. The crude incidence rate of Ewing sarcoma in Iran is relatively lower with respect to other registries. The majority of patients are in 15-25 years group and shows affection by Ewing sarcoma in an older age. Socioeconomic factors had direct influence on survival rate.

IR of Iran National Mobilization against COVID-19 Epidemic.

IR of Iran National Mobilization against COVID-19 Epidemic.

Relationship Between the History of Injury and Functional Movement Screening Scores in Iran National Team Wrestlers

Introduction: Wrestling is one of the most popular Olympic sports in Iran. Therefore, preseason screening and the prevention of sports injuries are very important. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the history of injury and Functional Movement Screen (FMS) scores of the national team wrestlers and determine the cut-off point. Methods: The statistical sample included 136 national team wrestlers. The obtained data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, ROC curve, and contingency table. Results: The results showed that FMS scores were higher in the wrestlers without previous injury compared to the injured ones. The t-test results demonstrated no significant difference between deep squat, straight and active leg raise, trunk stability push-up, and rotatory stability. According to the results, there is a poor negative, but statistically significant, the relationship between the number of previous injuries and FMS scores. Based on the ROC curve for FMS, the cut-off point of 16.5 was reported with the sensitivity and specificity values of 0.587 and 0.658, respectively. Conclusion: The results indicated that FMS can be used for fast and accurate control of injury probability in wrestling athletes. Therefore, besides the medical tests, FMS tests should be employed by wrestling coaches as a valid tool for injury prevention and the identification of athletes prone to injury.

Prevalence and Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a predictor of several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, dyslipidemia, stroke, osteoarthritis, certain cancers, and death leading to public health concern in most societies. We aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence and incidence of MetS in Iranian population through a meta-analysis study. We included cross-sectional and cohort studies to estimate the overall prevalence and incidence rates of MetS in Iran National databases including MagIran, Science Information Database, IranMedex, and international databases including Medline, Web of Sciences, and Scopus were searched up to October 2017. Finally, 125 studies were included. The total sample size was 472,401 with a mean age of 38 ± 7.8 years. The overall pooled prevalence and incidence rate among the general population of Iran was 0.26 (95% CI: 0.26, 0.29) and 97.96 (95% CI: 75.98, 131.48), respectively. The pooled prevalence of MetS was higher in females and in urban areas. The highest and lowest prevalence of MetS was obtained by the Iranian definition criteria (0.43) and the NHANES III (0.12). The highest and lowest incidence rates of MetS were obtained by IDF (144.07 per 1000) and the JIS (89.73 per 1000). The prevalence of MetS was higher in women and those living in urban areas. Furthermore, the prevalence of MetS increased with increasing age in both genders.