Iranian Banks Research Articles

Financial markets, inflation and growth: The impact of monetary policy under different political structures

This study assesses the likely effects of different political structures on economic growth by the effects of interest rate on the linkage between financial markets. For this aim, we chose two developing economies with different governance structures, Iran and Argentina. There is a political structure in Iran influenced by religion, whereas Argentina’s political structure does not deal with religion. We first assess the causality amongst the financial markets of the stock market, bank deposits, and the foreign currency market (CM). Then, the effects of the markets and inflation on economic growth are assessed using Granger-causality tests and Markov-switching models. The results show that there are bidirectional causalities between the financial markets in Iran, and unidirectional causalities in Argentina. The markets affect economic growth in the both countries. For Iran, the monetary policy instrument of interest rate indicates no causalities to the markets, whereas there are strong causalities from interest rate to the markets in Argentina. As a result, Argentinian Central Bank can affect economic growth through the money flow between the markets by freely changing interest rate proportioned with the economic situation. Whereas there is no such a possibility for Iran’s Central Bank. In other words, an active Central bank against the inflation volatility in Argentina versus a passive Central Bank in Iran is one of the consequences of the interest rate repression in a political structure influenced by religion.

Resilient banking: model-based assessment of business continuity policies on commercial banks

PurposeCommercial banks face several risks, including credit, liquidity, operational and disruptive risks. In addition to these risks that are challenging for banks to control and manage, crises and disasters can exert substantially more destructive shocks. These shocks can exacerbate internal risks and cause severe damage to the bank's performance, leading banks to bankruptcy and closure. This study aims to facilitate achieving resilient banking policies through a model-based assessment of business continuity management (BCM) policies.Design/methodology/approachBy applying a system dynamics (SD) methodology, a systemic model that includes a causal structure of the banking business is presented. To build a simulation model, data are collected from a commercial bank in Iran. By presenting the simulation model of the bank's business, the consequences of some given crises on the bank's performance are tested, and the effectiveness of risk and crisis management policies is evaluated. Vensim Personal Learning Edition (PLE) software is used to construct the simulation model.FindingsResults indicate that the current BCM policies do not show appropriate resilience in the face of various crises. Commercial banks cannot create sustainable value for the banks' shareholders despite the possibility of profitability, as the shareholders lack adequate resilience and soundness. These commercial banks do not have the appropriate resilience for the next pandemic after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Moreover, the robustness of the current banking business model is very fragile for the banking run crisis.Practical implicationsA forward-looking view of resilient banking can be obtained by combining liquidity coverage, stable funding, capital adequacy and insights from stress tests. Resilient banking requires a balanced combination of robustness, soundness and profitability.Originality/valueThe present study is a combination of bank business management, risk and resilience management and SD simulation. This approach can analyze and simulate the dynamics of bank resilience. Additionally, present of a decision support system (DSS) to analyze and simulate the outcomes of different crisis management policies and solutions is an innovative approach to developing effective and resilient banking policies.

The impact of Covid 19 pandemic on life satisfaction and health of Iranian bank employees

BackgroundCOVID-19 pandemic has affected various aspects of human life. Bank employees who are more in contact with people are more likely to be infected during the pandemic situation. Moreover, mental, physical and social impacts of COVID-19 are more intense among these employees.Objective: this study aims to determine the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on bank employees’ health and life satisfaction in Iran. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted during the fifth wave of COVID-19 from July to October 2021. The population included all the employees of Tejarat Bank in 20 provinces of Iran, 350 of whom were selected using the multi-stage cluster sampling method. The data were collected by demographic questionnaire, 12-item short-form (SF-12) personal health assessment survey and satisfaction with life scale (SWLS). The objective of the study was examined by the structural equation modeling (SEM). ResultsThe results showed the two default models of health function (CFI = 0.95) and life satisfaction (CFI = 0.99) had acceptable fit. Assessing the bank employees with COVID-19 revealed this disease had no direct impact on life satisfaction (β = −0.05, P = 0.28) and health function (β = 0.04, P = 0.48). However, it had a direct impact on physical function (β = −0.18, P = 0.001) and, consequently, an indirect impact on life satisfaction. Moreover, low mental function reduced life satisfaction. ConclusionCOVID-19 infection had no direct impact on life satisfaction. However, it had an indirect and positive impact on it. Considering gender showed COVID-19 infection had a direct and positive impact on life satisfaction among women. The employees who recovered from COVID-19 infection reported higher life satisfaction after returning to work for various reasons than those who never got it.

Inverse data envelopment analysis optimization approaches with flexible measures

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to estimate inputs (outputs) and flexible measures when outputs (inputs) are changed provided that the relative efficiency values remain without change.Design/methodology/approachA novel inverse data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach with flexible measures is proposed in this research to assess inputs (outputs) and flexible measures when outputs (inputs) are perturbed on condition that the relative efficiency scores remain unchanged. Furthermore, flexible inverse DEA approaches proposed in this study are used for a numerical example from the literature and an application of Iranian banking industry to clarify and validate them.FindingsThe findings show that including flexible measures into the investigation effects on the changes of performance measures estimated and leads to more reasonable achievements.Originality/valueThe traditional inverse DEA models usually investigate the changes of some determinate input-output factors for the changes of other given input-output indicators assuming that the efficiency values are preserved. However, there are situations that the changes of performance measures should be tackled while some measures, called flexible measures, can play either input or output roles. Accordingly, inverse DEA optimization models with flexible measures are rendered in this paper to address these issues.

Investigation of genetic diversity of Iranian wild relatives of bread wheat using ISSR and SSR markers

BackgroundWild relatives of wheat are one of the most important genetic resources to use in wheat breeding programs. Therefore, identifying wild relatives of wheat and being aware of their diversity, is undeniably effective in expanding the richness of the gene pool and the genetic base of new cultivars and can be a useful tool for breeders in the future. The present study was performed to evaluate the molecular diversity among 49 accessions of the genera Aegilops and Triticum in the National Plant Gene Bank of Iran using two DNA-based markers, i.e., SSR and ISSR. Also, the present study aimed to examine the relationships among the accessions studied belonging to different genetic backgrounds. ResultsTen SSR and tan ISSR primers produced 2065 and 1524 polymorphism bands, respectively. The number of Polymorphic Bands (NPB), the Polymorphism Information Content (PIC), Marker Index (MI), and Resolving Power (Rp) in SSR marker was 162 to 317, 0.830 to 0.919, 1.326 to 3.167, and 3.169 to 5.692, respectively, and in the ISSR marker, it was from 103 to 185, 0.377 to 0.441, 0.660 to 1.151, and 3.169 to 5.693, respectively. This indicates the efficiency of both markers in detecting polymorphism among the accessions studied. The ISSR marker had a higher polymorphism rate, MI, and Rp than the SSR marker. Molecular analysis of variance for both DNA-based markers showed that the genetic variation within the species was more than the genetic diversity between them. The high level of genomic diversity discovered in the Aegilops and Triticum species proved to provide an ideal gene pool for discovering genes useful for wheat breeding. The accessions were classified into eight groups based on SSR and ISSR markers using the UPGMA method of cluster analysis. According to the cluster analysis results, despite similarities between the accessions of a given province, in most cases, the geographical pattern was not in accordance with that observed using the molecular clustering. Based on the coordinate analysis, neighboring groups showed the maximum similarities, and distant ones revealed the maximum genetic distance from each other. The genetic structure analysis successfully separated accessions for their ploidy levels. ConclusionsBoth markers provided a comprehensive model of genetic diversity between Iranian accessions of Aegilops and Triticum genera. Primers used in the present study were effective, informative, and genome-specific which could be used in genome explanatory experiments.

Optimization of Asset and Liability Management of Banks with Minimum Possible Changes

Asset-Liability Management (ALM) of banks is defined as simultaneous planning of all bank assets and liabilities under different conditions and its purpose is to maximize profits and minimize the risks in banks by optimizing the parameters in the balance sheet. Most of the studies `and proposed models in the ALM field are based on an objective function that maximizes bank profit. It is not easy to apply changes in these models in order to reach the optimal values of the parameters in the balance sheet. In this article, an attempt has been made to propose a linear model using constraints to achieve optimal values of balance sheet parameters using ALM objectives and considering balance sheet, system and regulatory constraints. It has also been tried to design the model according to the most possible mode and with the least changes and to minimize the size of the balance sheet. The analysis of the model presented in this article has been conducted using the parameters of the balance sheet and income statement of one of the famous Iranian banks. The results obtained from the proposed model show that the values of cash and receivables from banks and other credit institutions have decreased by 30% and increased by 200%, respectively, compared to the actual values of these parameters. Also, Total Income, Operating Income and Non-Operating Income have grown by 30% compared to the actual values of these parameters. Also, the values of a number of parameters are estimated to be zero after optimization. According to the results, it is obvious that the performance of bank managers, especially in the management of bank assets, is significantly different from the optimal values of the balance sheet, and the results obtained from the proposed model can help the management of banks as much as possible.

Investigating the relationship between organizational intelligence and the performance of Melli Bank of Iran's South Branch Affairs Department

Background and purpose: The main purpose of the current research is to investigate the relationship between organizational intelligence and the performance of Melli Bank of Iran / South Tehran Branch Affairs Department employees. Methodology: The research method in this research is based on the objective of the applied type, based on the collection of information and analysis of the descriptive and non-experimental type, and in terms of the type of implementation of the survey. The statistical population of this research includes the employees of the South Tehran branch affairs department of the Melli Bank of Iran (about 110 branches) with 1128 employees, and 286 people were selected as a statistical sample using Cochran's formula. Two standard questionnaires of Albrecht's organizational intelligence and Robbins' organizational performance questionnaire were used to collect data. 18spss software was used to analyze the data, and the data were analyzed in two parts: descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the distribution of data, and the results of this test with a significance level of less than 0.05 indicate the absence of normal distribution between the data. Also, using Spearman's correlation coefficient test, the relationship between organizational intelligence and employee performance was investigated. Conclusion: The research results showed that organizational intelligence directly affects employee performance.

Designing a model for organizational socialization of employees in Iran's healthcare system

Background. Organizational socialization is a process of teaching employees to successfully integrate into a new organization. Socialization needs to be presented in the form of a coherent pattern. Methods. This study aimed to design a model for the organizational socialization of employees in Iran’s healthcare system using the grounded theory method. Semi-structured interviews were used to extract the main factors influencing the socialization of employees. In-depth interviews were conducted with 19 experts, including specialists, managers, and employees of the healthcare system using the purposeful sampling method. We extracted 49 concepts and 19 categories using the foundation data method in the open coding stage. Results. The findings showed that developing a model for organizational socialization in Iran's banking system requires the senior managers’ constant support, social responsibility, and socializing organizational culture. The values, norms, and roles expected from the individual should be transmitted clearly. Conclusion. An organizational socialization model can enhance the socialization of employees in Iran’s healthcare system. Practical Implications. The development of socialized human resources, socialized competitiveness, and socialized basic management requires the Bdesign of socialized human resources processes, an evaluation system, a resource allocation system, socializing succession, and value creation.

Investigation of the Effects of Knowledge Management on Organizational Performance Through Human Resource Management as Mediator

This research seeks to examine and distinguish the factors influencing empowerment and exertion of knowledge management along with the effect of knowledge management on organizational performance. In addition, this paper investigates human capital as mediator between the relationship of knowledge management and organizational performance. The conceptual model was extended based on the literature review. The primary data were gathered using a questionnaire comprising 48 questions distributed to the personnel of all branches of one of the largest private banks in Iran. Three hundred sixty-one questionnaires were randomly distributed among the personnel, and 334 questionnaires were answered. The gathered data were examined through SPSS and SMART PLS. The results demonstrated the positive impacts of variables including structure, organizational technology, strategy, culture, and trust on organizational knowledge management under study. Moreover, knowledge management directly affects the performance of the organization and through human resource management as mediator. This study motivates the managers and personnel to exploit the accessible organizational assets for enhancing knowledge management practices as well as human resources as the most exquisite organizational capitals.

Analysis of the Relationship Between the Development of Performance Criteria and Job Performance of Employees with Respect to the Mediating Role of Employee Participation

Abstract The main purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze Positive and significant impact of defining employee performance criteria with the objectives: evaluation, empowerment and career development on the job performance of Keshavarzi Bank of Iran employees with regard to the mediating role of employee participation. The present study was based on the purpose of applied research and in terms of the method was a descriptivesurvey study. A questionnaire was used to collect research data. The statistical population of the present study consisted of senior and middle managers of the Keshavarzi Bank of Iran who had at least 5 years of work experience. The number of these people in the initial studies was estimated at 483 and finally, using Cochran's formula, 215 people were selected as the sample size. After collecting data through a questionnaire, data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that the development of performance criteria with the objectives of evaluating, empowering, and developing the career path of employees has a positive and significant effect on the job performance of employees of the Keshavarzi Bank of Iran. Supplementary results also showed that employee participation in the relationship between the three objectives of developing performance criteria and job performance of employees has an effective mediating role, so this effect in the relationship between performance criteria to develop a career path and job performance of employees with the path coefficient of 0.684 is very obvious. Accordingly, it can be said that since employee participation is the basis for the development of service organizations such as banks, by implementing measures related to employee participation and benefiting from employees' opinions in formulating performance criteria, preparations for achieving an effective performance management system. And thus accelerated the movement of the Keshavarzi Bank of Iran on the path of development.

A Clustering Approach for Business Models of Iranian Banks; Analysis of Risks and Migrations

A Clustering Approach for Business Models of Iranian Banks; Analysis of Risks and Migrations

Efficiency and CAMEL Composite in Iran Banking Industry

Efficiency and CAMEL Composite in Iran Banking Industry

An integrated framework to assess and improve the financial soundness of private banks

Banks have faced significant challenges due to national economic problems in recent years. There is now a greater need to assess the existing banking system and implement corrective action and strengthening measures. In this paper, financial data of 11 Iranian private banks are examined for 15 different periods and their performance is evaluated using the CAMELS indicator. Expert opinions were used to determine the weights of indicators and ratios, and their final weights were determined using the Best-Worst Method (BWM). Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was then used to calculate the efficiency score units (DMUs) and their ranking. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to validate the DEA results. Several sensitive analyses were conducted on all private banks in Iran to verify their rankings. All 11 Iranian private banks were evaluated through a comprehensive sensitivity analysis, and they were evaluated independently based on the suggested indicators based on their respective performance. The intuitive results of sensitivity analysis were accurate through statistic test. Also, appropriate strategies for improving the performance of the banking system are presented using Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) matrix. Using the results, designers can build more intelligent system CAMELS perspective.

Weather or not? The role of international sanctions and climate on food prices in Iran

IntroductionThe scarcity of resources have affected food production, which has challenged the ability of Iran to provide adequate food for the population. Iterative and mounting sanctions on Iran by the international community have seriously eroded Iran's access to agricultural technology and resources to support a growing population. Limited moisture availability also affects Iran's agricultural production. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of inflation, international sanctions, weather disturbances, and domestic crop production on the price of rice, wheat and lentils from 2010 to 2021 in Iran.MethodData were obtained from the statistical yearbooks of the Ministry of Agriculture in Iran, Statistical Center of Iran, and the Central Bank of Iran. We analyzed econometric measures of food prices, including CPI, food inflation, subsidy reform plan and sanctions to estimate economic relationships. After deflating the food prices through CPI and detrending the time series to resolve the non-linear issue, we used monthly Climate Hazards group Infrared Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) precipitation data to analyze the influence of weather disturbances on food prices.Results and discussionThe price of goods not only provides an important indicator of the balance between agricultural production and market demand, but also has strong impacts on food affordability and food security. This novel study used a combination of economic and climate factors to analyze the food prices in Iran. Our statistical modeling framework found that the monthly precipitation on domestic food prices, and ultimately food access, in the country is much less important than the international sanctions, lowering Iran's productive capability and negatively impacting its food security.

Using the Balanced Scorecard and the Analytic Hierarchy Process to Rank the Key Performance Factors in the Iranian Banking Industry

Ranking the appropriate Key Performance Factors (KPFs) for banks in Iran is vital for determining the focus of the bank’s economic growth and development. Although identifying the appropriate KPFs is important for the outgrowth of the Iranian banks, one of the most critical performance drivers is establishing the appropriate strategy management framework and infrastructure to drive strategic performance in Iranian banks. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) methodology is a multidimensional strategy management performance system that provides leaders with tools to identify industry forces, to develop a strategic plan with causal linkages, to align an organization, to drive performance, and to evaluate organizational growth and development. The BSC was the conceptual framework used in this study along with the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The population of this study consists of 25 professionals of the Iranian Banking Network (IBN). A purposive judgmental sample was used to arrive at the sample size. The aim of this study was to identify, rank, and prioritize the appropriate KPFs to determine the best path forward to advance the bank’s economic goals and to strengthen the nation’s economy. The AHP method guided the decision of the banking professional in determining the KPFs for the Iranian banking industry. The KPFs were grouped together according to the BSC’s four perspectives: financial, customer, inner process, and learning & growth. The study provided implications for decision makers in the Iranian banking industry that the highest KPFs for the financial perspective is economic value-added, for the customer perspective is future years profit, for the internal process perspective is given facilities, and for the learning and growth perspective is the average work life of an employee.

Applying the Balanced Scorecard and the Delphi Method to Determine the Key Performance Factors for the Banking Industry in Iran

The lack of having an anchored, strategy management performance infrastructure prevents leaders from evaluating the performance strengths of the organization’s strategic priorities. Evaluating the strategic performance of an organization is critical to the success and sustainability of a high-performing organization. The key is to evaluate the strategic performance of an organization using a strategy management performance system that consistently provides leaders with valid information to make informed strategic decisions. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is one of the leading strategy management performance systems that provides the infrastructure for evaluating the strategic performance of an organization. The BSC is a multidimensional strategy management performance system that links tangible financial assets with intangible nonfinancial assets in a cause-and-effect logic to evaluate the success of a strategy. The aim of this study was to identify the objectives and key performance factors (KPFs) for the banking industry in Iran. The population for this study consisted of 20 experts from multiple banks in Iran. A purposive judgmental ample was used to arrive at the sample of 20 participants. A questionnaire was used to collect the data in the study. The Delphi method was employed as the analysis mechanism to arrive at a consensus. The study concluded that the success of the banks in Iran depends on four financial perspective objectives and four KPFs; three stakeholder perspective objectives and five KPFs; three internal process perspective objectives and six KPFs; and three learning and growth perspective objectives and three KPFs. The identified objectives and KPFs are characterized as the strategic performance priorities for success in the Iranian banking industry.

Uterine and Cervical Cancer in Iran: An epidemiologic analysis of the Iranian National Population-Based Cancer Registry.

Gynecologic cancers, including neoplasms of the cervix and uterine, are the fourth most common malignancies, causing 3.46% of deaths in women aged 15 to 59. We aimed to report the Iranian National Population-based Cancer Registry (INPCR) results for Cervical and Uterine cancers in 2017. The total population of Iran in 2017 was 80881792. INPCR collected data on cervical and uterine cancer incidence from 31 provinces of Iran. In this project, we retrospectively examined all the country's regions in terms of screening for the existence of these two cancers. The registry data bank in Iran was used. Overall, 3481 new cervical and uterine cancer cases were registered in INPCR, including 842 cases of cervical cancer (with a crude rate of 1.04) and 2639 cases of uterine cancer (with a crude rate of 3.26). The average age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) was 0.99 for cervical cancer and 3.29 for uterine cancer. Out of 3481 new cervical and uterine cancer cases, 2887 were registered with pathological findings and 594 without pathological confirmation. In cervical cancers, the highest rate was related to squamous cell carcinoma, with 486 cases (57.72%). Our results showed that Iran is a low-risk area for the incidence of cervical and uterine cancers. In this study, the highest rate of cervical cancer was related to squamous cell carcinoma, confirming previous reports. However, this rate was lower than previous studies and suggested an increase in other types of cervical cancer in Iran.

Environmental Variation in Seed Mass in Sanguisorba Minor

ABSTRACT: Seed mass is an important characteristic of seed quality because larger seeds contain more resources and are likely to exhibit greater vigor than smaller seeds, characteristics that are commonly targeted in plant breeding programmes. Seed mass variation in 359 populations (accessions) of Sanguisorba minor were evaluated across its geographical range in Iran. In addition, the seed and germination parameters of 13 populations that had been stored for 12 years at 4°C in the Natural Resources Gene Bank of Iran were analysed. Seed mass among the 359 populations varied from 1.4g to 14.5g with an average of 5.65g. In this study, the seed mass variation was compared with eco-geographical variables across the original habitats of S. minor . An increase in the maximum temperature of the warmest month, annual precipitation, precipitation of the wettest month, precipitation of the wettest quarter and precipitation of the coldest quarter led to increases in seed mass. Smaller seeds were produced in the hotter and drier environments located in the center of Iran, and in wetter sites. Significant differences in seed traits were found among the 13 stored populations of S. minor and seed germination was positively corrrelated with seed mass (R2 = 0.9). The highest germination percentage after 12 years of storage was obtained in the Hamedan (75%) and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (74%) populations, which had heavier and larger seeds. The positive correlation between longevity in ex-situ facilities and seed mass, suggests heavier seeds may have an advantage during storage and for use in breeding programmes.

Effect of Zebularine on Apoptotic Pathways in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines

Background: The alteration of DNA cytosine methylation is one of the most common epigenetic changes that can play a significant role in human cancers. The enzymes involved in DNA methylation of promoter regions of the genes are DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). The therapeutic activities and apoptotic effects of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTIs) have been reported in various cancers. This study was assigned to assess the effect of zebularine on intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, DNAT 1, 3a, and 3b, p21, and p53, viability, and apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines. Methods: Hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HCCLM3, MHCC97H, and MHCC97L) were purchased from the National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute, treated with zebularine, and the MTT assay was performed. Then, flow cytometry assay and real-time RT-PCR analysis were performed with zebularine. Statistical comparisons between groups were made using GraphPad Prism software version 8.0. A significant difference was considered as P < 0.05. Results: Zebularine up-regulated DR4, DR5, FAS, FAS-L, TRAIL, Bax, Bak, Bim, p21WAF/CIP1 (p21), and p53 and down-regulated DNMTs (DNAT 1, 3a, and 3b), Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1, significantly resulting in apoptosis induction in HCC cell lines. Maximal and minimal apoptosis was seen in HCCLM3 and MHCC97L cell lines, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that DNMTI zebularine can induce apoptosis and inhibit cell growth through both pathways (extrinsic and intrinsic) in HCC cell lines HCCLM3, MHCC97H, and MHCC97L.

Identification of Fungi Associated with Different Pigeon Pea Seed Accessions from Iran

A species of Leguminosae family is Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Pigeon pea) is an herbaceous, annual, self-pollinated legume pulse crop. The pigeon pea is mainly cultivated in many countries of South Asia due to its nutritious quality and a good source of minerals and protein. Seeds are a common carrier of plant pathogens, which act as the primary source for the distribution of diseases. Contaminated seeds can often create defecated germination and poor seedling vigour. They lose viability much faster than non-contaminated seeds. A large number of mycoflora were reported to be associated with the pigeon pea seeds. To assess the seed health and quality of some pigeon pea accessions this experiment was conducted at the genetic department and national plant gene bank of Iran, seed, and plant improvement institute in 2021. In the experiment, a total of 52 accessions from the pigeon pea collection were used for laboratory tests. During this study different species of Alternaria spp., Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., and Rhizopus spp. were found along with germinating seed and seedlings of contaminated pigeon pea. The most identified species on the contaminated pigeon pea seeds were Rhizopus spp., with 50%, and the least were Alternaria spp. and Aspergillus spp., with 7.2%. The other species Penicillium spp., and Fusarium spp., were measured on 21.4% and 14.2% of the contaminated seeds respectively. On contaminated pigeon pea seeds, 20 to 100% reduction in seed germination has been measured. Paying attention to seed health is the fundamental strategy for the integrated management of the disease for durable crop production and seed conservation.