Sample Of Iranian Population Research Articles

Liver Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number and Deletion Levels May Contribute to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Susceptibility.

BackgroundThere is growing evidence that deficiencies observed in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) functions could play an important role in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We hypothesized that genetic variations in mtDNA could affect the mitochondrial function and contribute to the NAFLD susceptibility.ObjectivesIn this study, the possible association of the mtDNA copy number and 4,977-bp deletion levels with NAFLD susceptibility in a sample of Iranian population was evaluated.MethodsThis case-control study included 43 NAFLD patients and 20 control subjects. Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh liver tissue samples by using a DNA isolation kit. The mtDNA copy number and mtDNA deletion levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and multiplex PCR.ResultsThe relative expression of mtDNA copy number was 3.7 fold higher in NAFLD patients than healthy controls (P < 0.0001). The results remained significant after adjustment for age, BMI, and gender (P = 0.02). In addition, the mtDNA copy number was 4.3 (P < 0.0001) and 3.2-fold (P < 0.0001) higher in nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients than healthy controls, respectively. Finally, the results showed that the 4,977-bp deletion is not detected in any of liver tissue samples obtained from the 20 control subjects whereas 8 out of 43 NAFLD patients (18.6%) showed the 4,977 -bp deletion in their liver tissues (P = 0.039).ConclusionsThis study indicated an association between mtDNA content in the liver tissue and NAFLD susceptibility that may be a consequence of compensatory response to the cumulative exposures to oxidative damage.

Pri-miR-34b/c rs4938723 polymorphism is associated with the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding regulatory RNAs, are key regulators of gene expression. The impact of Pri-miR-34b/c rs4938723 variant on development of various cancers is still controversial. In the present study, we examined whether a rs4938723 variant located at the promoter region of Pri-miR-34b/c is associated with childhood ALL. A total of 110 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 120 healthy children were recruited to participate in this study. The rs4938723 variant was genotyped by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The rs4938723 variant decreased the risk of ALL in heterozygous (TC vs OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.28-0.84, p = 0.012, TC vs TT) and overdominant (OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.30-0.89, p = 0.0.020, TC vs TT + CC): OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.67-2.59, p = 0.498; C vs T: OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.75-1.31, p = 0.986) inheritance models tested. The C allele significantly decreased the risk of childhood ALL compared to T allele (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.33-0.83, p = 0.006). Our findings proposed an association between Pri-miR-34 b/c rs4938723 variant and risk of childhood ALL development in a sample of Iranian population.

Evaluation of interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 (IFITM3) rs7478728 and rs3888188 polymorphisms and the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis.

The current study aimed to examine the possible association between the interferon-induced transmembrane protein-3 (IFITM3) gene polymorphisms and risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a sample population. This case-control study was conducted on 188 PTB patients and 169 healthy subjects. The rs7478728 and rs3888188 variants of IFITM3 were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The findings showed no significant association between rs7478728 polymorphism and risk of PTB. Regarding rs3888188 polymorphism, the TG genotype as well as G allele significantly increased the risk of PTB [odds ratio (OR)=2.48, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.42-4.53; P=0.002, and OR=2.26, 95% CI: 1.33-3.86; P=0.003, respectively]. In conclusion, the findings revealed that rs3888188 polymorphism increased the risk of PTB in a sample of Iranian population. Additional investigation with larger sample sizes and different ethnicities are needed to verify our findings.

Nutrient patterns and their relationship to metabolic syndrome in Iranian adults.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing globally. It is associated with a significant risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. The relationship between adherence to several different dietary patterns and the presence of MetS was explored in an Iranian population sample of 5764 subjects. We observed that the prevalence of MetS was 13% and 18% in men and women, respectively. There were three main dietary patterns: the first pattern was characterized by protein, carbohydrate, starch, glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, dietary fibre, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, manganese, thiamine, riboflavin, carotene, vitamin c and lactose; second representative of fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, calcium, zinc, phosphorus, iodine, vitamin D, chloride, betaine, niacin; third consisting of copper, selenium, vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B12. In this dietary pattern, individuals in first quintile had a higher consumption of total fat, saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, cholesterol and vitamin A. In the second pattern, individuals in the fifth quintile ate less carbohydrate, dietary fibre, glucose, Fructose, potassium compared to first quintile. We found that individuals in the first quintile in pattern 3 had higher intakes of protein, zinc and calcium compared to other quintiles. We have found that a nutrient pattern which mostly characterized by dietary protein, carbohydrate, starch, glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose was associated with a higher risk of MetS in both genders, while a pattern which was represent of copper, selenium, Vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B12 was associated with greater odds of Mets, in women.

Epidemiology of the Upper Extremity Trauma in a Traumatic Center in Iran

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;INTRODUCTION: &lt;/strong&gt;Orthopedic injuries are the most common types of traumatic injuries and present&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;as fractures of the limbs, pelvis, and vertebrae or lesions in soft tissues, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. The upper limb fractures occur in distal radius and ulna, metacarpals, fingers, scapula, and carpal bones, Proximal, diaphysis, distal humerus, clavicle, proximal ulna and radio and distal humero and humero, radio, ulna, and metacarpo. The objective of this project was to accurately describe the occurrence of injuries of the upper extremity and the mechanisms of such injuries in a representative sample of Iranian population.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;METHOD: &lt;/strong&gt;This prospective case series was performed on the patients admitted to Shafa Yahyaian Hospital through the emergency ward within 6 months. Patients’ demographic features, the information about the mechanism of injury in soft tissues, bones and joints which obtained using clinical examination and imaging techniques, also the findings during the surgery were recorded in the information form. All analyses were performed using SPSS software, version 21. The independent t test or Mann-Whitney test and the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the data. The results were significant at P&amp;lt;0.05.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;RESULTS: &lt;/strong&gt;This study was performed on 1287 patients with upper limb fracture. The male and&lt;strong&gt; &lt;/strong&gt;female patients respectively comprised of 998 (77.5%) and 289 (22.5%) subjects. About 113 patients suffered injuries at shoulder joint or its surrounding bones. The most common traumatic mechanisms in this group included falls from the standing position (49.2%), direct hit (19.5%), and then falling down (12.58%). Humerus fractures were observed in 68 patients. There was a significant correlation between humerus fractures and the mechanisms (P=0.000). The patients with traumas around the elbow comprised of 182 individuals. Sex distribution of fractures around the elbow shows a significant correlation between sex and elbow fractures. Forearm fractures were observed in 233 patients, and there was a significant correlation between age groups and forearm fractures. Fractures around the wrist were observed in 333 patients&lt;strong&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; There was a significant correlation between patients with fractures around the wrist (36.88±23.81 years) and patients without fractures (30.84±18.99 years) around the wrist in terms of the mean age. Hand fractures were observed in 358 patients&lt;strong&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; There was a significant correlation between hand fractures and sex&lt;strong&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;CONCLUSION: &lt;/strong&gt;The result of the current study which shows the epidemiology of these injuries and how such injuries occur in this area can well help the healthcare planners to design preventive and therapeutic measures.&lt;/p&gt;

Association of genetic polymorphisms of CISH with the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis in Zahedan, Southeast Iran

BackgroundIn the current study we aimed to find out the impact of cytokine-inducible Src homology 2 domain protein (CISH) gene polymorphisms on the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a sample of Iranian population. Materials and methodsPolymorphisms of CISH rs2239751, rs414171, and rs6768300 were determined in 200 PTB patients and 200 healthy subjects using T-ARMS-PCR or PCR-RFLP method. ResultsThe results showed that rs414171 A>T genotypes significantly decreased the risk of PTB (OR=0.16, 95% CI=0.10–0.27, p<0.0001, AT vs AA; OR=0.31, 95% CI=0.14–0.68, p<0.0001, TT vs AA; OR=0.19, 95% CI=0.12–0.29, p<0.0001, AT+TT vs AA; OR=0.29, 95%CI=0.20–0.42, p<0.0001, T vs A). For rs6768300, the findings indicated that this variant decreased the risk of PTB (OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.33–0.82, p=0.005, CG vs GG; OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.38–0.87, p=0.012, C vs G). No significant association was observed between CISH rs2239751 polymorphism and risk/protection of PTB. ConclusionOur findings indicated that CISH rs414171 and rs6768300 variants might be associated with protection from PTB.

Assessment of the Serum Levels of Hemoglobin, Ferritin, and Vitamin B12 in a Sample of Iranian Population With Morbid Obesity

Background: Considering the importance of providing vitamins and minerals in body health, it obviously seems to be necessary to assess the deficiencies of these nutrients in obese patients. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the level of hemoglobin, ferritin, and vitamin B12 in a sample of Iranian population with morbid obesity. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1252 consecutive patients with morbid obesity referred to obesity clinic at Rasoul-e-Akram hospital from 2009 to 2015 in Tehran, IR Iran. Morbid obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) equal to or higher than 40 kg/m2. Serum hemoglobin level (gr/dL) was measured using the cyan methemoglobin method. Serum ferritin level (ng/mL) can be measured by the human ferritin enzyme immunoassay test. Also, serum vitamin B12 concentration (pg/mL) was measured using the solid-phase, competitive chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay method. Results: Overall, 1252 patients with morbid obesity were included in the study. The mean age of participants was 39.77 ± 10.84 years (ranged 10 to 70 years) and 80.3% of them were female. The mean body weight was 126.75 ± 21.58 kg and the mean BMI was also 46.99 ± 5.87 kg/m2. In result, 9.8% were anemic according to the low value of hemoglobin level, 46.6% had ferritin lower than the normal range and the average serum level of vitamin B12 was lower than the normal value in 21.1%. By applying the Pearson’s correlation test, a positive association was found between BMI value and the level of hemoglobin (r = 0.074, P = 0.009). Conclusions: Morbid obesity may result in two important hematologic and metabolic changes including increased hemoglobin level and reduced vitamin B12 level. Since, vitamin B12 has vital role in the body, providing adequate vitamin B12 is essential in these patients even by using vitamin supplements. Also, regular screening of the level of hematologic markers in these patients is strongly recommended.

Association of Age and Lipid Profiles with Measures of Renal Function in an Iranian Population

ABSTRACTPurpose: We have investigated the association between markers of renal function [serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)] and age and lipid profile in an Iranian population sample of 4,567 subjects. Materials/methods: Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen, together with anthropometric parameters and lipid profile were determined in all the subjects. eGFR was calculated using the modification of diet in renal disease formula. Results: Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen increased with age (p < .05), and this relationship was also more pronounced in men compared to women. Increased levels of these renal function markers were significantly associated with altered lipid profiles. Conclusion: Levels of renal function markers increased with age and were associated with altered lipid profile.

Computed tomographic measurements of orbital entrance dimensions in relation to age and gender in a sample of healthy Iranian population

PurposeTo determine the dimensions of orbital entrance in unaffected bony orbit by computed tomography (CT) in a sample of Iranian population. MethodsRadiologic features of 120 patients were gathered using standardized skull protocol by CT scan. We measured the distance between anterior lacrimal crest and orbital border of zygomatic bone, termed width, and the distance between the plane passing through the anterior orbital entrance to optic canal, termed depth, using horizontal sections of skull base CT scan. Sagittal sections were used to demonstrate the height, the distance between frontal and maxillary bone. Orbital index (height/width *100) was then calculated. ResultsThe mean values of orbital width, height, and depth were 28.49 ± 2.35 mm, 32.14 ± 1.57 mm, and 38.84 ± 3.90 mm, respectively. There was a significant difference in height (P = 0.001), depth (P = 0.004), and width (P = 0.012) between the right and left orbits. The mean value of the orbital index was 88.65 ± 8.90 mm in this population. ConclusionsThe orbital index of this sample Iranian people is Mesoseme according to our study results, the expected characteristic of the white race. The right orbits are determined to be larger than the left ones.

Association between single nucleotide polymorphism in miR-499, miR-196a2, miR-146a and miR-149 and prostate cancer risk in a sample of Iranian population

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in regulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and are involved in numerous physiological processes. Accumulating evidence suggests that single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human miRNA genes may affect miRNA biogenesis pathway and influence the susceptibility to several diseases such as cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of miR-499 rs3746444, miR-196a2 rs11614913, miR-149 rs2292832, and miR-146a rs2910164 polymorphisms on prostate cancer (PCa) risk in a sample of Iranian population. This case-control study was done on 169 patients with pathologically confirmed PCa and 182 benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The genotyping assays were done using T-ARMS-PCR or PCR-RFLP methods. The findings indicated that CC genotype of miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism increased the risk of PCa (OR=1.76, 95% CI=1.12–2.79, P=0.019) compared to TT genotype. No statistically significant association was found between miR-196a2 rs11614913, miR-149 rs2292832, and miR-146a rs2910164 polymorphisms and PCa risk. In summary, the findings indicated that miR-499 rs3746444 polymorphism increased the risk of PCa in an Iranian population. Further studies with larger sample sizes and different ethnicities are necessary to verify the findings of the present study.

Association of Serum hs-CRP Levels With the Presence of Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors.

Diabetes mellitus remains one of the major health problems of the 21st century and is associated with comorbidities including obesity and metabolic abnormalities. The study was conducted to evaluate serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels, as a marker of inflammation, in a large sample of Iranian population without a history of cardiovascular or inflammatory disease and cancer, and to relate this to fasting blood glucose (FBG) and the presence of diabetes mellitus. The study consisted of 7,762 subjects divided into four groups-nonobese/nondiabetic, obese/nondiabetic, nonobese/diabetic and obese/diabetic-based on the BMI classification and their FBG. Anthropometric characteristics were measured and blood was collected for the evaluation of fasted lipid profile, FBG and serum hs-CRP levels. Several clinical and biochemical characteristics were significantly different among the four groups: FBG, P < 0.001; total cholesterol (TC), P < 0.001; and triglyceride (TG), P < 0.001. The subjects with a serum hs-CRP >3 mg/dl had higher TC (P < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, P < 0.001), TG (P < 0.001), fat percentage (P < 0.001), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001) compared with subjects with a serum hs-CRP <3 mg/dl. Multivariate analysis showed FBG, LDL-C, and waist circumference (WC) associated with increased serum hs-CRP levels (P < 0.001). FBG, LDL-C, WC and gender are independently associated with serum hs-CRP concentrations.

IKZF1 gene polymorphisms increased the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in an Iranian population.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have proved the association of IKZF1 polymorphisms with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In the present study, we aimed to inspect the impact of IKZF1 gene polymorphisms and childhood ALL in a sample of Iranian population who live in south east of Iran. This case-control study was done on 110 children diagnosed with ALL and 120 healthy children. The IKZF1 (rs4132601 T > G, rs11978267 A > G, rs11980379 T > C, and rs10272724 T > C) polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The results showed that rs4132601 T > G polymorphism increased the risk of ALL in the codominant (OR = 2.96, 95% CI = 1.58-5.54, p = 0.0008, TG vs TT; and OR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.31-5.76, p = 0.0094, GG vs TT) and dominant (OR = 2.89, 95% CI = 1.61-5.19, p = 0.0004, TG + GG vs TT) inheritance models. On the other hand, the rs4132601 G allele increased the risk of ALL (OR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.28-2.96; p = 0.0011) in comparison with the T allele. We have also showed that rs11980379 T > C variant increased the risk of ALL in codominant (OR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.28-4.60, p = 0.0076, TC vs TT; and OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.14-4.85, p = 0.0291, CC vs TT) and dominant (OR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.32-4.36, p = 0.0038, TC + CC vs TT) inheritance models. The rs11980379 C allele increased the risk of ALL (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.10-2.31, p = 0.0151) compared with T allele. Our study also revealed that the rs10272724 T > C polymorphism increased the risk of ALL in codominant (OR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.19-3.99, p = 0.0115, TC vs TT; and OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 1.24-5.77, p = 0.0131, CC vs TT) and dominant (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.30-4.08, p = 0.0049, TC + CC vs TT) inheritance models. On the one hand, the rs11980379 C allele increased the risk of ALL (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.17-2.46, p = 0.0062) compared with T allele, while the rs11978267 A/G polymorphism was not associated with ALL risk. In conclusion, our findings confirm the impact of IKZF1 polymorphisms on childhood ALL risk in a sample of Iranian population. Further studies with larger sample sizes and different ethnicities are needed to confirm our findings.

Validation of Perceived Wellness Survey (PWS) in a Sample of Iranian Population.

The individual's perception of health, when health is understood to include many dimensions of life, is considered the basis for any improvement in health status. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Perceived Wellness Scale (PWS) by applying it to employees of the Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 180 staff members of the university selected by convenience sampling. The study instrument was a Persian version of the PWS prepared through a translation and back-translation process. The reliability and validity of the instrument were assessed by using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. A total of 180 employees participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 32.29 years (SD = 7.39) and 78.1% of the participants were women. The results showed that the Persian version of the PWS is acceptable. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.87 for the whole scale, ranging from 0.68 to 0.85 on different dimensions of the scale. The results of split-half reliability and CFA indicated that the reliability and validity of the PWS are acceptable. The PWS is therefore an effective tool for evaluating the different dimensions of perceived wellness in the Iranian population.

Angular Photogrammetric Analysis of the Soft Tissue Facial Profile of Iranian Young Adults

Background: The evaluation of the soft tissue facial profile is essential to achieve facial harmony in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Objectives: This study aimed to develop soft tissue angular photogrammetric norms for a sample of Iranian population. Patients and Methods: Standardized profile photographic records were taken from 34 men and 37 women. Twelve measurements were analyzed on each photograph by AutoCad software. For statistical evaluation a Student’s t-test was used and the reliability of the method was assessed by using Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) within a four week interval. Results: Three of the angles showed sexual differences: nasofrontal (G-N-Prn, P = 0.009), nasal (Cm-Sn/N-Prn, P = 0.012) and vertical nasal (N-Prn/Tv, P = 0.029). Other nine angles showed statistically insignificant gender differences (P > 0.05). Two of the angles that suggested gender differences were wider in females: nasofrontal and nasal angle while the third angle was wider in males. Other angles such as nasolabial (Cm-Sn-Ls), mentolabial (Li-Sm-Pg), nasal dorsum (N-Mn-Prn) and angle of the total convexity (G-Prn-Pg) were also found wider in females. The inferior third was larger than the middle third. Mentolabial angle (Li-Sm-Pg), which had the highest standard deviation, showed the greatest variability. Conclusions: The results showed gender dimorphism in three of the measurements: the nasofrontal, the nasal and the vertical nasal angles. Another significant finding was the large variability for the mentolabial angle. The result of this measurement should be assessed with caution.

Psychometri properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in a sample of Iranian population

Psychometri properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire in a sample of Iranian population

Common autoimmune biomarkers, thyroid hormonal abnormalities, and beta cells dysfunction in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults with type II diabetes mellitus

AimLatent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is autoimmune diabetes with a slow progression characterized by the presence of antibodies associated with Type I diabetes. The present study aimed to assess autoimmune characteristics in patients with LADA in Iran. We attempted to obtain a clear view of autoimmune conditions in LADA among our population. MethodsThis study was sourced from the population-based survey of KERCARDS aiming assessment of cardiovascular risk factors among a great sample of Iranian population who were resident in Kerman, a great province in southern Iran. Among all diabetic patients who were negative for Anti Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD) antibody test, 120 were selected as the controls and among 80 patients who were positive for this test diagnosed as LADA, the recorded files of 57 patients were complete considered as the cases. ResultsThe level of thyroxin is significantly lower in patients with LADA compared with the controls so 73.7% and 45% of patients had normal level of thyroxin, respectively. Also, those with LADA had considerably lower levels of both thyroid peroxydaseantibody (TPO-Ab) and C-peptide when compared with non-LADA group. Using multivariate analyses and with the presence of baseline variables including gender, age, and duration of disease, the diagnosis of LADA was associated with lower serum levels of Anti-TPO, C-peptide, and thyroxin, but not associated with the level of Anti-TTG in serum. ConclusionLADA patients may face with lower serum levels of C-peptide and thyroid-specific antibodies indicating insulin therapy requirement and authoimmune fundaments of the disease, respectively.

Measurement of Deciduous Teeth Size in Selected Sample of Iranian Population

Background: Tooth size is an important factor that affects alignment of the teeth in the dental arch and occlusion development during dentition transition. Objectives: This study was carried out to measure mesiodistal dimensions of primary teeth to provide standard for the tooth size. Knowledge of such a standard of tooth size is significant for a better analysis of the space and more appropriate planning of orthodontic treatments. Patients and Methods: The current study was conducted on 32 children, aged 5.5 - 6.5 years, in late primary dentition. The dental casts were prepared and the tooth size was measured by a digital caliper. The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA and t-test. Results: The mesiodistal width of primary central incisor in the upper left quadrant was larger than those of the rest of quadrants. Also, the mesiodistal widths of primary lateral incisors in the upper left quadrant, primary canines in the upper left quadrant, primary fist molars in the lower right quadrant and primary second molars in the lower left quadrant were larger than those of the other quadrants. Moreover, it was concluded that the mesiodistal diameter of permanent central incisors could be obtained according to the primary central incisors using the formula: 1.12 × (Deciduous central incisor width) + 1.27 = (Permanent central incisor width). Conclusions: The findings of this study can be used as a base and standard for the measurement of primary dentition in Iranian children. Also, measurement of mesiodistal width of deciduous central incisors can be used to predict the mesiodistal width of permanent central incisors.

Evaluation of 40-bp Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism of MDM2 and the Risk of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Background: The human murine double minute 2 (MDM2), an oncoprotein, is the major negative regulator of P53. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of 40-bp insertion/deletion (ins/del) polymorphism in the promoter of MDM2 and vulnerability to childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in a sample of Iranian population. Patients and Methods: This case-control study was performed on 75 children diagnosed with ALL and 115 healthy children. The 40-bp ins/ del variant was determined by using the polymerase chain reaction method. Results: Our findings showed that neither the overall chi-square comparison of cases and control subjects (X 2 = 1.13, P = 0.569) nor the logistic regression analysis (codominant: OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 0.59-2.14, P = 0.745, ins/del vs. ins/ins; OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 0.59-3.77, P = 0.372, del/ del vs. ins/ins, dominant: OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.69-2.23, P = 0.552, ins/del + del/del vs. ins/ins and recessive: OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 0.67-3.43, P = 0.395, del/del vs. ins/ins + ins/del) indicated any association between MDM2 ins/del and ALL in our population. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that MDM2 40-bp ins/del polymorphism was not associated with ALL in our Iranian population. Further studies with larger sample sizes and diverse ethnicities are required to verify our findings.

Association between Programmed Cell Death 6 Interacting Protein Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism and the Risk of Breast Cancer in a Sample of Iranian Population.

It has been suggested that genetic factors contribute to patients' vulnerability to breast cancer (BC). The programmed cell death 6 interacting protein (PDCD6IP) encodes for a protein that is known to bind to the products of the PDCD6 gene, which is involved in the apoptosis pathway. The aim of this case-control study is to investigate the relationship between the PDCD6IP 15 bp insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism (rs28381975) and BC risk in an Iranian population. A total of 491 females, including 266 BC patients and 225 control subjects without cancer, were enrolled into the study. Our findings revealed that the PDCD6IP 15 bp I/D polymorphism decreased the risk of BC in codominant (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.31–0.65, p < 0.0001, I/D versus DD; OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.17–0.88, p = 0.030, I/I versus DD) and dominant (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.30–0.63, p < 0.0001, D/I + I/I versus D/D) tested inheritance models. Also, the PDCD6IP I allele significantly decreased the risk of BC (OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.45–0.78, p < 0.001) compared to the D allele.

Association of Genetic Polymorphisms of IFNGR1 with the Risk of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Zahedan, Southeast Iran.

Aim. The present study was undertaken to find out the possible association between interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) receptor 1 (IFNGR1) gene polymorphisms and risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a sample of Iranian population. Methods. Polymorphisms of IFNGR1 rs1327474 (−611 A/G), rs11914 (+189 T/G), rs7749390 (+95 C/T), and rs137854905 (27-bp ins/del) were determined in 173 PTB patients and 164 healthy subjects. Results. Our findings showed that rs11914 TG genotypes decreased the risk of PTB in comparison with TT (OR = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.21–0.62, and p = 0.0002). The rs11914 G allele decreased the risk of PTB compared with T allele (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.25–0.68, and p = 0.0006). IFNGR1 rs7749390 CT genotype decreased the risk of PTB in comparison with CC genotype (OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.32–0.95, and p = 0.038). No significant association was found between IFNGR1 rs1327474 A/G polymorphism and risk/protective of PTB. The rs137854905 (27-bp I/D) variant was not polymorphic in our population. Conclusion. Our findings showed that IFNGR1 rs11914 and rs7749390 variants decreased the risk of PTB susceptibility in our population.