Iranian Men Research Articles

Exploring the Components of a Comprehensive Model Governing Successful Marriages: A Qualitative Study

Background: A successful marriage is a dynamic growing relationship in which both partners continue to grow to achieve personal satisfaction. Building a successful life depends on a successful marriage. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the components of a comprehensive model governing on-time marriages among Iranian married men. Methods: This study was conducted using a qualitative thematic analysis approach. Using a homogeneous purposive sampling method, 14 married men in Bushehr were selected and interviewed. The collected data were analyzed using the content analysis method. Results: The analysis of the data from the interviews revealed three main categories related to on-time marriage among men including having a family that supports marriage, a marriage loving character, and the conditions facilitating marriage. Conclusion: Following these findings, it can be argued that a successful marriage depends on three important components of personality, requirements, and family supporting the on-time marriage. Thus, the improvement of marital life also depends on multidimensional corrections made by taking into account these factors. Accordingly, some measures need to be taken to promote marriage among young people and make them interested in marriages. Furthermore, families need to support their children and provide facilities for them to have successful and on-time marriages. Finally, social institutions and officials are required to facilitate conditions for people to have successful marriages.

Investigating the Effects of Instagram on Creating Body Image 14-30 Years Old Female and Male Users in Tehran Province Using Littleton Body Image Questionnaire

This study was an attempt to examine the effects of Instagram on creating body image 14-30 years old female and male users in Tehran province by using Littleton body image questionnaire. The participants of the study were one hundred and twenty Iranian men and women in Tehran province. This study used two groups (total N = 120) to explore relations between Instagram social media use and body image in early adolescent girls and boys (ages 14-30). The participants were given Littleton questionnaire. Two tests were run to analyze the results of the study. Kruskal-wallis test for data analysis were used to examine the research question about body image. Another test was single sample t-test to evaluate Dissatisfaction and embarrassment of the person to hide the perceived defects. So the finding revealed that Instagram does not affect the women and men worries about their appearance in social performance. 

Iranian Men's Sexual Life Issues After Their Wives' Burn: A Qualitative Content Analysis Study.

Physical and psychological complications of burn injuries reduce the victims' sexual quality of life and challenge their partners' sexual satisfaction. There is no information about men's sexual issues and behaviors. Previous studies did not address the impact of women's burns on their husbands' sexual lives. Therefore, this qualitative study aimed to characterize the sexual experiences of Iranian men after their wives' burns. The study was performed on 16 men with surviving spouses of major burn using criterion-based purposive sampling. Semistructured interviews were analyzed using a qualitative content analysis approach. The results showed men's sexual issues with three main themes and eight subthemes: 1) sexual desire restrictors (annoying scars, imposing roles, and wives' sexual coldness), 2) degradation of marital sex (reduced frequency of sexual intercourses, temptation of extramarital affairs), and 3) effort to maintain sex (sexual self-sacrifice, sexual pretending, sexual precautions). According to men's experiences, female sexual coldness, temptation for extramarital affairs, and sexual pretense were related to couples' poor knowledge of sexual discourse. Thus, health professionals can use context-oriented educational program to promote the couples' sexual knowledge and health after burns.

Comparing laterality and handedness between successful male and female athletes and ordinary population

Background and Purpose: Through comparing handedness and laterality between successful athletes and ordinary people, this study endeavored to investigate the probable relationship between these two factors and skills and abilities which distinguish successful athletes from other members of the society. Procedure: The sample population in the current study included Iranian men and women who were assigned into two groups of ordinary population (group 1) and successful male and female athletes (group 2). Carter’s Laterality Inventory and The Edinburgh Handedness Inventory were employed to measure laterality and handedness, respectively. It needs to be noted that validity and reliability of Persian translation of both inventories have been proved. Following the completion of the inventories, individuals’ laterality and handedness were determined, and the data were prepared for statistical analysis. Findings: The participants included 212 individuals, out of which 135 (63.7%) were male and 77 (36.3%) were female. The individuals were compared in two groups. The first group consisted of successful athletes. Out of the 130 individuals, 45 (34/6%) were female and 85 (65/4%) were male. The second group were ordinary people from private schools in Tehran which entailed 32 (39%) women and 50 (61%) men.

Sexual Aggression among Women and Men in an Iranian Sample: Prevalence and Correlates

This pre-registered study examined the prevalence and correlates of sexual aggression in a sample of 530 Iranians (322 women, 208 men) with a behaviorally specific questionnaire distinguishing between different coercive strategies, victim-perpetrator relationships, and sexual acts. Significantly more women (63.0%) than men (51.0%) experienced at least one incident of sexual aggression victimization since the age of 15 years, and significantly more men (37.0%) than women (13.4%) reported at least one incident of sexual aggression perpetration. In women and men, the experience of child sexual abuse predicted sexual victimization and sexual aggression perpetration after the age of 15 years, both directly and indirectly through higher engagement in risky sexual behavior. Greater endorsement of hostile masculinity among men explained additional variance in the prediction of sexual aggression perpetration. This research is a first step towards documenting and explaining high rates of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration among Iranian women and men, providing important information for sex education as well for the prevention of sexual aggression. However, to achieve these goals, we highlight the need for systematic actions in all educational, social, and legal sectors of Iranian society.

Power, Belonging, and Respectability

Power, Belonging, and Respectability

Prevalence of Eating Disorders in Iran From Preschool to Old Age: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: Eating disorders are among the deadliest psychiatric diseases that have become increasingly prevalent in different societies in recent years. Various biological, social, and psychological factors are involved in the emergence of different types of eating disorders. Several studies have been conducted by medical and non-medical researchers in Iran to estimate the prevalence of this disorder and its subcategories, which have been associated with different epidemiological methodologies and instruments and inconsistent results. Objectives: This study aims to statistically analyze all available findings to determine the total estimate of the prevalence of eating disorders in the general population of Iran and to investigate the reasons for the heterogenous results in previous studies. Methods: The articles were collected by searching the following databases: SID, Magiran, Irandoc, Iran Medex, PubMed, and Google Scholar. All studies evaluating the prevalence of eating disorders in any region of Iran from 1990 to the end of 2021 were included in the study. Meanwhile, articles that were irrelevant in terms of subject or methodology were excluded. Three researchers independently extracted the data from the articles based on a pre-prepared list that included the author’s name, study title, year of publication, journal name, city and study population, sample size, study instruments, and eating disorder prevalence. Results: The estimated point prevalence of any eating disorder in Iran was 22% (95% CI, 7%-38%). The estimated lifetime prevalence of eating disorder, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa was 1% (95% CI, 1%-2%), 1% (95% CI, 0%-1%), and 1% (95% CI, 0%-1%), respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of eating disorders and its subcategories is much lower in Iran compared to high-income and developed countries. The available data are insufficient to determine the exact prevalence of this disorder in the general population, especially among Iranian men.

Association of ideal cardiovascular health metrics and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus among an urban population of Iran: One decade follow up in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.

Aims/IntroductionTo evaluate the association between ideal cardiovascular health metrics (ICVHM) and incident type 2 diabetes mellitus among Iranian men and women.Materials and MethodsThe study population included 7,488 Iranian adults aged ≥20 years (4,236 women) free from diabetes at baseline. The ICVHM was defined according to the American Heart Association's 2020 impact goals. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs) for ICVHM both as continuous and categorical variables.ResultsOver the median of 9.1 years of follow‐up, we identified 922 new cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus (526 women). Body mass index <30 kg/m2, untreated systolic/diastolic blood pressure <120/80 mmHg in both sexes, and physical activity ≥1,500 MET min/week (only among men) were significantly associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Each additional unit in the ICVHM was associated with a 21 and 15% lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men and women, respectively (P‐values <0.05). Compared with participants having poor cardiovascular health, the HR for type 2 diabetes mellitus risk was 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56–0.85) and 0.35 (95% CI 0.21–0.59) for men with intermediate and ideal CVHM, respectively. The corresponding values for women were 0.79 (95% CI 0.65–0.97) and 0.30 (95% CI 0.15–0.60), respectively. In a subpopulation with nutritional data (n = 2,236), ideal and intermediate nutritional status was associated with 83 and 77% lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus only among women (P‐values <0.05).ConclusionWe found a strong inverse association between having higher global ICVHM with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus; which is mainly attributable to normal blood pressure, normal body weight, and intensive physical activity (only for men).

Factors Challenging the Spiritual Rehabilitation of Iranian Men Affected by Natural Disasters: A Qualitative Study.

Spiritual health is one important dimension of human health. Natural disasters, however, can adversely affect human spiritual health. One of the undeniable requirements of disaster management is the spiritual rehabilitation of victims to help them recover to their pre-disaster health conditions. This study aimed to explore the factors challenging the spiritual rehabilitation of Iranian men suffering from natural disasters based on the experiences of key informants. The participants were 19 spiritual health experts in post-disaster spiritual rehabilitation. Participants were selected using a purposive sampling method until data saturation was reached. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Granheim and Lundman (2004) content analysis method. The factors challenging men’s spiritual rehabilitation were classified into 6 main categories and 16 subcategories. The extracted categories included (i) correcting victims’ perspectives, (ii) describing God’s characteristics, (iii) seeking help from God, (iv) strengthening spiritual beliefs, (v) psychological factors, and (vi) tranquility factors. Our findings identified the important factors challenging the spiritual rehabilitation of the men victimized by natural disasters, which needed to be considered by responsible organizations and health sectors. Particularly, the organizations in charge of disaster management should take necessary measures and plans during the post-disaster phase to restore people’s spiritual health. Spiritual health, currently a neglected dimension of health, should be considered people’s in parallel with physical, psychological, and social health dimensions. Our results can be helpful in developing action plans for delivering a comprehensive spiritual rehabilitation service, which would help to lead to the full rehabilitation of victims after natural disasters.

A+ and AB+ blood groups are risk factors for coronary artery disease in Iranian men and women respectively

The ABO blood group antigens, which represents genetic markers, are correlated with a number of diseases. However, the relationship between the ABO blood group system and coronary artery disease (CAD) is controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between ABO blood group system and CAD and its major risk factors. One thousand patients who underwent coronary angiography, were included. The study population comprised 590 males at a mean age of 56 ± 12 years and 410 females at a mean age of 59 ±13 years. There was no difference in the distribution of the ABO blood groups between the study subjects and the general population (healthy blood donors).Excluding gender, there was no association between the ABO blood groups and CAD while, there was a significant correlation between CAD and the AB+ blood group in the women (P=0.001) and the A+ blood group in the men (p=0.015).There was also a significant association between the absence of the Rhesus antigen (Rh-) and normal coronary arteries (p=0.008) . Apropos the risk factors, the prevalence of the current risk factors of CAD was similar among the subjects with different ABO blood groups.

Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Disease; a Report of Iranian Professional Football

Background: All sporting events were halted due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and many athletes suffered from the infection. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and training days lost to COVID-19 in professional football. Methods: This questionnaire-based report on COVID-19 symptoms was conducted during the 2019-20 Iranian men's premier league and second division football. Team members with positive PCR tests were enrolled in the study and were told to fill in the questionnaire after the resolution of the symptoms. The questionnaire was designed to measure the frequency, severity, and duration of COVID-19-related symptoms. Results: Out of 133 males, including 86 players and 47 team officials with a mean age of 30.81 ± 10.7 years, 63.2% reported experiencing no symptoms. The most frequent symptom was the loss of smell, while the least frequently reported symptom was gastrointestinal unrest. It was also revealed that our population missed an average of 12.89 days to return to the team training. Conclusions: Since most of the infected individuals in our population were asymptomatic proper case identification using regular PCR testing could stop the transmission of the disease more effectively. Also, more attention is required to be paid to less severe symptoms such as the loss of smell and taste. Moreover, the days lost due to COVID-19 are almost comparable to the days lost by other injuries for the players, which highlights the importance of taking proper preventive measures.

Prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome in Iranian Patients under Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study

Introduction: Recent studies have contradictory reports of the overall prevalence of restless legs syndrome in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to help eliminate ambiguity about the prevalence of restless legs syndrome in Iranian hemodialysis patients by systematic review and meta-analysis study. Methods: This study was performed based on PRISMA checklist. Documents were obtained from English and Persian databases such as Magiran, Sid, Medilib, Iranmedex, Irandoc, CIVILICA, ISC, Pubmed, Scopus, Springer, and Google Scholar Engine from 2000 to 2021. All reviewed articles with selection criteria were evaluated qualitatively with the STROBE checklist. Comprehensive Meta-analysis (CMA-2) software was used to analyze the data by meta-analysis random effects method. Results: Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in the patients under hemodialysis was estimated to be 49.6% (95% CI: 39.9-59.3) in 13 studies with 2431 Iranian samples that 62.3% of whom were men. The prevalence of this disorder was 54.2% in Iranian women (95% CI: 41.7-66.3) and 43.5% in Iranian men (95% CI: 31.6-56.3). The most and least prevalence of restless legs syndrome in hemodialysis patients was respectively in Yazd (66.4%) and in Tehran (35.3%). In addition, regression analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between sex, urban areas, sample size and age of patients with restless legs syndrome. Conclusion: The prevalence of restless legs syndrome is high in Iranian hemodialysis patients, which early diagnosis, prevention and treatment of this disorder in adults seems necessary.

The association of vitamin D, semen parameters, and reproductive hormones with male infertility: A cross-sectional study.

BackgroundThe prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and male infertility is high in Iran.ObjectiveThe present research aimed to examine the association between serum vitamin D [25(OH)D], parameters of semen including semen volume, sperm count, motility and morphology, and reproductive hormones in infertile Iranian men.Materials and MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study on 119 infertile men conducted between September 2018 and May 2019. Subjects were divided into 3 groups based on serum vitamin D levels: deficient ( 10 ng/mL), insufficient (10 ng/mL 25(OH)D 30 ng/mL), and sufficient ( 30 ng/mL). Body mass index and waist circumference were measured. 25(OH)D, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone and estradiol levels, and semen parameters were assessed.ResultsThe semen volume, sperm counts, total and progressively motile sperm, normal sperm morphology, testosterone levels, and testosterone/estradiol ratio were substantially higher in the sufficient group compared to the other groups (p 0.001). Also, in the sufficient group, serum LH (p 0.001) and estradiol (p 0.001, p = 0.01) were notably lower and serum sex hormone-binding globulin (p 0.001) and the testosterone/LH ratio (p 0.001) were considerably higher compared to the insufficient and deficient groups.ConclusionOur study showed a positive relationship between serum vitamin D levels, and seminal parameters and sex hormones in Iranian infertile males.

Psychometric properties of the Farsi version of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (F-EPSI) among Iranian University men and women

BackgroundLimited research has validated eating pathology assessments in Iranian men and women. The purpose of the current study was to translate and validate a Farsi version of the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory (F-EPSI) in Iranian university students.MethodsMen (n = 279) and women (n = 486) completed questionnaires including the F-EPSI.ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis (CFA) indicated that the F-EPSI had an acceptable fit to the data and supported the eight-factor model. The scale was partially invariant across genders. Men reported higher scores on Excessive Exercise and Muscle Building subscales, and women reported higher scores on Body Dissatisfaction and Restricting subscales. The F-EPSI subscales had good 5- to 6-month test–retest reliability. The F-EPSI demonstrated convergent validity with clinical impairment, eating pathology, and body mass index (BMI). Finally, individuals scoring above the Clinical Impairment Assessment (CIA) cutoffs reported higher scores on the F-EPSI subscales, further supporting convergent validity of the scale.ConclusionFindings suggest that the F-EPSI will enable researchers to examine eating pathology symptoms among men and women in Iran.

Talking with Iranian trans men: Their experiences and identity development

Introduction This research sought to discover the psychosocial experiences of trans men born and raised in Iran, including the cultural surround unique to Iran. Method Fifteen trans men aged from 20 to 35 narrated their lives through in-depth individual interviews. We applied Corbin and Straus’s (2015) approach to analyze the data in developing a Grounded Theory. Results Confusing Gender Identity (Core Theme) and eleven other themes, divided into (Macro/Micro) Contextual factors, Actions/Interactions, and Consequences, depicting the structures and processes in trans men’s lives. Escalations of Dysphoria within family structure and Traumatic Backgrounds represent Micro-contextual factors; Masculine Superiority and Feminine Gender Taboo are Macro-contextual factors; Insecurity in Emotional Relationships, Social Insecurity, Feminine Inferiority, Masculine Gender Envy, Discordant Self-image, and Unsupportive Systems are the Actions/Interactions, and Gray Fortunes represent Consequences. A Grounded Theory is developed from these findings that comprehensively represent the relational themes. Conclusion The findings clarify the contextual factors affecting Iranian trans men’s lives. They could be applied to improve the overall health of this population. As most studies and theories regarding the transgender population emanate from Western cultures, this research provides a new and comprehensive understanding of trans men’s psychological/social experiences in a unique cultural and political climate.

The IGSF1, Wnt5a, FGF14, and ITPR1 Gene Expression and Prognosis Hallmark of Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer is considered as the second leading cause of cancer related death in men worldwide and the third frequent cancer among Iranian men. Despite the use of PSA as the only biomarker for early diagnosis of prostate cancer, its application in clinical settings is under debate. Therefore, the introduction of new molecular markers for early detection of prostate cancer is needed. In the present study we intended to evaluate the expression of IGSF1, Wnt5a, FGF14, and ITPR1 in prostate cancer specimens by real time PCR. Biopsy samples of 40 prostate cancer cases and 41 healthy Iranian men were compared to determine the relative gene expression of IGSF1, Wnt5a, FGF14, and ITPR1 by real time PCR. Our results showed that Wnt5a, FGF14, and IGSF1 were significantly overexpressed in the prostate cancer patients while the mean relative expression of ITPR1 showed a significant decrease in PCa samples compared to healthy controls. According to results of the present study, the combination panel of IGSF1, Wnt5a, FGF14, and ITPR1 genes could be considered as potential genetic markers for prostate cancer diagnosis. However further studies on larger populations and investigating the clinicopathological relevance of these genes is needed.

Efficacy of Date Palm Pollen in the Male Sexual Dysfunction after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Clinical Trial.

Background Bypass graft surgery of the coronary artery has a significant effect on the creation and development of sexual dysfunction among male patients. The previous studies have demonstrated that date palm pollen (DPP) increases the count and quality of sperm. Additionally, it has been shown that DPP has a protective effect against myocardial infarction and cardiac remodeling. Therefore, this is the first study investigating the impact of DPP (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on managing male sexual dysfunction after coronary artery bypass graft. Methods This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients (DPP group n = 30, control group n = 30) of Iranian men after coronary artery bypass graft. Two parallel groups were randomly generated from the study participants. The intervention group was prescribed 3 grams of the powder of DPP twice a day (9 AM and 9 PM) for two months, while the control group received the same prescription of the placebo powder. Results The DPP consumption significantly increased the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) (from 23.21 to 46.57) and the Hurlbert Index of Sexual Desire (HISD) (from 59.39 to 64.45) scores over time in the intervention group. However, there were no significant changes in the control group. Conclusion Daily intake of 6 g DPP for two months exhibited beneficial effects on the symptoms of male sexual dysfunction in patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).

Gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder and depression among Iranian population with substance use disorder

ABSTRACT Background In a review of Iranian studies, no studies have yet to explore a relationship between substance use disorders (SUDs), depression and/or PTSD. In this paper, we report whether the Iranian women and men with SUDs exhibit differences in PTSD and depression. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed on 600 SUDs patients in treatment. Assessments included socio demographic questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory II, and the PTSD Checklist. Data were analyzed using descriptive, chi-square (χ2) and logistic regression analysis. Results PTSD was 61.5% in the study population. The mean PTSD score was 47.92 ± 12.07 for all men and women. The participants revealed mild, moderate, and severe depressive symptoms 19.7%, 24.3%, and 32.3%, respectively. Women were more likely than men to be diagnosed with PTSD (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) =1.82, 95%CI: 1.19, 2.80) and depression (AOR =1.65, 95%CI: 1.01, 2.77). In addition, marital status and job status were significantly associated with depression and PTSD. Conclusions This study shows remarkably higher prevalence of PTSD and depression in drug using women than their male counterparts. The results illustrate a number of gender differences that may shed light on etiologic models of co-morbid SUDs, PTSD, and depression.

Association of different lipid measures with incident bone fractures: Tehran lipid and glucose study

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the association between different lipid measures and long-term hospitalization-required incident fracture among Iranian men and women. Methods A total of 3309 individuals aged ≥50 years (men = 1598) were included in the study. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses were performed to assess the risk of incident fracture across quintiles, considering first quintile as reference, as well as for 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in each lipid measure, i.e. total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C and HDL-C, respectively), non-HDL-C, and related indices (TG/HDL-C and TC/HDL-C). Covariates included age, body mass index, current smoking, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, lipid lowering-drugs, and steroid medications (for women). Results During a median follow-up of 18 years, incident fracture was observed in 201 cases (men = 87). In both gender, no linear association was found between different lipid measures and incident fracture. Among men, only the fourth quartile of TG was associated with lower risk of fracture in the age-adjusted analysis with the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of [0.45 (0.21–0.95)]. Among women, the age-adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for the second, third, fourth, and fifth quintiles of non-HDL-C were [0.46 (0.25–0.87)], [0.73 (0.42–1.25)], [0.90 (0.54–1.51)], and [0.52 (0.29–0.95)], respectively; the corresponding values in the multivariate model were [0.48 (0.26–0.90)], [0.76 (0.4–1.32)], [0.94 (0.56–1.58)], and [0.52 (0.28–0.95)], respectively. The second quintile of LDL-C was also associated with lower risk for incident fracture in the multivariate analysis [0.53 (0.29–0.98)]. Conclusions Among Iranian women, a nonlinear association between non-HDL-C and LDL-C and incident fracture was found as the second and fifth quintile of the former and the second quintile of the latter were associated with about 50% lower risk of fracture. Generally, our findings did not support harmful impact of these lipid measures on incident fracture.

The association of plant-based dietary patterns and psychological disorders among Iranian adults.

Plant-based dietary pattern, a new scoring system, has had a favorable relationship with the risk of chronic diseases, however, the associations with mental health are long disputed. Thus, we examined the association between an overall plant-based diet (PDI), healthy plant-based diet (hPDI), and unhealthy plant-based diet (uPDI) and psychological disorders in adult Iranian patients. In this large cross-sectional study, 3,362 Iranian men and women were recruited. Dietary data were gathered using a validated and reliable Willett format food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Plant-based dietary pattern scores were calculated based on the method of Satija et al. Psychological profile assessment was done using the validated hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and the general health questionnaire (GHQ). A total number of 943, 448, and 760 participants who suffered from depression, anxiety, and psychological distress, respectively, were identified. In the multivariable-adjusted analysis, participants in the highest category of PDI and hPDI scores had lower odds of having depression and anxiety than those in the lowest category. This association was also found between hPDI and psychological distress (OR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.38-0.68). In contrast, higher scores of uPDI was associated with increased odds of anxiety (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.06-2.42) and psychological distress (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.01-1.90). The cross-sectional study design. Our results indicated that greater adherence to the overall plant-based diet and healthy plant-based diet was inversely associated with psychological disorders, while following unhealthy plant-based diet increased the risk of anxiety and psychological distress.