Iran In Terms Research Articles

Carpal tunnel syndrome severity, hand discomfort, and usability among three types of computer mouse.

Numerous people use computer mice for long hours, especially in offices. Mouse users reported various pains and discomfort. The study aimed to assess three types of most common mice (vertical, traditional, flat) in Iran in terms of their effects on carpal tunnel syndrome, hand discomfort, and usability. The Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome questionnaire, the Cornell Hand Discomfort Questionnaire (CHDQ), System Usability Scale (SUS), and Workplace Ergonomic Risk Assessment (WERA) scores were used to assess vertical, traditional, and flat mice. In addition, the participant's hand position was analyzed by observation method. Most participants had medium carpal tunnel syndrome severity; however, flat mouse users had a higher score, and the difference between mice was insignificant (p > 0.05). Most mouse users felt discomfort in their small and ring fingers, and the type of mouse significantly affected thumb discomfort level. More flat users felt Pain in the different parts of their hands. The flat mouse has the least SUS score. There was a significant difference between the three mice regarding SUS scores (p < 0.05). WERA mean values were acceptable for numerous mice. Adopting neutral wrist postures was more common among vertical, flat, and traditional mouse users, respectively; however, the flat mouse users tended to bend their fingers. There are differences between vertical and traditional flat mice in terms of ergonomic indicators. Although more studies are needed, it seems that vertical mice are better in some indicators.

Effectiveness of Addiction Treatment Programs in Iran in Terms of Social, Psychological, Economic, and Therapeutic Outcomes: An Appraisal

Objectives: In recent years, various treatment programs have been implemented in Iran aimed at rehabilitation and improvement of drug-dependent patients but so far, few studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of different treatment programs in terms of different outcomes. This study was conducted to determine the differences among patients participating in three therapeutic programs, outpatient, mid-term residential program, and therapeutic community (TC) in terms of social, psychological, economic, and therapeutic outcomes. Methods: The present study was conducted using a descriptive design and ex post facto method. Data were collected from patients participating in three treatment plans (outpatient treatment=49; mid-term residential treatment=49; and TC plan=49). Patients participating in the TC program were all enumerated and patients participating in the outpatient and mid-term residency treatment plan were selected by random sampling. Data collection tools were a socio-demographic characteristics checklist, researcher-made questionnaire for relapse, a general health questionnaire (GHQ), a world health organization quality of life (WHOQOL) questionnaire, and a family relationship index (FRI). The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), chi-square, and Scheffe’s post hoc test. Results: Significant differences were observed between the three treatments in terms of the rate of relapse (P&lt;0.01), participation in criminal activities (P&lt;0.01), changes in drug use in the treatment process or after treatment (P&lt;0.01), employment status (P&lt;0.01), mental health (P&lt;0.01), quality of life (P&lt;0.01), and family relationships index (FRI) (P&lt;0.01). Discussion: The TC program showed more positive outcomes in terms of the rate of relapse and quality of life compared to the other two therapeutic programs. The outpatient treatment program was more effective in terms of participation in criminal activities, changes in drug use, employment, and quality of family relationships. The mid-term residency program showed a low or negative impact on all studied outcomes. Therefore, it is necessary to reevaluate the programs presented in the mid-term residential program.

The Burden of Ischemic Heart Disease Among Adults 70 Years and Older in Iran, 1990-2019

Objectives: To report the ischemic heart disease (IHD) burden and its risk factors among adults aged 70 and older in Iran in terms of sex, at both the national and provincial levels, from 1990 to 2019. Design: Systematic analysis. Outcome Measures: The modelled point prevalence of IHD, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were reported using data obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study, as counts and standardized rates, along with their related 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Results: In 2019, IHD had a point prevalence of 52886.4 per 100000 population for adults aged 70 and above in Iran, which was 7.5% higher than that in 1990, and a death rate of 1932.9, which was 22.0% lower than that in 1990. In 2019, the number of DALYs attributed to IHD was 820.4 thousand with a rate of 23630.9, which was 33.7% lower than that in 1990. Furthermore, Golestan and Tehran with rates of 32484.6 and 12752.5 had the largest and smallest DALY rates in those aged 70 and above in Iran, respectively. The highest point prevalence, death, and DALY rates for both sexes, were found in the 95+age group. In 2019, the Iran DALY rate was lower than the Middle East and North Africa region rate in all age groups in males and females, except for the 90-94 and 95+age groups in females. Nationally, systolic blood pressure (SBP) (47.8%), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (36.2%), and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (35.3%) had the three highest attributable DALYs. Conclusions: Currently, the burden of IHD in Iran is considered a pressing public health issue, indicating the urgent need for effective public health interventions. Further investigations are, therefore, needed to discover causes for the high prevalence of IHD in the country and to develop better strategies for effective prevention and controlling it.

Foreign experience in legal regulation of cryptocurrency taxation

The active development and distribution of cryptocurrencies around the world raises a natural question about the need to determine the procedure for legal regulation of taxation of transactions with cryptocurrencies. In this article, on the basis of the comparative legal method, the author examines the experience of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies and the procedure for their taxation in foreign countries. As part of the study, the experience of the United States of America, Singapore, New Zealand, Iran in terms of the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies and the procedure for their taxation is analyzed. It has been established that each of the above-mentioned states adheres to its own special approach in terms of regulation and taxation of cryptocurrencies. As a result of the study, three main models of legal regulation and taxation of cryptocurrencies in foreign jurisdictions were identified: the first approach is based on the recognition of cryptocurrencies as a type of convertible virtual currency that can be used as a means of payment. At the same time, in this approach, for tax purposes, cryptocurrencies are considered as property; under the second approach, cryptocurrencies are not recognized as legal tender. In the second approach, cryptocurrencies are treated as property for tax purposes; the third approach is based on a complete ban on the use of cryptocurrencies in the state, taxation of transactions with cryptocurrencies is not established.

Prevalence and Type of Dental Abnormalities Among Patients With Different Skeletal Malocclusion Classes in Northern Iran

Background Dental abnormalities are considered important, since they cause aesthetic and functional problems for people. Orthodontic treatment becomes more complicated when craniofacial abnormalities are accompanied with dental abnormalities. Objective This study aims to compare the frequency and type of dental abnormalities among patients with different skeletal malocclusion classes in northern Iran in terms of age and gender. Methods Participants were 310 patients (32.9% Class I, 33.9% Class II, and 33.2% Class III). They were evaluated with respect to hypodontia, hyperdontia, impaction, microdontia, macrodontia, and dens invaginatus/evaginatus. Association of the prevalence of dental abnormalities with the type of malocclusion and gender was assessed by chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test, while independent t-test was used to determine its association with age. Results The overall frequency of dental abnormalities was 33%. Class III patients had the highest rate of dental abnormalities (40.8%); however, the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.105). Hypodontia and impacted teeth were the most frequent abnormalities in all malocclusion groups. Occurrence of tooth impaction differed significantly among the three malocclusion groups (P&lt;0.001), where the highest rate belonged to the class III group. Hypodontia was more frequent in males (P=0.040). Tooth impaction and microdontia were the two abnormalities that showed significant association with age (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion Dental abnormalities in northern Iran is more prevalent among people with the skeletal class III malocclusion. The prevalence of some dental abnormalities is associated with gender and age.

Tenecteplase in managing acute ischemic stroke: a long-term cost–utility analysis in Iran

ABSTRACT Background & Aims The advantage of tenecteplase (TNK) over alteplase (ALT) in managing acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has been reported, but the cost-effectiveness of these two strategies has not received as much attention. The objective of this study was to compare TNK and ALT for the management of AIS patients in Iran in terms of cost-effectiveness. Methods This study was carried out from the payer’s perspective in Iran, with a lifetime horizon. A full economic evaluation model was designed as a decision tree and a Markov model. After defining different Markov states, each health state was assigned a utility value, and quality-adjusted life year (QALY) was estimated using that value. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was ultimately used for evaluating the comparative cost-effectiveness. Both deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were carried out. Results Compared to ALT, TNK can save approximately 4333.81 USD, and is able to increase one unit of QALY while saving approximately 17,450.29 USD. So, Base-case results showed that TNK strongly dominates ALT. Moreover, the base case results were strongly confirmed by deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Conclusions Base-case and sensitivity analysis showed that TNK is the dominant strategy compared to ALT for the management of AIS patients.

Modified QuEChERS sample preparation method and applied for the analysis of 30 pesticide residues in iran tea in 2020–2021 using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

In the present study, the conventional QuEChER (fast, easy, inexpensive, effective, rugged and safe) method was modified and evaluated to measure thirty major pesticide residues in the most widely used teas in iran. To determine the pesticide residues, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used. .The principles of the proposed method are similar to the conventional method, involves acetonitrile-based sample extraction, followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction (D-SPE) using primary-secondary amines (PSA). for the proposed validation, parameters including linearity, selectivity, retrieval, accuracy, precision and uncertainty were evaluated. Under optimal experimental conditions, for thirty analytese, linearity was observed in the range of 0.01–1000.0 µg L−1 and limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.4–1.7 µg respectively.Accuracy in term recovery ranged from 80.66% to 95.66% for 84% and precision in the term relative standard deviations lower than 6.8%.The expanded measurement uncertainty was not higher than 19.07% for all target analytes. This study can provide information on the amount of contaminated teas in iran in terms of pesticide residues. The results of this study can be useful for both producers and consumers in controlling and aware of the dangers of pesticide residues. It also reveals the residual amount of toxins used in teas. That could serve as a basis for the relevant government departments in Iran to take appropriate measures to ensure that tea pollutants are within the permissible range of sales to minimize subsequent health risks.

فرایند اسلامی کردن آموزش در ایران و پیامدهای آن

This study is an attempt to investigate the process of Islamization of education and its consequences on the quality of education in Iran. At first, the history of Islamization of education, its motivations, goals, and implementation methods have been examined. Then, the consequences of Islamic education, including the impact on scientific transparency and the freedom of action of researchers, are mentioned. The study is fundamental in terms of purpose. Because in the official education of Iran, there is not much possibility for a detailed analysis of the process of Islamization of education and its effects, it is necessary to explore and highlight the issue in terms of recording a historical moment in Iran. The importance of the issue can be seen in order to examine the impact of the institution of power on the institution of education as well. The difference between the localization of science in the sense of applying knowledge to solve specific societal problems and the limitation of science in line with ideological goals is an important part of any study that is conducted to investigate the Islamization of education. Some previous articles have ignored this aspect either because of the limitations or because of the researcher’s bias. The cultural revolution that took place with the aim of “Islamizing modern universities and eliminating the gap between the religious and university education systems” was the starting point of this process. Although the intellectual background had already been provided and the revolutionaries sought to make fundamental changes in the education system even before the 1957 revolution. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Culture and Higher Education, during the Cultural Revolution, nearly eight thousand university professors, which were almost half of all university professors in Iran, were fired from universities. Since the cultural revolution of Iran, a system was established for the selection of professors, and political-ideological selection was added to the scientific selection. However, strict systematic monitoring of the work of professors and researchers hinders the free work of professors who have passed the compulsory selections, and in case of violation of the established frameworks, they face dismissal and even arrest and imprisonment. Iran’s textbooks have changed many times, and in these changes, ideological content has taken the place of educational content. The work of academic researchers, especially in the field of humanities, has faced many difficulties. Islamization of education starts from elementary textbooks and reaches the highest levels of higher education. Therefore, it is very important to study and investigate the process of Islamization of education in Iran in terms of the obvious and hidden effects on the quality of education.

Quantitative analysis and carcinogenic/non-carcinogenic risk assessment of aflatoxin M1 in milk-based baby food and infant formula milk – a case study in Iran

In this study, solid-phase extraction (SPE) combined with the dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on novel hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DLLME − DES) has been developed as an ultra-pre-concentration technique for the extraction of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk-based baby food (MBBF) and infant formula milk (IFM) samples followed by HPLC combined with fluorescence detection (HPLC − FL). In addition, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment was performed by health-related risk factors including liver cancer risk (LCR), margin of exposure (MOE) and target hazard quotient (THQ) were calculated using the mean of AFM1 in different infant food samples. The results of the study showed that the mean of AFM1 was statistically significant different between various brands and types of IFM and MBBF. The results of the study showed that the percentage of positive samples higher than the allowable limit of AFM1 in 36 samples of domestic infant formula milk (DIFM), 24 samples of imported infant formula milk (IIFM), 36 samples of domestic milk-based baby food (DMBBF) and 18 samples of imported milk-based baby food (IMBBF) were 41.6, 12.5, 66.7 and 33.3%, respectively. In addition, estimated values for health risk-related factors including LCR, MOE and THQ indicated that for most infants less than one-year-old were higher than the acceptable levels. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the quality of IFM and MBBF consumed in Iran in terms of AFM1 is poor. Therefore, it is necessary to take appropriate measures to reduce the amount of AFM1 in DIFM and DMBBF, and in addition, the IIFM and IMBBF should be controlled qualitatively before supplying the market.

Prioritization of solar electricity and hydrogen co-production stations considering PV losses and different types of solar trackers: A TOPSIS approach

Renewable hydrogen production plays a key role in transitioning to a hydrogen economy. For this, developing countries are encouraged to keep up with industrialized nations. As such, this study seeks to evaluate the potential of all capital cities of Iran in terms of solar-based hydrogen production and prioritize the nominated alternatives. This step is highly valued because finding the most suitable place for this purpose can lead to substantial outcomes and consequently avoid failure. Therefore, here a 20-kW solar power plant is simulated by PVsyst 6.7 software and meteorological data of 31 capital cities is extracted using Meteonorm 7.1 software. Considering all losses associated with solar power plants, electricity and hydrogen generation are studied under the scenarios of using fixed optimal angle for solar cells, seasonally adjustable slope, single axis tacker and dual-axis tracker. Analyzing the impact of each technology on hydrogen production, MCDM approaches are applied to rank the stations considering 13 conflicting criteria. The numerical results demonstrate the minimum and maximum of hydrogen production for annual optimal angle scenario are related to Sari and Zahedan respectively with amounts of 457.4 kg/year and 671.5 kg/year. Also, under the optimal seasonal slope scenario hydrogen production efficiency increases by up to 3.8%. This figure for two other cases of single-axis tracker and dual-axis tracker is expected to be 30.6%, and 34.3%, respectively. Using the TOPSIS method, Yasuj is selected as the most suitable city for the purpose of this study. This recommendation is supported by the results of ranking analysis using WS, MAPPACC, and ELECTRE III methods.

Designing the competency-based training model of Iranian medical tourism.

BACKGROUND:Despite the great comparative advantage of Iran in terms of infrastructure, technology, and human resources as well as the significance of medical tourism in the tourist industry, in practice, the quality of human resources has received less attention. Consequently, this study was conducted to design a model of competency-based training for Iranian medical tourism.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This study was an exploratory mix, and the Delphi method and semi-structured interviews were used for the qualitative part of this study. In the second part, the analytical method was utilized for the quantitative part of this study.RESULTS:The results indicated the main components of medical tourism to be public interactions and private interactions and seven subcomponents. Medical Tourism's Competency includes three main components and seven subcomponents.CONCLUSION:Although some training separated and scattered is present in Iran's medical tourism. However, Iran requires a comprehensive training model of which its design was explained in this paper.

Assessment of groundwater sustainability and management plan formulations through the integration of hydrogeological, environmental, social, economic and policy indices

To protect aquifers, it is necessary to assess their sustainability in the face of current and future events and stresses. In this study, technical, environmental, social, economic, and groundwater sustainability policy indexes were integrated and used to assess the sustainability of aquifers in the Salt Lake catchment. This 92,884.2 km2 catchment, one of the most important second-grade watersheds in Iran in terms of the importance of water resources, is located in Tehran, Markazi, Qazvin, Zanjan, Hamedan, Isfahan, Qom, and Alborz provinces, and comprises 36 aquifers in the basin. Seven quantitative hydrogeological indicators, three qualitative hydrogeology indicators, six environmental indicators, three social indicators, two economic indicators, and one policy indicator were considered. Final sustainability in each dimension (hydrogeological, environmental, social, economic, and policy) and overall sustainability were evaluated with the analytical hierarchy process and Shannon information entropy weighting approach to integrate expert opinion. The final results of sustainability analysis show that in the Salt Lake catchment, eastern aquifers are completely unstable and western aquifers show poor stability. Management scenarios with a 40% and 80% reduction in groundwater abstraction in the framework of the driving force-pressure-status-impact-response model show that a 40% reduction plays no a significant role in improving the quantitative sustainability of aquifers, whereas an 80% reduction in abstraction leads to an improvement of about 25% in quantitative sustainability.

Current State of Palliative Care in Iran and Related Issues: A Narrative Review.

Background:Palliative research studies seem to be limited and disperse in Iran. The present study was therefore conducted to review and categorize the Palliative Care (PC) studies performed in Iran in terms of the research type, the type/focus of PC, the measured outcomes in interventional palliative studies and their related results, the disease type, and their geographical distribution.Materials and Methods:This narrative review was conducted in 2021 in which both Iranian and international databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of science, CINAHL, ProQuest, Magiran, SID, Noormags, ISC were searched. The inclusion criteria were original articles conducted in Iran and results published in Persian or English journals ab initio in which PC was assessed as a variable (dependent or independent) or the main concept.Results:A total of 1096 articles were identified from which only 44 articles were reviewed. The research studies were mainly focused on cancer and majority conducted in Tehran. Majority of studies were quantitative-interventional leading to a variety of positive changes in dependent variables, including reduce in pain severity, change in life pattern, a good response to therapy, increase life expectancy, improve in dysphagia, improve quality of life, reduce patients' metastasis, and increase in nurses' self-efficacy.Conclusions:The PC studies distributed across different fields and cities in Iran resulted to a number of positive outcomes for patients. More focused and robust research studies with different patients need to be conducted in this emerging field in Iran.

A new model for the use of renewable electricity to reduce carbon dioxide emissions

Climate change and global warming have been a focus of attention in several countries in recent years. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) are one of the most significant contributors to an environmental hazard. Electricity generation is frequently associated with adverse environmental consequences resulting from fossil fuel use, with carbon dioxide emissions being the most concerning greenhouse gas issue. Thus, renewable energies (RE) development for electricity generation has been favored in recent decades. The current study's primary objective is to determine the impact of renewable energy development on Iran's carbon dioxide emissions. The study employs a system dynamics approach to examine the effects of renewable energy development in Iran in terms of carbon emissions and examined five distinct scenarios: increasing the feed-in tariff, eliminating fossil fuel power plant subsidies, gradually eliminating fossil fuel power plant subsidies, and two combined scenarios that consider the carbon cost of electricity generation. Based on this model, carbon emissions can be reduced by 7 %–41 % in the 2040 horizon than the Business as Usual (BAU) scenario.

THE ROLE OF INTIMACY, BELONGING, SELF-ESTEEM INTHE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANXIOUS, AVOIDANT ATTACHMENT AND FORGIVENESS AMONG MARRIED IRANIAN WOMEN

This study focuses on examining the mediating effect of intimacy, belonging, self-esteem on the relationships between anxious, avoidant attachment and forgiveness among Iranian married women. Data were collected from 435 women and the Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM) method was applied to analyse the data. The results revealed that the impacts of anxious and avoidant attachment on forgiveness were meaningful. Also, empirical evidence was found for the mediating role of intimacy, belonging, and self-esteem on the relationship between avoidant attachment and forgiveness and also belonging and self-esteem on the relationship between anxious attachment and forgiveness. Results of this study suggest that the most accurate model of the relationship between attachment, intimacy, belonging, self-esteem, and forgiveness involves evaluating direct indirect effects. Marriage counselors and therapists can use these results to gain a deeper understanding of the foundations of marital life in Iran in terms of psychoeducational and therapeutic interventions.

The Preparedness of Primary Health Care Network in terms of Emergency Risk Communication: A Study in Iran

Emergency Risk Communication (ERC) is known as 1 of the important components of an effective response to public health emergencies. In this study, we aimed to investigate the preparedness of the Primary Health Care Network (PHCN) of Iran in terms of the ERC. This study was conducted in 136 Primary Health Care Facilities (PHCFs) affilated to Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Data in terms of ERC were collected using a checklist developed by the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The findings of the study revealed that 65.9% of the PHCFs had low preparedness in terms of the ERC, 33.3% had a moderate level and 0.8% had high preparedness in this regard. There was a significant difference between the level of ERC and the history of crisis in the past year, PHCF type, and the education level of the responsible employees in the crisis unit in the PHCF. The results showed that the PHCFs studied need to increase their capacity and capability in the field of ERC. Further efforts to provide ERC components may increase the preparedness of PHCN in Iran in terms of the ERC.

Investigating the status of transgenic crops in Iran in terms of cultivation, consumption, laws and rights in comparison with the world

Recently, there has been a development in transgenic technologies in many countries to meet nutritional needs of increasing worlds҆ population. However, there are some concerns about possible risks in the field of growing genetically modified (GM) food, such as threats of biodiversity and food allergies making their use a challenge. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the economic effects and political scopes of GM foods in production sector and policies made by different countries in the world and Iran. Moreover, essential (practical and legal) solutions and guidelines were provided for production and consumption of GM foods, which are useful for governmental entities, Iranian politicians, and consumers' rights. The latest situation of transgenic crops in the countries with which Iran has the highest exchange of agricultural products (including Turkey, Pakistan, and the European Union (EU)) was also studied. Although, Iran has been one of leading Asian countries not only in the field of transfer of technical knowledge of genetic engineering, but also in development of the specialized knowledge of biosafety, and despite production of several transgenic plant lines by Iranian researchers, unfortunately no GM crop has obtained release and cultivation license except for GM rice that its growing process was banned after change of government. According to findings of this study, in Iran, growing and production process of GM crops does not follow the global trend owing to scientific and legal infrastructures.

الصراع على الامتيازات والبترول الإيراني (1862-1944م)

أصبحت إيران بعد سلسلة من الإمتيازات والإتفاقيات التي حصلت عليها الدول الرأسمالية تشکل محورا أساسيا من محاور الصراع الدولي الذي اقتصر في البداية على روسيا وبريطانيا، وبعد ذلک اتسعت حلقاته بسرعة لتشمل دولا أخرى صغيرة حصلت على تلک الإمتيازات لاستغلال ثروات البلاد الطبيعية مما أدى إلى تکالب الدول وتنافسها للحصول عليها. وکانت إيران قد دخلت نطاق المصالح البريطانية الحيوية بشکل واسع خلال النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر بعد أن حصلت الأخيرة على مجموعة امتيازات لاستغلال ثروات البلاد لإحساسها بأهمية إيران في حماية مصالحها وضمانها في المنطقة. وقد تمکنت بريطانيا من الحصول على عدة امتيازات في البداية تفوق ما حصلت عليه روسيا وکان ذلک في مجال التحديث وإقامة المشروعات العملاقة، وکان لذلک ما يبرره اقتصاديا وسياسيا حيث أنها کانت أسبق في التقدم الاقتصادي، مما جذب أنظار الدول إليها، کما أن تجارب الماضي قد ولدت حساسية مفرطة لدى الساسة الإيرانيين تجاه روسيا بعد أن تفاقم خطرها على إيران. وفي مجال النفط حققت بريطانيا نجاحا کبيرا في هذا المجال حيث حصل البريطانيون على امتيازات في معظم أنحاء إيران ماعدا المناطق الشمالية المتاخمة للحدود مع روسيا فقد حصلت على امتياز باستغلالها, لکنها لم تحقق الهدف المرجو منه فتم إلغاؤه وخاصة بعد قيام ثورة 1917م التي لم تعترف بذلک الامتياز, فاشترته إنجلترا التي انفردت بالمجال الإيراني بعد أن اشترت الامتياز الروسي والعمل على عرقلة أي محاولة أمريکية للاستثمار في إيران. Abstract Iran became one of the crucial fields of international struggle after the capitalist countries obtained a series of privileges and agreements there. The international struggle was first limited to Russia and Britain, but it later expanded to include other small countries that obtained these privileges to exploit the country’s natural wealth which was competed for by many countries. Britain became widely interested in Iran during the second half of the nineteenth century when Britain obtained a number of privileges to exploit the country’s resources due to Britain’s awareness of the importance of Iran in terms of guarding and guaranteeing the British interests in the region. In the beginning, Britain succeeded in getting more privileges than Russia in the field of starting and upgrading big projects. This was economically and politically justified as Iran was more economically advanced and that is why it attracted the attention of other countries. Additionally, past experiences made Iranian politicians highly sensitive towards Russia whose danger was increasing. In the field of oil investment, Britain made a big success. The British got privileges in most parts of Iran, except the northern ones which were adjacent to the borders with Russia. Russia got the privilege of working there but did not succeed on its mission. Therefore, the privilege of exploitation was cancelled after the1917 Revolution that did not recognize this privilege which was later bought by Britain. In this manner, Britain became the sole agent in the Iranian field after buying the Russian privilege and trying to stop any American attempt to invest in Iran.

A comparative study of the right to the city in Iran

In the past few decades, the concept of “right to the city” has spread from Europe to other parts of the world, but this concept is still neglected in Iran. This study seeks to examine the situation of nine metropolises in Iran in terms of the realization of the right to the city. A combination of methods is used. GIS software was used as a tool to leveling the metropolises. LISREL was used to analyze the effects of criteria and indicators and the TOPSIS technique was used to rank metropolises. According to the analysis obtained by GIS, the criteria and indicators of the right to the city are not in a good condition in any of the metropolises of Iran. But the output of the LISREL model shows that criteria such as service, political, economic, and cultural are better than managerial and health criteria. Finally, the results of the TOPSIS technique showed that in the current situation, the metropolis of Tehran is in the first rank and the metropolis of Kermanshah is in the last rank.

Left open spaces\u2014light shafts in Iran and side setbacks in Japan: a socio-spatial approach to study awareness in open spaces in urban residential blocks

This article addresses an urban design issue at a micro-urban design level; the spaces between buildings on neighboring blocks or the side yards, how such spaces they are used, and their social impact on residents. A socio-psychological approach was taken into studying arrangements of these open spaces in contemporary residential zones in—side setback spaces in Japan, and backyards and light shafts in Iran in terms of their similarities and differences. The research involves development policies and interviews with residents in buildings where such conditions prevail, in two different contexts—Shiraz, Iran and Sapporo, Japan, two cities comparative in their size and densities for their cultural differences might have on their social responses. Seventy-two respondents in Shiraz District 6 were recruited by Shiraz University architecture students and in Japan, 75 responses were collected in Central Ward, Sapporo, from various groups of residents. Majority of the windows to side setbacks in Sapporo had matte glasses; therefore, privacy concerns were not among residents. Lack of maintenance in inner courtyards was a major concern for Iranians and they see side setbacks as a challenge to their and safety, however providing opportunities for neighborly atmosphere, if the windows have matte glasses and provided with guards. It argues that contacts are not controlled are perceived the same in two different cultures; however, the arrangement of open spaces play a role in light reception and ventilation in Japanese example.