IR Transmission Research Articles

Preparation and Characterization of Amine-Functionalized Mesoporous Hollow Silica for CO₂ Capture.

Mesoporous hollow silica material (MHS) was synthesized using polystyrene as a template. Later, it was modified by wet impregnation with tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) as a solid adsorbent for CO₂ capture. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), IR, and TGA were used to characterize the average diameter, shell thickness, crystalline structure, and TEPA load of the prepared adsorbents. An increase in the amount of loaded TEPA, improved the CO₂ adsorption capacity of the prepared adsorbents. The highest CO₂ adsorption capacity was obtained using a 50 wt% TEPA load (AMHS-50).

Remediation of Wastewater from Chlorpyrifos Pesticide by Nano-Gold Photocatalyst

AbstractSuccessful disintegration of Chlorpyrifos pesticide by nearly monodisperse nano-gold photcatalyst (∼10 nm) for remediation of wastewater has been reported in current studies. Nano-Gold dispersion reaction with Chlorpyrifos solutions completes in 45 minutes at ambient temperature under the normal daylight and exhibit systematic variations in the solution color from wine red to pink to light sky blue and finally transforming into a transparent solution with fine precipitates. UV-Vis absorption studies correlates well with the systematic color changes as observed in the nano-gold treated Chlorpyrifos solutions with time. The characteristic localized surface plasmon resonance peak of nanogold dispersion observed at 529 nm red shifts to weak, medium and strong intensity peaks at ∼ 640 nm, 740 nm and 890 nm on increasing chlorpyrifos concentration owing to the aggregation of gold nanoparticles in small to bigger sized clusters. The fine turbidity in final transparent solution further confirms the aggregation of nanogold particles into stable bigger ensembles. IR transmission spectra of final transparent solutions showed disappearance of Chlorpyrifos νC-Cl and phosphorothioate functional group peaks indicating degradation of chlorpyrifos.

Influence of the Heat Treatment Conditions on the Elemental Composition and Spectral Properties of Composite Materials Based on Silicate Porous Glass Doped by AgI and Er3+ Ions

Composite materials (CMs) doped by AgI and Er3+ ions are synthesized based on high-silica porous glass matrices. The structures of the CMs are investigated by IR spectroscopy in the frequency range 1100–400 cm–1. The IR transmission spectra of the CMs exhibit bands corresponding to vibrations of the Ag–O, Ag–O–Ag, Er–O–H, and Er–O bonds. In addition, bands that are caused by the presence of Ag2O, AgI, and Er2O3 are found. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy shows that the conditions of treatment of CMs with heat have an effect on the concentration distribution of elements over the thickness of the samples.

Liquid Thermo-Responsive Smart Window Derived from Hydrogel

Summary Buildings account for 40% of global energy consumption, while windows are the least energy-efficient part of buildings. Conventional smart windows only regulate solar transmission. For the first time, we developed high thermal energy storage thermo-responsive smart window (HTEST smart window) by trapping the hydrogel-derived liquid within glasses. The excellent thermo-responsive optical property (90% of luminous transmittance and 68.1% solar modulation) together with outstanding specific heat capacity of liquid gives the HTEST smart window excellent energy conservation performance. Simulations suggested that HTEST window can cut off 44.6% heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) energy consumption compared with the normal glass in Singapore. In outdoor demonstrations, the HTEST smart window showed promising energy-saving performance in summer daytime. Compared with conventional energy-saving glasses, which need expensive equipment, the thermo-responsive liquid-trapped structure offers a disruptive strategy of easy fabrication, good uniformity, and scalability, together with soundproof functionality that opens an avenue for energy-saving buildings and greenhouses.

Structural Origin of Additional Infrared Transparency and Enhanced Glass-Forming Ability in Rare-Earth-Rich Borate Glasses without B–O Networks

R2O3-B2O3 binary glasses (R denotes rare-earth elements or Y) were fabricated in a very wide composition region using a levitation technique. The maximum R2O3 content of light rare-earth compounds reached 63 mol % and decreased with a decrease in the ionic radius of R3+. The thermal, optical, vibrational, and structural properties were investigated, particularly for 50R2O3-50B2O3 glasses. The glass transition temperature increased with a decrease in the ionic radius of R3+, while the thermal stability was not affected by the glass composition. The packing density increased with a decrease in the ionic radius of R3+ due to lanthanoid contraction. Raman scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectra revealed that, in the rare-earth-rich glasses, no conventional three-dimensional networks consisting of corner-sharing BOn (n = 3 or 4) units existed because all B atoms were formed as isolated BO3 units. The simple environment around B atoms in the glasses led to additional IR transmittance regions, irrespective of the kinds of R. The total correlation functions obtained from high-energy X-ray diffraction measurements were analyzed using the pair-function method and compared with those of various RBO3 crystalline phases. It was suggested that the local structure around R resembles the ν-NdBO3-type crystal structure, and the O coordination number of R ranged from 6.5 to 7.7, smaller than that of the crystalline phase. The glass-forming ability depending on R was discussed based on the structural similarities between the melt, glass, and crystalline phases.

Aerosol analysis using quantum cascade laser infrared spectroscopy: Application to crystalline silica measurement

A method for trace analysis of aerosol mineral components using quantum cascade laser (QCL) based infrared absorption spectroscopy is described. The measurement approach involves: (a) collection of aerosol on a particulate filter; (b) sample treatment using low-temperature oxygenated plasma to minimize the matrix interferences; (c) redeposition of the treated sample as a dried spot for direct-on-filter analysis; and (d) infrared transmittance measurement of the dried spot using the QCL and mercury-cadmium-telluride detector. The method was applied to quantification of trace α-quartz in workplace aerosols. Infrared absorbance spectra in the range 750–1030 cm−1 were obtained using the QCL instrument; the characteristic peak of α-quartz at 798 cm−1 was used to measure its content. A correction scheme was applied to account for spectral interference from kaolinite mineral for coal dust samples. The detection limit for α-quartz was estimated to be 0.12 μg for a dried spot diameter of 1 mm. This detection limit is an order-of-magnitude lower than those attainable by the current standard X-ray diffraction (XRD) or Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods involving similar sample preparation and treatment. The QCL method was extended to the measurement of respirable α-quartz concentrations in workplace aerosols released during cutting of fiber-reinforced cement and engineered stone products (used in building construction), as well as those from various coal mine dusts. The measurements compared well with those from the standard XRD method, even for samples with matrix and mineral interferences. The results show that QCL-based IR transmission spectroscopy can offer sensitive, trace-level measurement of aerosol mineral components.

Unmanned ground robot for diffusing explosives with surveillance

Background/Objectives: In the worldwide scenario diffusing any explosive is the challenging task for any defense. This research aims to develop an unmanned ground robot for disusing such explosives with live surveillance. Methods/Statistical analysis: Diffusing any explosive requires human effort adversely at risk. Incorporating a lightweight mobile robot consisting 4 DOF robotic arms which can do multiple operations with a tool armor. Also, a moving vehicle that can crawl lobes and travel to places where a human cannot reach while operating the robot with radio frequency which is difficult to hack in a short span along with live 360o video transmitting system.Findings: Surveillance system developed can observe the motion tracking and visual identification to study the type of explosive. This wireless diffusion system prototype can be operated remotely within a range of 100 meters while surveillance and operating the robotic arms. This unmanned ground robot can stream live at 60Hz and can sense any motions in the vicinity of the camera with security alert of movements by artificial intelligence. In the context current robots run on IR transmitter, RF transmission used in the current unmanned ground robot can be operated even in the vicinity of signal jammers. Novelty/Applications: Unmanned ground robot is unique with its RF transmitter with 360o live steaming operating multiple interchangeable armors with artificial intelligence identifying the motions in the vicinity of the surveillance. Keywords: Diffusing system; explosives; wireless robotic surveillance; video transmitting device; robotic arms; unmanned ground robot; 4 degree of freedom

Design of Multi-nodal Li-Fi systems

Now-a-days, the RF spectrum is used for most of the applications and automation. This is leading to the inadequacy of the RF spectrum for the human and machine requirements. As a solution to this crisis, we have proposed the use of Li-Fi (Light-Fidelity) as an alternate mode of communication. Wireless communication inside buildings and indoors is an important part of the next generation wireless communication system and these concepts can be applied to external wireless communication. Li-Fi provides high data rate (Up to 10 Gbps), improved security and high capacity to support more users. The spectrum bandwidth of light is very large, resulting in accommodation of more number users. A hybrid model of Wi-Fi and Li-Fi increases the advantages and applications, resulting in the best of both communication techniques. This paper describes the hardware implementation of Li-Fi based on IR transmitter and receiver and gives an overview of the signal conditioning for the implementation of a Li-Fi based system. This is followed by the simulation of a Multi nodal Li-Fi based system in MATLAB for determining the coverage, received power, SNR and output signal. With half angle as the variable, the coverage of an entire Multi nodal Li-Fi based system along with signal strength and other parameters can be determined. It also proposes a machine learning algorithm for selecting the best channel by considering factors like the received power, varying noise, etc.

Synthesis, structure and optical properties of high-quality VO2 thin films grown on silicon, quartz and sapphire substrates by high temperature magnetron sputtering: Properties through the transition temperature

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) thin films were deposited on silicon (100), quartz, and r-cut sapphire substrates by DC magnetron sputtering at 650 °C. The thin films were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and imaging, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The optical transmittance and hence the insulator-to-metal transition (IMT) and metal-to-insulator transition (MIT) were characterized as a function of temperature. The effects of substrate material on VO2 thin film’s growth, microstructure, stoichiometry and optical properties were investigated. The results show that the as-deposited VO2 thin films on Si, quartz, and sapphire all show a near-zero IR transmission in switched metallic state; especially VO2 thin film grown on sapphire shows superior IMT characteristics compared with previously published works on thin VO2 films, and very close to its bulk single crystal form, which is probably due to the significantly reduced imperfections in the film and the interface, and especially the highly preferred growth with similar paralleled grain orientation of VO2 on sapphire arising from both the high deposition temperature and epitaxial growth. The spectral transmittance of the films on quartz and sapphire substrates was analyzed to extract the optical constants n and k as a function of wavelength. No significant difference between optical properties could be observed for films deposited on quartz and sapphire substrates indicating that the differences in microstructure of these films play a minor role in their optical properties. n and k spectra are, in general, in agreement with previously reported works. The absorption coefficient versus photon energy characteristics indicate that VO2 in the insulating phase possesses a direct bandgap at 2.6 eV and an indirect bandgap of 0.52 eV. Raman imaging was used to map the phase mixture of various regions of the film at micron scale (1.2 μm × 1.2 μm) during heating and cooling scans through the IMT and MIT. The dependence of the integrated Raman intensities at 220 cm−1 and 600 cm−1 on the temperature shows an excellent correlation with the optical transmittance through the IMT and MIT, both during heating and cooling scans. It is shown that the transformation occurs by the growth of one phase at the expense of the other and, in the IMT/MIT region, both phases coexist.

Mechanism of visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of endosulfan pesticide by gold nanoparticles

Spherical shaped gold nanoparticles (GNPs) of size around ∼9 nm were successfully used for photocatalytic degradation of hazardous endosulfan (ES) pesticide. GNPs absorb sunlight at ambient condition in aqueous medium to enhance localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) which initiate hydrolysis, oxidation and reduction chemical reactions for the mineralization of ES molecules. Infrared transmittance spectra of GNPs treated ES solutions revealed formation of amorphous carbon and hydrocarbon as final reaction products indicating the nearly complete mineralization of ES as evidenced from their TEM images also. The disappearance of chloro carbon and sulphite functional groups peaks of ES in IR transmittance spectra confirmed their degradation. TEM images also support the optical absorption spectra consisting of inter-band and LSPR bands pertaining to individual and clustered GNPs ensembles. The redshift in LSPR absorption peak positions along minor and major axis of clustered GNPs ensembles is attributed to the change in GNPs polarizability on interaction with the electric component of visible light. The chemical reaction pathway for ES molecule degradation by the photocatalytic GNPs has been proposed in the light of inferences drawn from TEM images, IR transmittance and optical absorption spectra.

Robotics Path Planning Algorithms using Low-Cost IR Sensor

A robot is a smart machine that can help people in their daily lives and keep everyone safe. the three general sequences to accomplish any robot task is mapping the environment, the localization, and the navigation (path planning with obstacle avoidance). Since the goal of the robot is to reach its target without colliding, the most important and challenging task of the mobile robot is the navigation. In this paper, the robot navigation problem is solved by proposed two algorithms using low-cost IR receiver sensors arranged as an array, and a robot has been equipped with one IR transmitter. Firstly, the shortest orientation algorithm is proposed, the robot direction is corrected at each step of movement depending on the angle calculation. secondly, an Active orientation algorithm is presented to solve the weakness in the preceding algorithm. A chain of the active sensors in the environment within the sensing range of the virtual path is activated to be scan through the robot movement. In each algorithm, the initial position of the robot is detected using the modified binary search algorithm, various stages are used to avoid obstacles through suitable equations focusing on finding the shortest and the safer path of the robot. Simulation results with multi-resolution environment explained the efficiency of the algorithms, they are compatible with the designed environment, it provides safe movements (without hitting obstacles) and a good system control performance. A Comparison table is also provided.

Implementasi Sistem Pengaturan Suhu Ruang Server Menggunakan Sensor DHT11 dan Sensor PIR Berbasis Mikrokontroler

Temperature setting system is a very important system in the server room. Server room that has a high temperature, and humidity will be influencing the performance of the network device that causes a network device broke easily. And then, if the light in server room is continuously lit, it will cause the increase of room's temperature and waste electricity that impact on intensify electricity bill. Therefore, it needs a system that can protect devices, which saved in the server room, also can manage the server room. For resolving those problems, developed a tool that aims to control the temperature and the light in server room automatically monitoring the temperature and humidity. This system development method uses a prototype method that starts with interviewing IT staff directly, make and repair the prototype and IT staff, test and trying the prototype. Testing was done by using black box method testing. The test result obtained that DHT11 sensor can detect the temperature and humidity, IR Transmitter can control the Air Conditioner (AC), Passive InfraRed sensor can detect the movement and NodeMCU microcontroller can manage the tool, also send and save the temperature data and humidity in the database. The conclusion is system can control the temperature and monitoring the server room well and can control the light automatically.

Co-dopants effect on translucent SiAlON ceramics production

SiAlON is a ceramic alloy (solid solution of Si3N4-Al2O3) which is discovered in the early 1970s. Since then, SiAlON ceramics have been used for structural applications due to its excellent fracture toughness and strength, outstanding chemical stability, and wear resistance. However, this material has also an enormous potential for functional applications. In this study, the effects of co-dopants on the IR transmittance of α-SiAlON ceramics were investigated. Compositions were designed by using two different cation combinations (Dy3+-La3+) and (Y3+-La3+). Starting powder mixtures were sintered by means of spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. Microstructure and phase characterization of the samples was carried out by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The infrared transmission of α-SiAlON ceramics was measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the range of 2000–7000 cm−1. The results were discussed according to the relationship between density, phase composition, microstructure, and optical properties.

UV-to-IR highly transparent ultrathin diamond nanofilms with intriguing performances: Anti-fogging, self-cleaning and self-lubricating

Fouling and abrasive wear severely affect the transparency of optical sensors and windows employed in marine, biomedical and aerospace applications. Herein, we report a strategy to create a robust and superhydrophilic surface based on ultrathin transparent diamond nanofilms synthesized by an enhanced self-assembly seeding and chemical vapor deposition approach. A quartz glass coated with an ultrathin (~50 nm) and smooth diamond nanofilm exhibits a high optical transparency of 90% in air and 98% underwater in UV–Vis range. Especially, an IR transmittance of 85% is recorded, which is even 10% higher than that of uncoated quartz. The transparent diamond nanofilms are superhydrophilic and underwater superoleophobic after oxygen plasma treatment, leading to the anti-fogging capability in air and underwater self-cleaning of oil. Importantly, the quartz coated with the diamond nanofilms shows excellent mechanical robustness with unchanged morphology and transparency under severe sandblasting condition. Moreover, this ultrathin diamond nanofilm can make the deposited substrates self-lubricating, which significantly decreased the friction coefficient of the quartz from 0.18 to 0.05. High transparence from ultraviolet to infrared and intriguing performances of the ultrathin diamond nanofilms make them promising for several important applications, such as aircraft fairing and window, optical lens, and marine exploration, etc.

COMPOSITES OF THE SYSTEMS GERMANIUM – METAL OXIDE – BORON OXIDE AS PROSPECTIVE MATERIALS FOR INTERFERENCE OPTICS OF AN IR SPECTRUM RANGE

A fundamentally new type of materials – composites based on the Germanium- metal oxide systems – for applying interference coatings of IR spectral optics has been developed. The formation of a pair of volatile substances (one of them being Germanium monoxide), and their recombination is characteristic of compounds of Germanium and some p-metals (In, Ge, Sn), which have different volatilities in the lower and higher oxidation states. The introduction of a stabilizing additive B 2 O 3 to systems Ge – In 2 O 3 (-GeO 2 , -SnO 2 ) is proposed. It has been shown that between B 2 O 3 , which has acidic properties and In 2 O 3 , mainly of a basic nature, an interaction occurs that results in the formation of a complex oxide compound, Indium orthoborate of the InBO3 composition. This fact is confirmed by X-ray phase analysis and IR transmission spectroscopy. It has been established that B 2 O 3 addition not only affects the phase composition of the samples, but also the position of the In 2 O 3 vibrational bands. In turn, the presence of elemental Germanium in the system results in an increase in InBO3 content, the reason for which remains unclear. At the same time, the formation of ternary compounds in Ge – GeO 2 (SnO 2 ) – B 2 O 3 systems has not been established. Most likely, glass formation takes place in the first of the systems, while in the system with SnO2, immiscibility in the liquid phase and the formation of phases of unknown composition are visually observed. Partial systems GeO 2 (SnO 2 ) – B 2 O 3 during evaporation in vacuum destroy the material of the evaporator due to very high temperatures of the processes. On the contrary, the Ge- In 2 O 3 – B 2 O 3 system was successfully evaporated and a fairly strong coating was obtained. Presumably the interaction between Germanium, metal oxide and B 2 O 3 results in the formation of complex oxides such as borates of metals in various oxidation states, which stabilizes the evaporation process in vacuum and condensation of the coating with the necessary optical and operational properties.

SYNTHESIS AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES FOR SUPERCAPACITOR ELECTRODES

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been synthesized using catalysts of the Ni/Mg, Fe-Co/Al2O and Co-Mo/Al2O3-MgO composition with different component ratios by gas-phase chemical deposition. They differ in geometric parameters, the nature of the inclusion of metal oxide catalyst impurities, and morphological features. To form oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface, CNTS were oxidized with ozone-oxygen mixture (1 vol.% O3) at room temperature for 5 h. Initial and functionalized CNT samples were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Raman and IR spectroscopy. It is shown that as a result of oxidation, the amorphous phase is removed from the material, and oxygen-containing groups-OH, >C=O and –O–C–O–are formed on the CNT surface. Also, during functionalization, there is a slight decrease in the specific surface area of the studied nanotube samples. The electrochemical behavior of initial and functionalized carbon nanotubes in an alkaline electrolyte was studied using cyclic voltammetry. It is shown that based on the analysis of CVA curves, CNTS can be divided into two groups-with the Faraday and non-Faraday character of the current electrode processes. The contribution of the non-Faraday component prevails when carbon nanotubes synthesized on Ni/Mg and Co-Mo/Al2O3-MgO catalysts are used as electrode materials. Oxidative functionalization of CNTs of this type is appropriate and contributes to the improvement and stabilization of capacitance properties during cycling. The positive influence of metal oxide catalyst admixtures on the properties of electrode materials was also noted. Therefore, ozone oxidation is a promising way to functionalize CNTs for their subsequent use as electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors.

Growth and characterization of room temperature radiation detection material Cd0.95Mg0.05Te

Recently, researchers were interesting in exploring alternative materials for well-studied CdZnTe which was the key material of radiation detection. Cadmium Magnesium Telluride (Cd1-xMgxTe) crystal was regarded as promising one for room temperature X-ray and gamma-ray detectors due to some potential advantages. In this paper, two large-size Cd0.95Mg0.05Te ingots with 30 mm diameter and over 100 mm length were successfully grown by a modified vertical Bridgman method. Two modifications, including Cd excess or Te-rich condition and the accelerated crucible rotation technique (ACRT), were applied in growing process to decrease defects, enhance resistivity and homogenize component distribution. The results indicated that both ingots had a cubic zinc-blende structure. The distribution of Mg element in the ingots along axial direction was very homogeneous. The energy band gap of Cd0.95Mg0.05Te was close to Cd0.9Zn0.1Te. Low density of Te inclusions (103 cm−3 order of magnitudes) and high IR transmittance (over 60%) showed the good crystal quality. Raman scattering spectroscopy also showed a good crystal quality for Cd0.95Mg0.05Te crystals. Thus, Cd0.95Mg0.05Te crystals could be a promising radiation detector material.

Growth and characterization of inclusion-free CdMgTe single crystals using modified Bridgman method

CdMgTe crystal is a hopeful room temperature radiation detection material because of some potential advantages. The Cd0.95Mg0.05Te ingot with free of inclusion was successfully grown by a modified Bridgman method in this paper. This results was achieved by using a significant excess cadmium and in situ annealing during the growth process. The grown ingot was about 30 mm in diameter and 120 mm in length. The CdMgTe crystal had a cubic zinc-blende structure. The distribution of Mg element along growth direction was homogeneous. In the whole ingot, no inclusions were observed in IR images and as high IR transmittance as above 60% was measured. Raman scattering spectroscopy showed a good crystal quality for CdMgTe crystals. Moreover, the resistivity with 109 Ω cm order of magnitudes for the ingot could be useful for the fabrication of room temperature radiation detector.

A Fully Integrated Programmable 6.0–8.5-GHz UWB IR Transmitter Front-End for Energy-Harvesting Devices

Ultra-wideband impulse radio transceivers are becoming a key building block for establishing ultralow power wireless sensor networks. However, impulse radio transmitters commonly suffer from a low spectral quality and a coarse frequency tuning resolution, which limits their global applicability. In this article, we present a fully integrated ultralow power impulse radio transmitter front-end (TFE) whose pulse shaping capabilities and integrated output matching network make it globally applicable up to a 4-MHz pulse repetition rate. We demonstrate a digital carrier frequency-tuning method that achieves a 28-MHz resolution over the frequency band of 6.0–8.5 GHz. In addition, we show that the temperature dependence of the TFE’s carrier frequency can be compensated digitally over the industrial temperature range from −40°C to 85 °C. The proposed TFE supports energy-harvesting applications particularly well due to its low leakage power level of 380 nW and a high tolerance to power supply transients during pulse generation. It is demonstrated to operate robustly with low-drive regulators powered by low-quality sources. The TFE is fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process. It generates 1.8-pJ pulses at a 7.5-GHz carrier frequency while consuming 63 pJ per pulse, corresponding to 2.3% efficiency.

Structural and paramagnetic resonance properties correlation in lanthanum ion doped nickel ferrite nanoparticles

La3+ ion doped in nickel nanoferrite with different compositions were prepared by sol-gel route and characterized by different techniques. La3+ions substitution induces dislocation and deformity in lattice to soften the lattice. XRD patterns confirmed the polycrystalline nature of nanoparticles with no extra phase as per JCPDS card no. 071–1232 with increase in lattice constants on substitution of larger ionic radii La3+ions at Fe3+sites. ν1Fe-O stretched vibrations of A- (Tetrahedral) and ν2Fe-O of B- (Octahedral) complexes are observed at 598 cm−1and 419 cm−1respectively in IR transmission graphs. The broadening of both stretching vibrational modes with La3+ion content is attributed to the reduction in grain size arising from the lattice distortion by cation distribution, interactions among nanoparticles and La3+ion concentration. On increasing La3+ion concentration, the variations in the intensity of ν1band are more pronounced as compared to ν2band which confirms the preferred substitution of La3+ion at octahedral site by expanding the B-site radii. FESEM micrographs exhibit the homogeneous and agglomerated nanoparticles pattern of these doped analogues. EPR spectra exhibit broad ferromagnetic signal with no characteristic peak of SPM feature. The peak to peak line width and g-value increases on increasing La3+ion concentration in samples. These morphological and magnetic properties can be exploited for their use in the development of stable ferrofluid for heat sink application and as sensing electrode in chemical/bio sensors.