IR Lamp Research Articles

High Infrared Blocking Cellulose Film Based on Amorphous to Anatase Transition of TiO2 via Atomic Layer Deposition.

A high IR-blocking cellulose film was designed based on an amorphous to anatase transition of TiO2 using atomic layer deposition (ALD). This transition was realized at 250 °C, at which the cellulose is thermal stable. Optimized ALD condition of 250 °C and 1200 cycles give us an excellent heat insulator, which could significantly reduce the enclosed space temperature from 59.2 to 51.9 °C after exposure to IR lamp for 5 min.

Verification and validation of an advanced model of heat and mass transfer in the protective clothing

The paper presents verification and validation of an advanced numerical model of heat and moisture transfer in the multi-layer protective clothing and in components of the experimental stand subjected to either high surroundings temperature or high radiative heat flux emitted by hot objects. The developed model included conductive-radiative heat transfer in the hygroscopic porous fabrics and air gaps as well as conductive heat transfer in components of the stand. Additionally, water vapour diffusion in the pores and air spaces as well as phase transition of the bound water in the fabric fibres (sorption and desorption) were accounted for. All optical phenomena at internal or external walls were modelled and the thermal radiation was treated in the rigorous way, i.e., semi-transparent absorbing, emitting and scattering fabrics with the non-grey properties were assumed. The air was treated as transparent. Complex energy and mass balances as well as optical conditions at internal or external interfaces were formulated in order to find values of temperatures, vapour densities and radiation intensities at these interfaces. The obtained highly non-linear coupled system of discrete equations was solved by the Finite Volume based in-house iterative algorithm. The developed model passed discretisation convergence tests and was successfully verified against the results obtained applying commercial software for simplified cases. Then validation was carried out using experimental measurements collected during exposure of the protective clothing to high radiative heat flux emitted by the IR lamp. Satisfactory agreement of simulated and measured temporal variation of temperature at external and internal surfaces of the multi-layer clothing was attained.

Effect of IR heating and the annealing time on the optical transmittance of polystyrene/Na-Alginate polymer composite films

Abstract Composite films of Na-Alginate (Alg) and Polystyrene (PS), which have different glass transition temperatures (Tg), with different weight ratios were prepared. Characterization of the film formation process was carried out by using the photon transmission (PT) measurements and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. The composite films were annealed in the standard oven and under the IR lamp (IRH) for comparison. It was observed that IRH speeds up the film formation and decreases the required energy for film formation. On the other hand, the healing energies calculated for the films annealed in IRH were higher than those of the films annealed in the oven. In addition, it was shown that the optical transmittance of the films annealed in IRH increases as the annealing time increases while it is almost constant for the films annealed in the oven. Finally, it was observed that IRH causes some deformations on the surface of the composite films, especially at high temperatures, which may be due to the decomposition of low-Tg Alg polymers.

Combustion synthesis of pink chromium-doped alumina with excellent near-infrared reflective properties

Pink chromium-doped alumina, Al1.95Cr0.05O3, was prepared by microwave assisted combustion synthesis, starting from a stoichiometric mixture of Al(NO3)3·9H2O, Cr(NO3)3·9H2O and urea. No additional annealing was required, as the X-ray diffraction pattern of the sample indicated that Al1.95Cr0.05O3 was the single crystalline phase, having an average crystallite size of 63nm. The resulted powder had a pink colour (L*=83.1, a*=4.2, b*=−2.9) and a total solar reflectance of 69.2%. The pigment had a BET surface area of 1.8m2/g, which corresponds to an equivalent particle size of 838nm. NIR reflective properties of Al1.95Cr0.05O3 were tested by painting an aluminium sheet with a water-based acrylic coating containing 20% mass pigment. The dry film had a thickness of 150µm and a total solar reflectance of 61.7%. The surface temperature during irradiation with a 250W IR lamp indicated a very similar behaviour to that of a white TiO2-based coating. All these features highly recommend pink Al1.95Cr0.05O3 as an effective NIR-reflective (cool) pigment.

적외선 램프 가열방식을 이용한 태양전지 셀의 솔더링 공정 및 열처리 조건 별 특성 평가

A key point of a soldering process for photovoltaic (PV) modules is to increase an adhesive strength leading a low resistivity between ribbon and cell. In this study, we intended to optimize a heating condition for the soldering process and characterize the soldered joint via physical and chemical analysis methods. For the purpose, the heating conditions were adjusted by IR lamp power, heating time and hot plate temperature for preheating a cell. Since then the peel test for the ribbon and cell was conducted, consequently the peel strength data shows that there is some optimum soldering condition. In here, we observed that the peel strength was modified by increasing the heating condition. Such a soldering property is affected by a various factors of which the soldered joint, flux and bus bar of the cell are changed on the heating condition. Therefore, we tried to reveal causes determining the soldering property through analyzing the soldered interface.

Metal oxide-coating PMMA or Talc as a new IR blocker inhibits IR-induced decrease of collagens in human dermal fibroblasts.

The purpose of this study was whether P/M or T/M inhibits IR-induced decrease of collagens in human dermal fibroblasts, using P/M or T/M blocked near-IR (NIR) transmittance significantly in spectrophotometer measurement. As metal oxides are effective inorganic molecules for intercepting IR radiation, we have developed metal oxide-coating PMMA (P/M) or Talc (T/M) as a new IR blocker. Inhibitory effect of the new IR blocker on collagen degradation was measured by gene and protein expressions of procollagens and MMPs, respectively, in IR-irradiated Hs68 cell line. Using P/M or T/M inhibited IR-induced increases of MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9, and IR-induced decreases of type 1 and 4 procollagen in a dose-dependent manner in dermal fibroblasts. In addition, using both P/M and T/M blocked the increase of cell media temperature induced by IR lamp. The results suggest that P/M or T/M can inhibit decrease of collagens by blocking IR-induced heat transmission in human dermal fibroblasts.

Nanocomposite Based Organic-Inorganic Cu3BiS3 High Sensitive Hybrid Photonic Devices.

We report the synthesis and application Cu3BiS3 nanorods in infrared photodectection. Cu3BiS3 nano rods were characterized structurally, optically and electrically. The detailed IR photodectection properties in terms of photo response were demonstrated with IR lamp and 1064 nm laser illuminations. The rapid photocurrent time constants followed by the slower components, resulting due to the defect states. The photo detecting properties for different concentrations of nanorods blended with the conjugate polymer devices were demonstrated. Further the photocurrent was enhanced to threefold increase from 3.47 x 10(-7) A to 2.37 x 10(-3) A at 1 V for 10 mg nanorods embedded in the polymer device. Responsivity of hybrid device was enhanced from 0.0158 A/W to 102 A/W. The detailed trap assisted space charge transport properties were studied considering the different regimes. Hence Cu3BiS3 can be a promising candidate in the nano switchable near IR photodetectors.

Direct Molding of Polymers for Biomedical Applications

. Direct molding is a simple molding process to produce small parts at low costs. A single pellet or few pellets are directly molded into a transparent mound by means of an IR lamp. A new micro-molding machine has been developed for this study and used to mould polymers for biomedical applications (PCL and PHBV). Due to the small amount of molded material, the proposed process is particular suitable for biomedical applications which are characterized by small numbers of parts and high costs of the raw materials. Moreover, direct molding is able to reduce material degradation and frozen stresses. The new machine has been used to mold small disks from single pellets. This way, the effect of the main process parameters on the molded polymer density has been evaluated. Moreover, DSC analyses have shown the effect of the molding process on the polymer properties. In conclusion, the micro-molding system has been used to produce small components which were tested in terms of dimensional stability and mechanical performances.

Near-infrared photoactive Cu3BiS3 thin films by co-evaporation

Semiconducting Cu3BiS3 (CBS) thin films were deposited by co-evaporation of Cu, Bi elemental metallic precursors, with in situ sulphurisation, using a quartz effusion cell. Cu3BiS3 thin films were structurally characterized by XRD and FE-SEM. The chemical bonding of the ions was examined by XPS. As deposited films were demonstrated for metal–semiconductor–metal near IR photodectection under lamp and laser illuminations. The photo current amplified to three orders and two orders of magnitude upon the IR lamp and 60 m W cm−2 1064 nm IR laser illuminations, respectively. Larger grains, made up of nano needle bunches aided the transport of carriers. Transport properties were explained based on the trap assisted space charge conduction mechanism. Steady state detector parameters like responsivity varied from 1.04 AW−1 at 60 m Wcm−2 to 0.22 AW−1 at 20 m Wcm−2. Detector sensitivity of 295 was found to be promising and further could be tuned for better responsivity and efficiency in utilization of near infra-red photodetector.

Frequency-encoded laser-induced fluorescence for multiplexed detection in infrared-mediated quantitative PCR

A frequency-modulated fluorescence encoding method was used as a means to increase the number of fluorophores monitored during infrared-mediated polymerase chain reaction. Laser lines at 488 nm and 561 nm were modulated at 73 and 137 Hz, respectively, exciting fluorescence from the dsDNA intercalating dye, EvaGreen, and the temperature insensitive dye, ROX. Emission was collected in a color-blind manner using a single photomultiplier tube for detection and demodulated by frequency analysis. The resulting frequency domain signal resolved the contribution from the two fluorophores as well as the background from the IR lamp. The detection method was successfully used to measure amplification of DNA samples containing 10(4)-10(7) starting copies of template producing an amplification efficiency of 96%. The utility of this methodology was further demonstrated by simultaneous amplification of two genes from human genomic DNA using different color TaqMan probes. This method of multiplexing fluorescence detection with IR-qPCR is ideally suited as it allows isolation of the signals of interest from the background in the frequency domain and is expected to further reduce the complexity of multiplexed microfluidic IR-qPCR instrumentation.

Установка для термообработки крови сельскохозяйственных животных

The microwave installation for the cooking farm animals blood was designed. It consists of a cylindrical shield casing, inside which are the rotor; a plurality of cylindrical resonator chambers, rigidly fixed by the microwave generator so that the emitter is on its inside. Three microwave generators and an infrared heating sets (IR lamp) are installed alternately on the upper base of the cylindrical screening body to increase plant productivity. To fix the lower parts of the cylindrical resonator chambers in a vertical position there are a tension ring. It holds the resonator chamber to discharge the sector. The unit of start safety equipment was mounted on the side of the shield casing. There is a dispenser with a rotating shutter on the top shield frame, before the first microwave generator. Implementation of the gate with mounted along the shaft of the blades with scrapers is used for cleaning dispenser cap from entering blood. There is an unloading chute on the side of the shield casing. In its sector, there is a special stop element, contributing to overturn the resonating chambers and return them to the upright position. The cost effectiveness of microwave plant with a capacity of 60 kilogram per hour is about 1 million.

Facile synthesis of Cu2CoSnS4 nanoparticles exhibiting red-edge-effect: Application in hybrid photonic devices

Cu2CoSnS4 (CCTS) quaternary semiconducting nanoparticles with size distribution from 20 nm to 60 nm were synthesized by one-pot low temperature time and surfactant dependent hydrothermal route. Nanoparticles were characterized structurally and optically. Excitation dependent fluorescence exhibited a dynamic stoke shift referring to the Red-Edge-Effect with peak shifting by a greater magnitude (>100 nm) towards red side, in all the samples. Hybrid devices, fabricated from CCTS nanoparticle inorganic counterparts benefitting from the conjugation of organic P3HT polymer matrix, were demonstrated for photodetection under infra-red and A.M 1.5 solar light illuminations. Faster rise and decay constants of 37 ms and 166 ms, with one order photocurrent amplification from 1.6 × 10−6 A in the dark to 6.55 × 10−5 A, upon the 18.50 mW cm−2 IR lamp illumination, make CCTS a potential candidate for photodetector and photovoltaic applications.

Near-infrared photoactive Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films by co-sputtering

The thin films of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) were grown by co-sputtering further the structural, optical and electrical properties were analyzed and confirmed the CZTS phase formation. The photo response of CZTS in near IR photodectection has been demonstrated. The detector response was measured employing both the IR lamp and IR laser illuminations. The calculated growth and decay constants were 130 m sec and 700 m sec followed by the slower components upon lamp illumination. The external quantum efficiency of 15%, responsivity of 13 AW−1 makes CZTS a suitable candidate for the IR photodectection.

스핀 도핑을 이용한 단결정 실리콘 태양전지 확산 공정 최적화

Rapid thermal processing (RTP) abruptly decreases the time required to perform solar cell processes. RTP were used to form emitter of crystalline silicon solar cells. The emitter sheet resistance is studied as a function of time and temperature. The objective of this study is reduction of doping process time with same performance. Emitter difRapid thermal dfusion was carried out by using a spin on doping and a RTP. iffusion was performed in the temperature range of <TEX>$700{\sim}750^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 1m 30s~15 m. Thermal budgets yielded a <TEX>$50{\Omega}/sq$</TEX> emitter using a P509 source. To reduce process time and get high efficiency, rapid thermal diffusion by IR lamp was employed in air atmosphere at <TEX>$700^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 15 m.

Passive open-path FT-IR spectrometer를 사용한 원거리 화재 연소 가스 정량 분석

본 연구에서는 대기오염 및 화산활동에 의한 분출가스의 원거리 가스검출에 제한적으로 사용된 개방형 푸리에 변환 분광 분석기(open path FT-IR spectrometer)를 사용하여 적외선광원을 사용하지 않는 passive mode로 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>, CO, <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX>에 대한 정량 분석을 시도하였다. 표준가스를 이용하여 제작된 적외선흡수 스펙트럼으로 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>, CO, <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX> 다중 회귀 곡선(MLR)을 사용한 농도 별 검량선 작업 결과, <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>, CO는 결정 계수가 0.90 이상으로 선형성이 좋았으나, <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX>는 0.88로 비교적 낮은 선형성을 확인할 수 있었다. 실제 화재 실험을 통하여 3가지 가스에 대해서 측정한 결과 <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>는 높은 농도를 확인하였으나, CO, <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX>는 확인되지 않았다. 이 결과를 통해서 적외선 광원 없이 개방형 푸리에 변환 분광 분석기를 활용하여 화재시 배출되는 가스의 원거리측정이 가능함을 확인하였다. It was studied to analyze the <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>, CO, <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX> standard gases of combustion gases by the open path FT-IR spectrometer with passive mode for remote analysis of air pollutant and volcano gases without IR lamp. As result, it was confirmed to have good linearity with more than 0.9 as correlation coefficients on the calibration curve of <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>, CO concentration by MLR method. But in the case of <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX>, because the correlation coefficients were 0.88, the linearity could be lower. Finally, the concentration of three gases was predicted on in-site fire experiment under the condition of quantitative analysis. It could measure high <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> concentration as predicted result, but didn't measure the CO and <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX>. According to the result, it was possible to measure the combustion gases to long distance by only open path FT-IR spectrometer without infrared lamp.

적외선 램프를 이용한 비접촉식 태양전지셀 솔더링 장치 개발에 관한 연구

Photopia를 활용하여 적외선 램프 반사부의 각 형상에 대한 조도 분포를 해석하여 최적인 원호 형상으로 설계하였다. 적외선 온도센서를 통해 태양전지셀의 솔더링 온도를 피드백 받아서 설정된 솔더링 온도 프로파일과의 오차를 제어값으로서 IR 램프의 전류를 실시간으로 제어하는 솔더링 온도의 폐루프 제어시스템을 구현하였다. HMI 조작반에 의해 쉽게 운전되고, PLC와 IR 램프 제어기에 의하여 강인하게 제어되는 IR 램프 열원을 사용한 태양전지셀의 비접촉식 솔더링 장치를 개발하였다. The reflector of infrared lamp is designed to the optimal circular shape through the analyses of lumination distributions with a triangular, rectangular and circular configurations of infrared lamps respectively by using Photopia. PLC is used to compare and amplify the difference between soldering temperature profile and feedback value. It is fed to IR lamp controller which adjusts the soldering temperature of PV cell. The soldering temperature measured using an infrared temperature sensor is then fed back to the PLC. The closed control loop of soldering temperature on a PV cell is implemented. The noncontact soldering device of PV cells using infrared lamp which is easily operated by HMI operation panel and controlled robustly by PLC and IR lamp controller is developed.

RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM LIFE TIME PROSES PENYINARAN PADA ALAT TERAPI INFRA MERAH

The current Infrared therapy device is still operated manually and there is no data on the length of the system's irradiation time. Lack of manufacturer's Infrared devices when used by physiotherapists do not know the exact time produced by Infrared light. This can pose a risk of neglect in monitoring the length of time the patient is exposed to the radiation. To overcome these problems, an infrared therapy device is designed which is equipped with a timer / timer system based on the ATMega8535 microcontroller. With this timing / timer system, we can find out the age of the infrared lamp (life time) according to the amount of usage needed so that the lamp replacement can be estimated according to the total usage of the IR lamp. With this system, on the other hand it is very useful for physiotherapy operators where physiotherapy operators can find out the time of use / irradiation of Infrared therapy devices to patients. So it can help patients who need infrared therapy without fear of side effects due to time that is not in accordance with the required therapy process.

Synthesis of graphenes on Ni foils by chemical vapor deposition of alcohol with IR-lamp heating

We report the synthesis of single-layer graphenes on polycrystalline Ni foils by alcohol-based chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with IR-lamp heating. Heating with an IR lamp allows fast cooling and a reduction in the overall CVD time because of the rapid thermal processes in the heating and cooling stages. Spatially resolved Raman spectroscopy shows that single-layer graphenes are synthesized by CVD of alcohol with IR-lamp heating. The effects of the reaction temperature and alcohol type on the number of layers and graphene quality are investigated.

IR-sintering of ink-jet printed metal-nanoparticles on paper

Sintering of printed metal nanoparticles can be made not only by conventional heating, but also by, e.g., electrical, microwave, plasma, laser and flash lamp annealing. We demonstrate sintering by using low-cost incandescent lamps as an effective way of obtaining highly conductive contacts of two types of ink-jet printed metal-nanoparticle inks on paper; both alkanethiol protected gold nanoparticles and a commercially available silver nanoparticle ink. This low-cost roll-to-roll compatible sintering process is especially suitable on paper substrates because of the high diffuse reflectance, relatively high thermal stability and low thermal conductivity of paper. A volume resistivity of around 10μΩcm was achieved of the inkjetted silver nanoparticles within 15s of exposure to an IR lamp, which corresponds to a conductivity of 10–20% of that of bulk silver. Too long exposure time and too high intensity, however, lead to darkening of the paper fibers. Both the crack formation and the coffee ring effect of the inkjet printed gold nanoparticles were, furthermore, found to be reduced on paper as compared to glass or plastic substrates.

Activity, stability and inhibition of a bioactive paper prepared by large-scale coating of laccase microcapsules

Enzyme immobilization on paper by large-scale processes may play a valuable role in the development of economical and widely distributed biosensors. In this study, we report on the coating of laccase from Trametes versicolor on papers using a laboratory coater (Cylindrical Laboratory Coater) that simulates realistic conditions similar to those obtained with industrial coaters. In order to achieve an efficient retention of laccase in the coating, the enzymes were incorporated in poly(ethyleneimine) microcapsules. The microcapsules were suspended in a starch-based coating suspension, applied on paper by blade coating at a rate of 500 and 800 m/min thereupon dried by evaporation using an IR lamp at 36 kW. A technique based on the colorimetric reaction between the laccase and its substrate, p-phenylenediamine (PPD), was developed to evaluate the activity of the immobilized enzyme. Our results show that the use of microencapsulation allows for better activity retention in papers over time at room temperature (50% loss after 28 days) compared to papers modified with free laccase (50% loss after 4 days). Microcapsules also decrease the inhibition of laccase by azide.