IQ Level Research Articles

Cognitive functions after neonatal encephalopathy in a coastal city of South India-A retrospective cohort study

Background: Cognitive impairment either with presence or absence of neuromotor disability is a pertinent issue after neonatal encephalopathy (NE). Aims and objectives: To assess motor and cognitive functions in survivors of NE and to correlate them with NE clinical scoring/staging. Methodology: A hospital based retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary teaching medical college hospital. Medical records were studied and survivors of term neonates with NE that were managed in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were considered as cases. Children born as term babies during the same period requiring no intensive care were taken as controls. A onetime follow up of study subjects at 6 – 8 years of age was carried out to assess the motor and cognitive function by standard tests. Data was entered and analyzed by SPSS Version 11. Results: As per Millers encephalopathy scores, majority (52.6%) had an encephalopathy score of one. Seventeen (89.5%) cases were found to be normal by Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). By Bender Gestalt II visual motor and visual perception tests, five (26.3%) cases and nine (47.4%) cases were in the 0-25 percentile for age respectively. The difference in mean IQ level between cases and controls was significant statistically (p<0.001). The mean values of Malins verbal and performance tests, IQ, Bender copy and recall tests between cases and controls with the encephalopathy scores showed statistical significance(p<0.05). Conclusions: Children who had suffered NE had significant affection of IQ, visual-motor, visual perception and memory in comparison to controls. Greater the encephalopathy score, greater was the cognitive impairment.

Metaphor Comprehension and Interpretation in Cleft Palate Children Aged 6–9

Abstract The level of metaphor comprehension and interpretation was investigated in a sample of children with cleft palate (CP), aged 6;0-8;11, and healthy controls matched with age, sex, socioeconomic status, and IQ level. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Revised (WISC-R) was used to evaluate the children’s cognitive functioning, and the metaphor tests from a modified version of the Right Hemisphere Language Battery - Polish version (RHLB-PL) were used to assess comprehension of figurative language. The CP and control groups differed significantly in Verbal IQ values and in performance in the Vocabulary test, Comprehension test, Picture Metaphor Explanation test, and Written Metaphor Explanation test. In both metaphor explanation tests, children with CP gave fewer responses than controls. The results suggest no differences between children with CP and controls in understanding figurative language, although they point to weaker performance in communicating responses and producing statements in the CP children group.

Callosotomy affects performance IQ: A meta-analysis of individual participant data.

Morphometric neuroimaging studies on healthy adult individuals regularly report a positive association between intelligence test performance (IQ) and structural properties of the corpus callosum (CC). At the same time, studies examining the effect of callosotomy on epilepsy patients report only negligible changes in IQ as result of the surgery, partially contradicting the findings of the morphometry studies. Objective of the present meta-analysis of individual participant data (IPD) of 87 cases from 16 reports was to re-investigate the effect of callosotomy on full scale IQ as well as on the verbal and performance subscale under special consideration of two possible moderating factors: pre-surgical IQ levels and the extent of the surgery (complete vs. anterior transsection). The main finding was that callosotomy selectively affects performance IQ, whereby the effect is modulated by the pre-surgical level of performance. Patients with an above-median pre-surgery performance IQ level show a significant average decrease of -5.44 (CI95%: - 8.33 to - 2.56) IQ points following the surgery, while the below-median group does not reveal a significant change in IQ (mean change: 1.01 IQ points; CI95%: -1.83 to 3.86). Thus, the present analyses support the notion that callosotomy has a negative effect on the patients' performance IQ, but only in those patients, who at least have an average performance levels before the surgery. This observation also lends support to the findings of previous morphometry studies, indicating that the frequently observed CC-IQ correlation might indeed reflect a functional contribution of callosal interhemispheric connectivity to intelligence-test performance.

Behavioural Characteristics and Behavioural Disturbances among Children with Intellectual Disability

The present study investigated Behavioural Characteristics and Behavioural Disturbances among 60 children with intellectually disabled or mentally retarded and 60 normal children (30 males &amp;30 females).The age of the children ranged between 10 to 12 years. Mentally retarded children were taken from special schools for the mentally retarded children of Ranchi and normal children were taken from different schools of Ranchi town. Mothers of both groups of children rated the behaviour characteristics and disturbances of the children on the excitability rating scale and behavioural assessment scale for Indian children with mental retardation (BASIC-MR,Part-B).Results indicated that total problem scores varied significantly according to the IQ level (retarded &amp; normal) and gender of the subjects. In both groups male showed higher level of excitability and behavioural disturbances than female.

Childhood inflammatory markers and intelligence as predictors of subsequent persistent depressive symptoms: a longitudinal cohort study.

To identify developmental sub-groups of depressive symptoms during the second decade of life, a critical period of brain development, using data from a prospective birth cohort. To test whether childhood intelligence and inflammatory markers are associated with subsequent persistent depressive symptoms. IQ, a proxy for neurodevelopment, was measured at age 8 years. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein, typical inflammatory markers, were measured at age 9 years. Depressive symptoms were measured six times between 10 and 19 years using the short mood and feelings questionnaire (SMFQ), which were coded as binary variable and then used in latent class analysis to identify developmental sub-groups of depressive symptoms. Longitudinal SMFQ data from 9156 participants yielded three distinct population sub-groups of depressive symptoms: no symptoms (81.2%); adolescent-onset symptoms (13.2%); persistent symptoms (5.6%). Lower IQ and higher IL-6 levels in childhood were independently associated with subsequent persistent depressive symptoms in a linear, dose-response fashion, but not with adolescent-onset symptoms. Compared with the group with no symptoms the adjusted odds ratio for persistent depressive symptoms per s.d. increase in IQ was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.68-0.95); that for IL-6 was 1.20 (95% CI, 1.03-1.39). Evidence for an association with IL-6 remained after controlling for initial severity of depressive symptoms at 10 years. There was no evidence that IL-6 moderated or mediated the IQ-persistent depressive symptom relationship. The results indicate potentially important roles for two distinct biological processes, neurodevelopment and inflammation, in the aetiology of persistent depressive symptoms in young people.

Severity of Autism Symptoms and Degree of Attentional Difficulties Predicts Emotional and Behavioral Problems in Children with High-Functioning Autism; a Two-Year Follow-up Study.

Children with autism often struggle with emotional and behavioral problems (EBP). This study investigated whether level of autism symptoms, attention problems or verbal IQ at baseline can predict EBP 2 years later in children with High-Functioning Autism (HFA). Thirty-four participants with HFA and 45 typically developing children (TD) (ages 9–16) were assessed with parent ratings of EBP, autism symptoms, attention problems, and a test of verbal IQ. The amount of autism symptoms and degree of attention problems at baseline significantly predicted EBP at follow-up, whereas verbal IQ did not. The findings from this study emphasize the importance of assessing and understanding the consequences of autism symptoms and attention problems when treating EBP in children with HFA. Furthermore, interventions aimed at improving ASD symptoms may positively affect the prevalence of EBP in children with HFA.

Management of Seckle Syndrome: A Pediatric Case Report

Sickle syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with incidence of live born cases It is characterized by proportionate dwarfism delayed mental development microcephaly and typical bird like facial appearance hence also called as Bird headed dwarfism Characteristic skeletal anomalies include premature closure of the cranial sutures and fifth finger clinodactyly Mental deficiency is present in half of the cases with levels of IQ below Head circumference is the most retarded parameter The cerebellum is small with a simple primitive convolutional pattern Orodental findings include retrognathia hypodontia enamel hypoplasia crowding cleft palate and Class II malocclusion This case report highlights the various clinical features and management in a pediatric patient with Sickle syndrome

Understanding Concept Profile Distance Line to Line on space of Geometry High School Students Level IQ Normal in terms of Gender differences

Geometry in particular the concept of distance is part of the metamatic science that is widely applied in the real world. The purpose of this research is to know the profile of distance understanding especially students high school student with normal IQ level in terms of gender difference. The research method used is explorative qualitative method, where the researcher as the main subject in the research. To describe the concept of distance, a study of four aspects, namely: 1) understanding aspect, 2) representation aspect, 3) non sample aspect, 4) application aspect to calculate distance. The results obtained from the study, female students in terms of understanding the concept of distance from line to line better than male students, while for the other three aspects, there is no significant difference between male students and female students. The results of this study differ from the results of previous research, which states that male students are better than female students in understanding the mathematical concepts. This result can give implication about opinion and treatment learning process for matemathics theacer’s, that nothing diferences for capacity mathematics as specially about distance concept line to line between male and female students.

Children with borderline intellectual functioning and autism spectrum disorder: developmental trajectories from 4 to 11 years of age.

BackgroundStudies on autism have tended to focus either on those with intellectual disability (ie, those with intellectual quotient [IQ] under 70) or on the group that is referred to as “high-functioning”, that is, those with borderline, average or above average IQ. The literature on cognition and daily functioning in autism spectrum disorder combined specifically with borderline intellectual functioning (IQ 70–84) is limited.MethodsFrom a representative group of 208 preschool children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, those 50 children in the group with borderline intellectual functioning at ages 4.5–6.5 years were targeted for follow-up at a median age of 10 years. A new cognitive test was carried out in 30 children. Parents were interviewed with a semi-structured interview together with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (n=41) and the Autism-Tics, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and other comorbidities inventory (A-TAC) (n=36).ResultsMost children of interviewed parents presented problems within several developmental areas. According to A-TAC and the clinical interview, there were high rates of attention deficits and difficulties with regulating activity level and impulsivity. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales composite scores showed that at school age, a majority of the children had declined since the previous assessment at ages between 4.5 and 6.5 years. Almost half the tested group had shifted in their IQ level, to below 70 or above 84.ConclusionNone of the children assessed was without developmental/neuropsychiatric problems at school-age follow-up. The results support the need for comprehensive follow-up of educational, medical and developmental/neuropsychiatric needs, including a retesting of cognitive functions. There is also a need for continuing parent/family follow-up and support.

Assess the Level of IQ Among Mental Illness Adults in NMCH, Nellore

Assess the Level of IQ Among Mental Illness Adults in NMCH, Nellore

Association of Playing High School Football With Cognition and Mental Health Later in Life

ImportanceAmerican football is the largest participation sport in US high schools and is a leading cause of concussion among adolescents. Little is known about the long-term cognitive and mental health consequences of exposure to football-related head trauma at the high school level.ObjectiveTo estimate the association of playing high school football with cognitive impairment and depression at 65 years of age.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA representative sample of male high school students who graduated from high school in Wisconsin in 1957 was studied. In this cohort study using data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, football players were matched between March 1 and July 1, 2017, with controls along several baseline covariates such as adolescent IQ, family background, and educational level. For robustness, 3 versions of the control condition were considered: all controls, those who played a noncollision sport, and those who did not play any sport.ExposuresAthletic participation in high school football.Main Outcomes and MeasuresA composite cognition measure of verbal fluency and memory and attention constructed from results of cognitive assessments administered at 65 years of age. A modified Center for Epidemiological Studies’ Depression Scale score was used to measure depression. Secondary outcomes include results of individual cognitive tests, anger, anxiety, hostility, and heavy use of alcohol.ResultsAmong the 3904 men (mean [SD] age, 64.4 [0.8] years at time of primary outcome measurement) in the study, after matching and model-based covariate adjustment, compared with each control condition, there was no statistically significant harmful association of playing football with a reduced composite cognition score (–0.04 reduction in cognition vs all controls; 97.5% CI, –0.14 to 0.05) or an increased modified Center for Epidemiological Studies’ Depression Scale depression score (–1.75 reduction vs all controls; 97.5% CI, –3.24 to –0.26). After adjustment for multiple testing, playing football did not have a significant adverse association with any of the secondary outcomes, such as the likelihood of heavy alcohol use at 65 years of age (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.32-1.43).Conclusions and RelevanceCognitive and depression outcomes later in life were found to be similar for high school football players and their nonplaying counterparts from mid-1950s in Wisconsin. The risks of playing football today might be different than in the 1950s, but for current athletes, this study provides information on the risk of playing sports today that have a similar risk of head trauma as high school football played in the 1950s.

Inhibitory effect of hawthorn extract on heterocyclic aromatic amine formation in beef and chicken breast meat

This study focused on the inhibitory effect of different levels of hawthorn extract (0, 0.5, and 1%) on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in beef and chicken breast cooked by either pan-cooking or oven-cooking. All meat samples were cooked at three different temperatures (150, 200, and 250°C) and the levels of twelve HAAs were assessed (IQ, IQx, MeIQ, MeIQx, 4,8-DiMeIQx, 7,8-DiMeIQx, PhIP, harman, norharman, AαC, MeAαC, and Trp-P-2). Varying levels of IQ (up to 4.47ng/g), IQx (up to 0.69ng/g), MeIQ (up to 0.82ng/g), MeIQx (up to 1.01ng/g), 4,8-DiMeIQx (up to 0.10ng/g), 7,8-DiMeIQx (up to 0.23ng/g), PhIP (up to 0.75ng/g), harman (up to 2.15ng/g), norharman (up to 1.08ng/g), AαC (up to 1.86ng/g), MeAαC (up to 0.48ng/g), and Trp-P-2 (up to 12.88ng/g), were detected. Samples cooked at 150°C had very low amounts of HAAs, and the levels of HAAs increased gradually when the cooking temperature rose from 150 to 250°C. The total HAA content in chicken breast and beef ranged between not detectable to 17.60ng/g, and not detectable to 11.38ng/g, respectively. The inhibitory effects of hawthorn extract at 0.5% and 1% on total HAAs levels were found to be 12–100% and 19–97% in chicken breast, respectively, and 42–100% and 20–35% in beef, respectively. This study demonstrated that hawthorn extracts at 0.5% and 1% could mitigate HAA formation, especially at high cooking temperatures.

Childhood Predictors of Adult Functional Outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA)

Recent results from the Multimodal Treatment Study of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; MTA) have demonstrated impairments in several functioning domains in adults with childhood ADHD. The childhood predictors of these adult functional outcomes are not adequately understood. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of childhood demographic, clinical, and family factors on adult functional outcomes in individuals with and without childhood ADHD from the MTA cohort. Regressions were used to determine associations of childhood factors (age range 7-10 years) of family income, IQ, comorbidity (internalizing, externalizing, and total number of non-ADHD diagnoses), parenting styles, parental education, number of household members, parental marital problems, parent-child relationships, and ADHD symptom severity with adult outcomes (mean age 25 years) of occupational functioning, educational attainment, emotional functioning, sexual behavior, and justice involvement in participants with (n= 579) and without (n= 258) ADHD. Predictors of adult functional outcomes in ADHD included clinical factors such as baseline ADHD severity, IQ, and comorbidity; demographic factors such as family income, number of household members and parental education; and family factors such as parental monitoring and parental marital problems. Predictors of adult outcomes were generally comparable for children with and without ADHD. Childhood ADHD symptoms, IQ, and household income levels are important predictors of adult functional outcomes. Management of these areas early on, through timely treatments for ADHD symptoms, and providing additional support to children with lower IQ and from households with low incomes, could assist in improving adult functioning.

اثر استخدام برنامج ارشادي لتنمية المهارات الانفعالية والوجدانية لذوي الاعاقة العقلية من الأطفال القابلين للتعلم

أهداف الدراسة: تهدف الدراسة إلي إعداد برنامج إرشادي لتنمية بعض المهارات الانفعالية والوجدانية للأطفال ذوي الإعاقة العقلية القابلين للتعلم. أدوات الدراسة: 1- إستطلاع رأي للمعلمين لتحديد قائمة المهارات الإنفعالية والوجدانية للأطفال ذوي الإعاقة العقلية القابلين للتعلم. 2- إختبار (ستانفورد بينيه) الصورة الخامسة. 3- بطاقة ملاحظة المهارات الإنفعالية والوجدانية 4- مقياس المهارات الإنفعالية والوجدانية 5- البرنامج الأرشادي. عينة الدراسة: تکونت عينة الدراسة من (10) أطفال من ذوي الإعاقة العقلية بنسب ذکاء تتراوح ما بين (50-70) بمدرسة التربية الفکرية بمدينة أسيوط نتائج الدراسة: أثر البرنامج في تنمية المهارات الإنفعالية والوجدانية لذوي الإعاقة العقلية من الأطفال القابلين. Objectives of the Study: The study aims to prepare a counseling training program for developing some psychological and emotional skill in mentally handicapped children who are able to learn. Tools of the Study: 1- A poll for teachers to determine a list of psychological and emotional skills of mentally handicapped children who are able to learn. 2- Stanford Binet Intelligence Scale, fifth Edition (SB-5). 3- An observational card to register psychological and emotional skills. 4- A measure to test psychological and emotional skills. 5- The counseling training program. Study Sample: The study sample consist of ten (10) mentally handicapped children whose IQ levels ranges (from 50 to 70) in the School of Intellectual Education in Assiut city. Results of the study: This study assists the mentally handicapped children who are able to learn in developing some psychological and emotional skills.

Childhood IQ and survival to 79: Follow-up of 94% of the Scottish Mental Survey 1947

ObjectiveTo extend previous literature that suggests higher IQ in youth is associated with living longer. Previous studies have been unable to assess reliably whether the effect differs across sexes and ages of death, and whether the effect is graded across different levels of IQ. MethodsWe test IQ-survival associations in 94% of the near-entire population born in Scotland in 1936 who took an IQ test at age 11 (n=70,805) and were traced in a 68-year follow-up. ResultsHigher IQ at age 11years was associated with a lower risk of death (HR=0.80, 95% CI=0.79, 0.81). The decline in risk across categories of IQ scores was graded across the full range with the effect slightly stronger in women (HR=0.79, 95% CI=0.77, 0.80) than in men (HR=0.82, 95% CI=0.81, 0.84). Higher IQ had a significantly stronger association with death before and including age 65 (HR=0.76, 95% CI=0.74, 0.77) than in those participants who died at an older age (HR=0.79, 95% CI=0.78, 0.80). ConclusionsHigher childhood IQ is associated with lower risk of all-cause mortality in both men and women. This is the only near-entire population study to date that examines the association between childhood IQ and mortality across most of the human life course.

Intellectual characteristics of adolescents with chronic gastroduodenitis

Intellect is one of the indicators of children’s health, characterizing the optimality of the age development and the success of adaptation processes. In the case-control study, were included 60 adolescents with chronic gastroduodenitis (CGD) in the period of remission (main group), average age – 13 years old. The comparison group consisted of 22 children with the I group of health. A comparative evaluation of the features of the course of the antenatal period, childbirth, and features of early development of the child was carried out. Were estimated the indicators of stress level, social adaptation (M. Gavlinova’s questionnaire), intellectual functions (D. Veksler’s test). It was shown that the total index reflecting the level of stress in children of the main group was 173.03 ± 82.69 points compared to the index of children of the comparison group – 96.34 ± 38.5 points (p &lt; 0.01). In the main group, compared with the control, children with low level of adaptability were more likely to meet, less often children with an average level of adaptation (34.8% / 21, CI 27.4-41.4% vs 55.3% / 12, CI 42, 32-63,28, р &lt; 0,05) and there were no children with a high level of adaptation. In children with CGD, Veksler’s WISC method (for children 5-16 years of age) showed a slight decrease level of verbal, non-verbal and total IQ in comparison with healthy peers. Among the risk factors that affect intellectual status, the most important were the burdened perinatal history, the nature of feeding in the first year of life and the unbalanced diet in subsequent periods of life.

Adaptive and maladaptive functioning in Kleefstra syndrome compared to other rare genetic disorders with intellectual disabilities.

Detailed neurobehavioural profiles are of major value for specific clinical management, but have remained underexposed in the population with intellectual disabilities (ID). This was traditionally classified based on IQ level only. Rapid advances in genetics enable etiology based stratification in the majority of patients, which reduces clinical heterogeneity. This paper illustrates that specific profiles can be obtained for rare syndromes with ID. Our main aim was to study (mal)adaptive functioning in Kleefstra Syndrome (KS) by comparing and contrasting our findings to three other subgroups: Koolen-de Vries Syndrome, GATAD2B-related syndrome, and a mixed control group of individuals with ID. In total, we studied 58 individuals (28 males, 30 females) with ID; 24 were diagnosed with KS, 13 with Koolen-de Vries Syndrome, 6 with the GATAD2B-related syndrome, and 15 individuals with undefined neurodevelopmental disorders. All individuals were examined with a Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, mini PAS-ADD interview, and an Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule to obtain measures of adaptive and maladaptive functioning. Each of the three distinctive genetic disorders showed its own specific profile of adaptive and maladaptive functioning, while being contrasted mutually. However, when data of the subgroups altogether are contrasted to the data of KS, such differences could not be demonstrated. Based on our findings, specific management recommendations were discussed for each of the three syndromes. It is strongly suggested to consider the genetic origin in individuals with congenital neurodevelopmental disorders for individual based psychiatric and behavioral management.

Comparability of an ADHD Latent Trait Between Groups: Disentangling True Between-Group Differences From Measurement Problems

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate measurement invariance (MI) for an ADHD latent trait across different sociodemographic groups (sex, age, and maternal education), IQs, and co-occurring psychiatric diagnoses. Method: Participants were 2,299 children aged 6 to 14 years. ADHD symptoms were assessed by parent report using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA). MI was tested through multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and multiple indicators multiple causes models. Results: In a bifactor model including a general ADHD factor and three specific factors (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity), invariance properties were demonstrated and no individual items showed differential functioning. The ADHD general factor was higher in boys and in those with psychiatric disorders. Younger age predicted hyperactivity. Lower IQ and higher level of education of the mother predicted inattention. Conclusion: The ADHD trait, as measured by the DAWBA, functions in the same way, and with equivalent scale, revealing true differences in ADHD symptoms based on those.

Deficit in phonological processes: a characteristic of the neuropsychological profile of children with NF1

ABSTRACTLearning disabilities are one of the most frequent complications of neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) in children. Studies of the effects of the neurocognitive deficit on academic performance are relatively rare, owing to the small size of the populations concerned. However, research is needed to develop effective rehabilitation programs. In the present study, we explored the impact of a possible phonological deficit on the reading abilities of children with NF1. A multicenter, cross-sectional study was conducted in France on two groups of 75 children with or without NF1 aged 8–12 years, matched for age, sex, handedness, and reading level. All participants underwent a neuropsychological evaluation to assess their general cognitive level, reading skills, phonological processes, visuoperceptual abilities, and attentional capacity. Phonological skills were assessed by means of two phonological awareness tasks and one short-term memory task. In the group of children with NF1, 41% had reading difficulties. Phonological processes were impaired in this group, compared with the children without NF1. Similar differences were found for a phoneme deletion task after adjustment for reading difficulties, IQ level, and visuoperceptual abilities. Phonological awareness, but not phonological short-term memory, was impaired in children with NF1, and not just those whose reading was impaired. Results suggest that children with NF1 have a phonological awareness deficit, whatever their reading level. Identification of reduced phonological skills may warrant the implementation of a specific rehabilitation program before early reading difficulties emerge.

Threshold Theory Tested in an Organizational Setting: The Relation Between Perceived Innovativeness and Intelligence in a Large Sample of Leaders

A large sample of leaders (N = 4257) was used to test the link between leader innovativeness and intelligence. The threshold theory of the link between creativity and intelligence assumes that below a certain IQ level (approximately IQ 120), there is some correlation between IQ and creative potential, but above this cutoff point, there is no correlation. Support for the threshold theory of creativity was found, in that the correlation between IQ and innovativeness was positive and significant below a cutoff point of IQ 120. Above the cutoff, no significant relation was identified, and the two correlations differed significantly. The finding was stable across distinct parts of the sample, providing support for the theory, although the correlations in all subsamples were small. The findings lend support to the existence of threshold effects using perceptual measures of behavior in real-world organizational settings, and thus beyond creative potential measures applied in the psychological laboratory where it has previously been documented.