IPv6 Adoption Research Articles

Study on the Reluctance of Organization Toward IPv6 Adoption in Indonesia Using Bajnath's Model

Study on the Reluctance of Organization Toward IPv6 Adoption in Indonesia Using Bajnath's Model

Measuring IPv6 adoption

After several IPv4 address exhaustion milestones in the last three years, it is becoming apparent that the world is running out of IPv4 addresses, and the adoption of the next generation Internet protocol, IPv6, though nascent, is accelerating. In order to better understand this unique and disruptive transition, we explore twelve metrics using ten global-scale datasets to create the longest and broadest measurement of IPv6 adoption to date. Using this perspective, we find that adoption, relative to IPv4, varies by two orders of magnitude depending on the measure examined and that care must be taken when evaluating adoption metrics in isolation. Further, we find that regional adoption is not uniform. Finally, and perhaps most surprisingly, we find that over the last three years, the nature of IPv6 utilization-in terms of traffic, content, reliance on transition technology, and performance-has shifted dramatically from prior findings, indicating a maturing of the protocol into production mode. We believe IPv6's recent growth and this changing utilization signal a true quantum leap.

Insights into the issue in IPv6 adoption: A view from the Chinese IPv6 Application mix

SummaryAlthough IPv6 has been standardized more than 15 years ago, its deployment is still very limited. China has been strongly pushing IPv6, especially due to its limited IPv4 address space. In this paper, we describe measurements from a large Chinese academic network, serving a significant population of IPv6 hosts. We show that despite its expected strength, China is struggling as much as the western world to increase the share of IPv6 traffic. To understand the reasons behind this, we examine the IPv6 applicative ecosystem. We observe a significant IPv6 traffic growth over the past 3 years, with P2P file transfers responsible for more than 80% of the IPv6 traffic, compared with only 15% for IPv4 traffic. Checking the top websites for IPv6 explains the dominance of P2P, with popular P2P trackers appearing systematically among the top visited sites, followed by Chinese popular services (e.g., Tencent), as well as surprisingly popular third‐party analytics including Google. Finally, we compare the throughput of IPv6 and IPv4 flows. We find that a larger share of IPv4 flows get a high‐throughput compared with IPv6 flows, despite IPv6 traffic not being rate limited. We explain this through the limited amount of HTTP traffic in IPv6 and the presence of Web caches in IPv4. Our findings highlight the main issue in IPv6 adoption, that is, the lack of commercial content, which biases the geographic pattern and flow throughput of IPv6 traffic. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

IP address multiplexing for VEEs

The number of publicly accessible virtual execution environments (VEEs) has been growing steadily in the past few years. To be accessible by clients, such VEEs need either a public IPv4 or a public IPv6 address. However, the pool of available public IPv4 addresses is nearly depleted and the low rate of adoption of IPv6 precludes its use. Therefore, what is needed is a way to share precious IPv4 public addresses among a large pool of VEEs. Our insight is that if an IP address is assigned at the time of a client DNS request for the VEE's name, it is possible to share a single public IP address amongst a set of VEEs whose workloads are not network intensive, such as those hosting personal servers or performing data analytics. We investigate several approaches to multiplexing a pool of global IP addresses among a large number of VEEs, and design a system that overcomes the limitations of current approaches. We perform a qualitative and quantitative comparison of these solutions. We find that upon receiving a DNS request from a client, our solution has a latency as low as 1 ms to allocate a public IP address to a VEE, while keeping the size of the required IP address pool close to the minimum possible.

A Comparison of Public Policy Approaches to the IPv4-IPv6 Transition

IPv4 addresses are increasingly unavailable. In most areas, there is a market for addresses, which is or will be increasing the cost of providing Internet service [TCO of CGN], or driving the use of IPv4 address sharing technologies, which have well-documented limitations [rfc7021], such as interfering with peer-to-peer communication. IPv6 provides an alternative, but its adoption has been irregular, varying both by country and among web and consumer access providers. In this paper we survey countries where IPv6 adoption has been strongest, and some where it has been weak, to determine commonalities of policy or practice that have been most effective in promoting deployment of IPv6. We find evidence that government policies help in web deployment, and that IPv6 Internet access is more closely associated with a single company or small group. We also offer evidence that small groups are the most successful at raising deployment among both web and ISP measures.

A global reference model of the domain name system

The domain name system (DNS) is a crucial component of the Internet. At this time, the DNS is facing major changes such as the introduction of DNSSEC and Internationalized Domain Name extensions (IDNs), the adoption of IPv6 and the upcoming extension of new generic top-level domains. These changes can significantly impact the behavior of the DNS. This paper presents a global DNS reference model for predicting DNS traffic behavior under specific conditions. The quantitative reference model is intended to be used for analyzing “what-if” scenarios—for example, how would DNS query rates at the recursive and authoritative name servers increase if DNSSEC validation errors were to cause more ServFail responses to be sent to DNS clients? The DNS reference model takes into account all relevant components present in the DNS architecture. Real-world data from recursive resolvers is analyzed statistically in order to characterize the system variables that describe query behavior at each of the independent system components. In addition, experimental results that characterize DNS client behavior and data from the literature are used to model the behavior of authoritative name servers. The reference model is validated by comparing the model predictions with the behavior observed in real-world operations. The validation results demonstrate the accuracy of the model predictions. A what-if scenario dealing with the effect of ServFail responses on DNS traffic flow is also presented to demonstrate the applicability of the model.

IPv6 Security Issues in Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems

Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) will turn up to us with safer and more efficient driving environments as well as convenient and infotainment features for future ITS stations. ETSI and ISO are completing the standardization of the building blocks of a reference communication architecture for cooperative ITS. Future ITS stations complying with this set of standards deployed in vehicles, at the roadside infrastructures and within the Internet are expected to communicate with each other through a combination of ITS dedicated communication protocols and legacy Internet protocols. However, in spite of the wide adoption of IPv6 for cooperative ITS communications, relatively little attention has been paid to the security issues related to IPv6 signaling and IPv6 transport communications. In this paper, we present our position on the emerging and urgent IPv6-related security issues that occur in communications between ITS stations complying with the ITS station reference architecture under standardization within ETSI TC ITS and ISO TC204.

IPv6: Any Closer to Adoption?

This article discusses about Internet engineers have said adopting IPv6 is important because the number of available IPv4 addresses is rapidly decreasing. However, IPv6 adoption is still minimal. This means that expanding networks will still need new IPv4 addresses.

Two economic perspectives on the IPv6 transition

PurposeIPv6 is the replacement for the internet's incumbent protocol, IPv4. IPv6 adoption is required to allow the internet to continue to grow; however, there has been almost no uptake since its standardization in the late 1990s. This paper seeks to explain how this non‐adoption may be a consequence of current policies paradoxically intended to promote IPv6.Design/methodology/approachEconomic theories of exhaustible resources and permit markets are used to provide an explanation for the lack of adoption of IPv6.FindingsThe current policy approach will not yield a significant adoption of IPv6 until after the IPv4 address space is exhausted and may also constrain internet growth after IPv4 exhaustion occurs.Practical implicationsCurrent policies intended to promote IPv6 diffusion through the internet must be reconsidered. The economics of permit markets in particular can inform discussions about IPv4 address transfer markets.Originality/valueEconomic analyses of IPv6 adoption are almost non‐existent and very few prior studies are known. This paper helps to rectify this important gap in the literature.

Fostering IPv6 migration through network quality differentials

Although IPv6 has been the next generation Internet protocol for nearly 15 years, new evidences indicate that transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6 is about to become a more pressing issue. This paper attempts to quantify if and how such a transition may unfold. The focus is on "connectivity quality," e.g., as measured by users' experience when accessing content, as a possible incentive (or disincentive) for migrating to IPv6, and on "translation costs" (between IPv6 and IPv4) that Internet Service Providers will incur during this transition. The paper develops a simple model that captures some of the underlying interactions, and highlights the ambiguous role of translation gateways that can either help or discourage IPv6 adoption. The paper is an initial foray in the complex and often puzzling issue of migrating the current Internet to a new version with which it is incompatible.

Cybercrime – A game of cat and mouse in 2009

Last year saw the rapid evolution of complex security challenges. The internet engineering and security communities struggled against a wide range of threats including high DDoS attack rates, IPv6 adoption as well as the growing complexity of cloud and distributed infrastructures. Arbor Network's fifth annual 'Worldwide Infrastructure Security Report' (WWIR), a year long industry-wide operational security survey found some startling statistics and trends.

Application of IPv6 and NGN to the information network of earthquake preparedness and disaster mitigation

The next generation network (NGN) should be a new type established on the basis of the next generation of telecommunication network that is highly performable, expandable, operational, administrable and securer, in order to realize the features and functions such as high-quality streaming media, wireless and mobile capacity, diversification of terminal equipments, quality control of on-demand transmission, higher safety and security. IPv6 is commonly agreed to be one of the key technological supports to NGN. IPv6 network has the greatest chance to become the primary type of NGN after it fulfills all the necessary characteristics of NGN. At present it is just thought to be the next generation of IP network. IPv6 and NGN are proposed and developed for the response to the difficulties faced by the current network. Since the early 1990s, IPv6 and NGN have already made considerable progresses. Although there are many issues relating to the development of IPv6 and NGN need to be deeply explored and disputes exist sometimes, the inherent technical advantages and the growing size of the Matthew Effect is now further accelerating the developments. Up to now, the technology system of IPv6 and NGN is basically mature. Therefore, the actualization of more realistic and characteristic applications has gradually become a significant task nowadays (Market Intelligence Center of CCIDnet, 2007). It is just in this environment that CNGI (China Next Generation Internet) sponsored the initial experiment of IPv6 network construction and application in the field of Earthquake Preparedness and Disaster Mitigation (EPDM), which is known as seismic sensors network experiment based on IPv6. The network of EPDM has gone through a booming growth in recent years. The quality of network applications is growing to be the most critical issue when the network has been colossal. And the congenital deficiency of the current IPv4 network has been turning into a major obstruction in the future development. However, the adoption of IPv6 and NGN can be connected to further various projects, business and information islands, to comply with a unified standard specification, to integrate the resources, to expand the share, to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of information network technology, to broaden the scope of application and to further open up new business, which all lead to forming a more powerful network, establishing a scientific and technological supporting platform and providing service capabilities for the purposes of EPDM.

Diffusion and Adoption of IPv6 in the Arin Region

In the near term there will be no available, unallocated IPv4 addresses. From original estimates of IPv4 exhaustion in 2037, the most widely-cited current estimates for ARIN IPv4 address depletion is now at 2013. This deadline gives a particular importance to IPv6 adoption. The goals of this work were to identify valid measures of IPv6 diffusion and use classic diffusion models to bound the uncertainty in those measures. With these measures and simple models we can bound best case, current projection and reasonably optimistic cases for the adoption of the IPv6 protocol. For these ends, the work discusses previous analysis of IPv6 routes and ASN data from ARIN to quantify the current adoption rate. We conclude that there is no reasonable case for diffusion of IPv6 before IPv4 full allocation. The second significant contribution, besides measurement and bounding uncertainty, that is provided in this paper is to what extent the now well established fundamental findings of the economics of computer security can apply to the diffusion of IPv6. The second significant but unanswered question is if the creation of a transferrable property interest in IPv4 addresses, informed by computer security economics, will hinder or galvanize IPv6 adoption. In order to address these questions the paper provides some non-trivial insights on IPv6 through presenting sketches of four scenarios: no action, IPv4 market creation, coordination government action and registrar- only management. As much as conclusions, this paper offers a set of questions that are critical to consider.

Some reflections on IPv6 adoption in Australia

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to put forward a case for increased research into the likely economic impact in Australia of early or late diffusion of IPv6, and to argue that Government intervention may be necessary.Design/methodology/approachThe paper characterises the approach to IPv6 in Australia to date as generally laissez‐faire, and compares this with diffusion and promotion efforts in countries in which IPv6 has become more widely adopted.FindingsThe paper finds that IPv6 diffusion is inevitable in the long term, but early diffusion is unlikely in the absence of government action. The likely economic impact on Australia of early versus late IPv6 diffusion is unknown, yet it is potentially of national interest.Originality/valueThis study identifies the need for research into the economic impact of IPv6 diffusion in Australia and is relevant to individuals and organisations involved in telecommunications and policy and research funding.

Efficient packet classification using TCAMs

Multi-field packet classification is necessary to support advanced Internet functions, such as network security , quality of service provisioning, traffic policing, virtual private networking , etc. Ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) is currently the dominant solution method used by the industry because of its speed and the simplicity of filter table management. High cost and high power consumption are the two major drawbacks of TCAM-based lookup engines. Adoption of IPv6 with increased address length will further exacerbate the challenges. In this article, we present a filter encoding method, called prefix inclusion coding (PIC) to improve the efficiency of TCAM-based lookup engines. Filters are stored in an encoded format to reduce storage requirement. Codeword assignment in PIC preserves the inclusion relationship among prefixes/ranges. By doing so, a prefix will be represented by a single codeword, and unnecessary filter replication can be avoided. Codeword lookup is equivalent to finding the longest matching prefix in the codeword table. Hence, a pure-TCAM lookup engine can be built without the needs of other semi-custom ASICs in the system. Our method can reduce the TCAM storage requirement by 70% to over 90%. The reduction in TCAM storage requirement also helps to alleviate the high power dissipation problem. The proposed method can be applied to both IPv4 and IPv6.

Internet Technology in 2010: The Issue of IPv6 Adoption in the U.S.A.

Computer industry literature suggests that IPv4 Internet addresses are likely to have been depleted by the year 2010, and at least Asia and Europe will be using the new IPv6 Internet addresses. Literature also suggests that the U.S.A. is lagging behind Asia and Europe with the implementation of IPv6. Empirical data supporting the fact that the U.S.A. is lagging behind is not available in the literature. This paper presents the issues regarding IPv6, reasons why Asia and Europe are implementing IPv6, and why the U.S.A. is lagging behind. Empirical data is presented to support the literature’s suggestion that the U.S.A. is lagging behind. The consequences of this inactivity regarding the implementation of IPv6 by the U.S.A. are discussed.

Comparison of end-system IPv6 protocol stacks

The Internet Protocol version 6 (also known as IPv6) has been developed to replace the current IPv4 protocol. Various operating systems running at end-systems now support IPv6 protocol stacks and network infrastructures (hosts, routers) are currently being deployed to support IPv6 features. IPv6 stacks on end-systems constitute an important component in the migration and adoption of IPv6. To investigate the impact of IPv6 on user applications, an empirical evaluation was conducted on the performance of IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks on the Linux operating system for TCP and UDP protocols. The IPv6 performance obtained on Linux was compared with the performance of IPv6 of other commodity operating systems, namely Solaris 8 and Windows 2000. The experimental results demonstrate that the IPv6 protocol stack for Linux outperforms IPv6 stacks of these operating systems.

Enhancing grid capabilities: IBP over IPv6

Grid computing is considered as the ultimate solution for the scientific computing community. The main accent was first put on the computational side, as the other factors, such as network and storage, were considered as given. Logistical Networking started to fill the gap in the research of storage aspects of grid, and is now widely accepted and known as a mechanism to manage distributed storage resources, in an Internet-style way. In this paper we would like to show the advantages that the adoption of IPv6 can provide to the Internet Backplane Protocol (IBP), that can be considered the foundation stone of Logistical Networking, and therefore to grid systems. On top of it, IBP allows mixed IPv4/IPv6 environments to coexist, providing a very elegant way of moving data between grids based on different networking protocols.