IPR Issues Research Articles

Distributed Computing Education, Part 5: Coming to Terms with Intellectual Property Rights

Distributed computing teaching environments (and e-science education in general) require a supportive policy framework that encourages cooperation and sharing. If teachers can share educational content rather than creating their own, they increase the number of quality resources available to them. However, in sharing these resources, IPR issues such as copyright ownership and licensing must be considered.

Getting heard in Tibet1: Music, media and markets

This article is an ethnographic study of the production of recorded music and popular music culture in Tibet, examining who gets their voice heard and how, and the roles played by the state, the independent realm that has emerged since the late 1980s, and the illegal/pirate sphere that has also resulted from economic liberalisation. While the question of IPR violations in China has become a global issue, it is largely discussed in the context of big, multi‐national business. This article examines the little known implications of China’s IPR and piracy issues for the production of minority culture. Since the 1950s, the debate on Tibetan culture has centred on issues of political repression. This article aims to open up socio‐economic factors and international legal and trade issues as crucial to the question of cultural expression and identity in Tibet, now China is connected to global capitalism.

Exploitation strategy seminars: Experience with IPR issues in nanotechnology

Exploitation strategy seminars: Experience with IPR issues in nanotechnology

IPR and Technological Issues Regarding a Biopharmaceutical Formulation -Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin, the protein responsible for the red color of blood plays a very important part in 'life'- it transports oxygen, without which humans cannot survive. The idea of using purified Hemoglobin as a possible universal substitute for red blood cells has been around for almost a century. Hemoglobin formulations have important therapeutic applications, especially in case of trauma and war when requirements for blood may be very large. Manufacture of hemoglobin for use as a biopharmaceutical poses practical challenges, owing to dependence on human expired blood and fragility of the protein molecule. Biotechnology can play a critical role in breaking these barriers, by not only ensuring recombinant production of hemoglobin, but also enhancing stability of the molecule. The present article, based on a review of patents and available literature gives an insight into the IPR and technological issues involved in the commercial production of this 'life-saving' protein. There are more than 250 patents worldwide related to hemoglobin formulation, cross-linking and determination.

ENGLISH

It is high time when the IPR has to be considered in a proactive approach and in consonance with the global development, particularly with business world. The geographical indication is not just an inventory and evidence creation, it is an intellectual capital that calls for promotion and creation of a new culture in the business world. India is very slow and ignorant about many of the aspect of IPR and related legal issues. This paper discusses some of these issues. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/djlit.27.6.141

Developments in coffee biotechnology—in vitro plant propagation and crop improvement

Coffee is an important plantation crop grown in about 80 countries across the globe. In recent years, coffee attained lot of attention in the biotechnology research area. Since last three decades, there has been a steady flow of information on coffee biotechnology and now it is entering into the genomic era. Major milestones in coffee biotech research are successful in vitro manipulation and multiplication of coffee, development of gene transfer protocols and generation of transgenic coffee plants with specific traits. The isolation of genes involved in caffeine biosynthetic pathway has opened up new avenues for generating caffeine free transgenic coffee. With the initiation of international coffee genomics initiatives, the genomic research in coffee is expected to reach new dimensions. The IPR issues may play crucial role in sharing of benefits during international collaborations in near future. This review focuses on the basic and applied aspects of coffee biotechnology for newer potentials.

AVS Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) Policy

The AVS Workgroup has developed an IPR Policy to facilitate the adoption of standards in the marketplace. The policy is based on consideration of IPR issues in parallel with the technical work for drafting the standard. The paper describes the relationship between IPR and the standard, and how the goals for the standard must be complemented by goals for the IPR. The existing IPR policies of the ITU and ISO are outlined, and then the AVS IPR policy is described, organized by its three main components: commitment to license on declared basic terms, disclosure of intellectual property, and protection of IPR.

MPEG-21 digital items to support integration of heterogeneous multimedia content

The MELISA system is a distributed platform for multi-platform sports content broadcasting, providing end users with a wide range of real-time interactive services during the sport event, such as statistics, visual aids or enhancements, betting, and user- and context-specific advertisements. In this paper, we present the revamped design of the complete system and the implementation of a middleware entity utilizing concepts present in the emerging MPEG-21 framework. More specifically, all multimedia content is packaged in a self-contained “digital item”, containing both the binary information (video, graphics, etc.) required for the playback, as well as structured representations of the different entities that can handle this item and the actions they can perform on it. This module essentially stands between the different components of the integrated content preparation system, thereby not disrupting their original functionality at all; additional tweaks are performed in the receiver sides, as well, to ensure that the additional information and provisions are respected. The outcome of this design upgrade is that IPR issues are dealt with successfully, both with respect to the content itself and to the functionality of the subscription levels; in addition to this, end users can be presented with personalized forms of the final content, e.g., viewing in-play virtual advertisements that match their shopping habits and preferences, thus enhancing the viewing experience and creating more revenue opportunities via targeted advertisements.

RoMEO studies 5: IPR issues facing OAI data and service providers

This paper is the fifth in a series of studies emanating from the UK Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC)‐funded RoMEO Project (rights metadata for open‐archiving). The paper reports the results of two surveys of OAI data providers (DPs) and service providers (SPs) with regards to the rights issues they face. It finds that very few DPs have rights agreements with depositing authors and that there is no standard approach to the creation of rights metadata. The paper considers the rights protection afforded individual and collections of metadata records under UK law and contrasts this with DPs' and SPs' views on the rights status of metadata and how they wish to protect it. The majority of DPs and SPs believe that a standard way of describing both the rights status of documents and of metadata would be useful.

IPR issues facing open access

Serials: The Journal for the Serials Community has been digitised and can be accessed in full on this website. All content is freely available on an open-access basis. Serials was published between 1988 and 2011. In 2012, the journal was retitled and is now published as Insights: the UKSG journal.

Architecting and Managing Virtual Learning Networks:: A Business Process-orientated Approach to Legal Compliance

Virtual Learning Networks (VLN) offer many novel business opportunities. We show an illustrative scenario where these novel opportunities offer significant new legal challenges. Thus, regulation — including privacy and IPR issues — is a highly relevant issue for executives managing VLN. Legal breaches raise liability issues for VLN organisers, while affecting the design of the VLN, and raise questions of business and academic reputation and value. We show that these legal issues highlight the need for careful consideration when using Agent Technologies and the need for a ‘legal architecture’ supporting system design. We contend that a novel process view of organisations enhances the possibilities for creating legally compliant VLNs, as models can be developed that embed legal processes at the design time, enhancing the value proposition of VLNs.

RoMEO studies 1: the impact of copyright ownership on academic author self‐archiving

This is the first of a series of studies emanating from the UK JISC‐funded RoMEO Project (Rights Metadata for Open‐archiving) which investigated the IPR issues relating to academic author self‐archiving of research papers. It considers the claims for copyright ownership in research papers by universities, academics, and publishers by drawing on the literature, a survey of 542 academic authors and an analysis of 80 journal publisher copyright transfer agreements. The paper concludes that self‐archiving is not best supported by copyright transfer to publishers. It recommends that universities assert their interest in copyright ownership in the long term, that academics retain rights in the short term, and that publishers consider new ways of protecting the value they add through journal publishing.

ENGLISH

This paper describes the relationship between intellectual property rights and internet operations, including e-commerce. The new issues opened due to the advent of digital technologies for storing and transmitting information are discussed along with types of IPR issues applicable to internet. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dbit.20.1.3507