IPM Package Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF BIORATIONAL-BASED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PACKAGE AGAINST POD BORER, HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA HUBNER INFESTING CHICKPEA

ABSTRACT Chickpea, (Cicer arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop world-wide. There are many constraints in the production of the crop, of which pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hubner is the notorious one which causes both quantitative and qualitative loss. Therefore, an experiment was conducted during rabi 2012-13 to evaluate different biorational based IPM packages viz., IPM package 1 (P1) comprising pheromone trapping of H. armigera along with sequential release of biocontrol agents (Trichograma evanescens @ gm/ha/week + Bracon hebetor @ 1 jar (1000-1200 adults)/ha/week) and spraying of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) @ 0.4g/ litre of water; IPM package 2 (P2) consists of pheromone trapping in addition to sequential release of bio-control agents and spraying of Helicoverpa nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HNPV) @ 0.1g/litre of water against this pest attacking chickpea. Results indicate that the IPM package (P2) revealed the best performance reducing 68.20% pod damage over control and provided significantly the highest yield (1832.20kg/ha). Consequently, the highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) (2.11) was also recorded from this package. Hence, biocontrol agent release along with installation of sex pheromone traps and spraying of HNPV may be recommended for effective management of pod borer attacking chickpea.

EVALUATION OF SOME BIO-RATIONAL INSECTICIDES AGAINST THE LOOPER COMPLEX, HYPOSIDRA SPP. IN TEA PLANTATIONS OF DOOARS, WEST BENGAL

ABSTRACT The efficacy of some bio-rational insecticides against tea looper complex, Hyposidra spp. was evaluated at two different locations of Dooars tea plantations, West Bengal. The results indicated that all the insecticides were effective in reducing the looper population to a significant level. However, in comparison to other insecticides, neem based insecticides could not give the desired level of control. Among the different treatments, diflubenzuron 25 WP @ 700g/ha caused maximum reduction of loopers over control in both the sprayings at both the locations [Location I: 66.91% and 65.54% reduction of loopers at 7 days after 1st and 2nd spraying respectively) and Location II: 68% and 50.85% reduction of loopers at 7 days after 1st and 2nd spraying respectively)] and appeared to be the best treatment against loopers. Bt-k @ 1000 mL/ha was the next best treatment for suppressing looper population at 7 days after 1st spraying (64.44% and 67.81% reduction of loopers at Location I and II respectively) which was at par with recommended insecticide deltamethrin 2.8 EC @ 200 mL/ha (65.14% and 62.16% reduction of loopers at Location I and II respectively). However, in 2nd spraying, its efficacy was declined. Both the doses of Neem based insecticides recorded 31-49% reduction of loopers after 1st spraying but this was reduced only to 9-17% after 2nd spraying, Thus, in consideration of the performance of the insecticides, diflubenzuron @700 g/ha and Bt-k @ 1000 mL/ha could be included in the IPM package of looper.

Preliminary inventory of fruit fly species (Diptera, Tephritidae) in mango orchards in the Niayes region, Senegal, in 2004

Introduction. Knowledge of tephritid diversity in Senegal was poor before 2004, so PIP-COLEACP and CIRAD, in collaboration with Ceres-DPV, carried out, in 2004, trapping for preliminary detection of fruit flies in six orchards in the Niayes zone. Materials and methods. We selected three mixed mango orchards and three homogeneous mango orchards in this zone. In each orchard, we used three attractants: Terpinyl acetate (Ter), Trimedlure (Tri) and Torula (Tor). Traps were serviced weekly. Results. We captured 77 642 fruit flies in more than 4 months including mango season; they were represented by 18 identified fly species, including ten Ceratitis, six Dacus and two Bactrocera species. Two very serious pests were identified with the confirmation of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) for cucurbit crops and the detection of B. invadens Drew Tsuruta & White for fruit crops. The two most abundant species of Ceratitis were C. cosyra and C. silvestrii. Discussion. We captured more fruit fly specie s in mixed mango orchards than in homogeneous mango orchards. Bactrocera invadens was also more abundant in mixed orchards, probably because of its polyphagous status. This new invasive species, B. invadens , can have many hosts in mixed mango orchards , enhancing its breeding potential. Conclusion. Effective management to deal with this alien species requires: (i) improvement of basic and applied research; (ii) an effective IPM package; (iii) an area-wide management approach; (iv) a sub-regional effort on the part of researchers, extension services, growers, exporters, farming associations and the different actors in fruit value chains (mainly mango). (Resume d'auteur)

Assessing the Impact of Farmer Field School Participation on IPM Adoption in Uganda

The Integrated Pest Management Collaborative Research Support Program (IPM CRSP) has been implementing IPM farmer field schools (FFS) with small scale farmers in Eastern Uganda since 2001. This study assesses the impact of cowpea-specific IPM FFS on IPM knowledge and the theoretical link between increased knowledge on the adoption of IPM strategies. The assessment was conducted to evaluate the impact of IPM FFS on adoption of IPM strategies. Comparison groups consisting of FFS participants and non participants were used to evaluate the impact of FFS on IPM knowledge and cowpea specific IPM strategies. A summated ratings scale consisting of five attributes was used to measure farmers’ knowledge of IPM and another summated scale consisting of five IPM strategies for cowpea was used to measure adoption. The results indicate that participation in FFS leads to more knowledge of IPM and knowledge of IPM is the most important variable in explaining adoption of IPM strategies. These results provide a confirmation of the adoption decision making process and a validation of FFS as an effective mechanism for increasing both knowledge of IPM and the adoption of cowpea specific IPM strategies. Farmers were more likely to adopt component strategies rather than the entire IPM package. The diffusion of IPM knowledge and strategies to farmers who did not participate in the FFS appears to have been limited.

Evaluation of maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes as a component of integrated stem borer ( Chilo partellus Swinhoe) management in coastal region of Kenya

A study was conducted at six sites of Kenya Coastal region to evaluate candidate maize genotypes for inclusion in stem borer IPM package for the area. Stem borer infestation/damage during the trial period were rather low but nonetheless, significant differences were observed between the insecticide (Carbofuran) and/orBacillus thuriengiensis (Bt) treated plots and the control. Yield loss due perhaps to levels of tolerance of the genotypes varied from 7 to 23%. Generally, varietal crosses were higher yielding than the open pollinated populations with grain yield itself being primarily influenced by number of ears harvested per plot. Therefore, tendency towards prolificacy also determined the choice of ICZ5, IC92M2 and IC92M5 as possible candidates. Keyword: Maize, stem borer control.

Development of IPM Package with Safe Pesticide Residue: 1. Cabbage

An IPM module with safe pesticide residues on cabbage, with already proven treatments such as carbosulfan, dimethoate, cypermethrin + profenofos and mancozeb under chemical method of control; NSP, Bacillus thuringiensis and Trichogramma bactrae under non chemical method of control were revalidated individually and in combination. Six releases of parasitoid T. bactrae at weekly intervals starting from 12 days after transplanting or spray of NSP 4% at 10-15 days interval, 4 times, starting from 20 days after transplanting, foliar spray of dimethoate and mancozeb gave good control of aphids, leaf blight and black rot respectively. Based on the effectiveness of the treatment and pesticide residues below their permissible levels in cabbage at harvest, a module was developed and tested in the field. The IPM package thus developed was found to control the pests effectively and at the same time the residues on the crop were within the safe limits.

ECOLOGY-BASED INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF THE SWEETPOTATO WEEVIL IN INDIA

The production of sweetpotato is often hampered by the ubiquitous sweetpotato weevil. Feeding by the weevil renders the roots unfit for consumption due to the bitter and toxic sesquiterpenes produced. The concealed feeding habits of grubs and nocturnal habits of adults make the management of the pest a challenge. IPM strategies reported here are based on a number of experiments and observations over a period of 10 years, and involve behaviour manipulation (mass trapping of adult weevils using a sex pheromone) and agronomic practices based on the crop phenology and weevil life-table. The IPM package developed was a combination of weevil-free planting material, mulching with Calophyllum inophyllum or Bassia latifolia cake at 2 t ha -1 or mulching the plant base with leaves of Clerodendron infortunatum or Chromolaena odorata at 3 t ha -1 , reridging, mass trapping of males through sex pheromone traps, preservation of biocontrol agents, disposal of harvest residues and early harvesting. This package was found to reduce weevil damage in the field and increase the number of marketable roots. It was successfully tested in farmers' fields over 14 states of India.

Economic evaluation of the integrated management of the oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in mango in India

Bactrocera dorsalis is a serious pest of mangoes in India. Between 1985 and 1996 assessments of the effectiveness of a locally recommended IPM package, in comparison with no control, on a susceptible variety were carried out near Bangalore. The IPM package was applied over the 45 days before harvest and comprised (1) weekly removals of fallen fruit, (2) 3-weekly inter-tree ploughing and raking and (3) three fortnightly cover sprays of insecticide. Infestation reductions attributable to the package were between 77% and 100% in different years. Cost-benefit returns were dependent on the level of pest pressure, and in years of low pressure the package may not recover its costs, necessitating a threshold approach.