IP Networks Research Articles

Different patterns of bacterioplankton in response to inorganic and organic phosphorus inputs in freshwater lakes - a microcosmic study

Phosphorus (P) is a limiting factor in fresh waters and is also the main cause of water eutrophication and deterioration, However, the practical effect of elevated P level on bacterioplankton is less evaluated. In this study, we investigated the bacterioplankton in a 96 hours microcosm experiment with P additions in two forms (organic/inorganic P, OP/IP) and three levels (final conc., 0.040, 0.065 and 0.125 g/L), aiming to find out the response pattern of bacterioplankton in coping with the increasing P levels. Results showed a more dramatic change of water properties and bacterioplankton between P forms (OP and IP) than among the addition levels, and a more remarkable effect of OP addition than the IP. Both OP and IP treatments significantly decreased the water pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3--N) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC), and reduced the α-diversity of bacterioplankton and relative abundance of Cyanobacteria, but increased the abundance of Proteobacteria. The IP addition decreased Actinobacteria abundance (especially for HgcI) and showed higher denitrification potentials, while the OP addition depressed the Bateroidota and exhibited lowed methylotrophic functions, but such trends decreased with increasing addition concentrations. The network analysis showed that both IP and OP additions increased the proportion of positively correlated edges and reduced the network complexity and stability, but the OP network was more stable than the IP network. The study clarifies the response pattern of bacterioplankton to the P input with different forms and levels, and deepens our understanding of the eutrophication process, which provides a scientific basis for the management and control of freshwater lakes facing eutrophication.

Modern Analysis Design And Implementation Of An (SMS) Application Banking

SMS –Banking is a value-added service solution that allows banked customers to be able to perform certain banking operations related to their account such as balance viewing, transfer, etc. via the mobile network operator's SMS service. The integrated platforms for these services include added values, with one part connected to the mobile network via the SS7 protocol stack and the other end to the IP network. The development of SMS-based mobile applications requires the installation of a text messaging gateway that allows interconnection between the two networks (telecommunications and computer). OZEKI is open source software. It is an SMS gateway that can receive SMS from GSM network and forward them to another network. It supports several types, allowing SMSC to be linked between them or between a GSM network and another network (IP for example). The OZEKI portal therefore makes it possible to set up value-added services. Computer Science has a dynamic computer park that allows them to develop and conduct effective research in Computer Science because information technology makes the fundamental pillar in development for the progress made in the world today as Computer Science Department students have the necessary tools for them to help in their research.

Modern Analysis Design And Implementation Of An (SMS) Application Banking

SMS –Banking is a value-added service solution that allows banked customers to be able to perform certain banking operations related to their account such as balance viewing, transfer, etc. via the mobile network operator's SMS service. The integrated platforms for these services include added values, with one part connected to the mobile network via the SS7 protocol stack and the other end to the IP network. The development of SMS-based mobile applications requires the installation of a text messaging gateway that allows interconnection between the two networks (telecommunications and computer). OZEKI is open source software. It is an SMS gateway that can receive SMS from GSM network and forward them to another network. It supports several types, allowing SMSC to be linked between them or between a GSM network and another network (IP for example). The OZEKI portal therefore makes it possible to set up value-added services. Computer Science has a dynamic computer park that allows them to develop and conduct effective research in Computer Science because information technology makes the fundamental pillar in development for the progress made in the world today as Computer Science Department students have the necessary tools for them to help in their research.

Simplifying IP multimedia systems by introducing next-generation networks with scalable architectures

The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is essential to providing multimedia services over IP networks. However, maintaining its scalability in the face of increasing demand and changing next-generation networks is still a significant concern. In light of growing loads and service diversity, scalable solutions are required, as this article explores the shortcomings of the IMS designs in use today. To present an innovative, scalable architecture for IMS that integrates cutting-edge computer science techniques, enabling effective service delivery in next-generation networks. By bridging the gap between the static nature of previous IMS designs and the dynamic demands of contemporary telecommunications, this article hopes to deliver results. A mixed-method approach was utilized, integrating evaluations of architectural flexibility with network loads and service needs analysis. In order to evaluate the suggested designs' performance to current benchmarks, the study used simulations to predict the architectures' performance under various scenarios. Compared to conventional IMS frameworks, the suggested design showed outstanding scalability, enabling a tenfold increase in simultaneous connections and services. It notably improved fault tolerance and service delay and increased flexibility for network modifications and service diversification. Next-generation network demands are met by IMS designs that use modern computer science methodologies to improve scalability and flexibility significantly. More practical, scalable, and reliable service delivery methods will be possible thanks to the foundation our work creates for future research into dynamic, resilient telecommunications infrastructures.

Design and implementation of dynamic balance in ultra-high speed IP network

Abstract Nowadays, with the rapid development of IP network service demand, network construction is also accelerating, IP network is expanding at a higher rate, and gradually moving toward ultra-high speed networks above 40G. In view of the problems of inconsistent IP packet order, random IP packet length and traffic burst brought by the application environment of high traffic, high bandwidth and high concurrency in ultra-high speed IP network, this paper introduces a kind of dynamic balance processing technology of ultra-high speed IP network based on information label. By optimizing the IP processing architecture, a two-level scheduling architecture of multi-board and multi-module is established, and VPN is established in ultra-high speed IP network by using dynamic balance processing technology and order preserving technology to realize high performance IP processing, so as to achieve ultra-high speed data transmission.

Descriptive analysis of wide area network flow control internet traffic on Metro-E 100 Mbps campus network

QoS in computer networking is the capability to provide better service to network traffic over various technologies such as ethernet and IP networks. This paper presents a descriptive analysis of WAN flow control and internet traffic on a Metro-E campus network. Issues on network congestion and delay in network QoS where internet traffic is gradually increasing, resulting in bursts of network capacity that affect network QoS. The method implies 12 months data collection and analysis on protocol, bytes and packets inbound and correlation between parameters on the Metro-E 100 Mbps campus network. The result presents heavy-tailed distributions on an inbound packet kurtosis value of 347 and an outbound packet kurtosis value of 780. Bytes outbound and inbound are skewed at 122 and right at 17 respectively. The average amount of data inbound and outbound is 458.5 MB and 34.8 MB. Protocol 6 TCP presents the highest amount of -traffic and a weak positive correlation at 0.104 exists between the inbound and outbound packets and bytes on the network. The correlation coefficient's 95% confidence interval ranges between 0.096 and 0.111. This research is significant in the future deployment of traffic scheduling, policing, and shaping algorithms for QoS bandwidth management on the WAN Metro-E campus network.

Optimization Algorithms in SDN: Routing, Load Balancing, and Delay Optimization

Software-Defined Networking is today a mature technology, which is developed in many networks and also embedded in novel architectures like 5G and 6G. The SDN control centralization concept brings significant advantages for management and control in SDN together with the programmability of the data plane. SDN represents a paradigm shift towards agile, efficient, and secure network infrastructures, moving away from traditional, hardware-centric models to embrace dynamic, software-driven paradigms. SDN is compliant also with the virtualization architecture defined in the Network Function Virtualization framework. However, SDN should cooperate seamlessly for some years with the distributed TCP/IP control developed during the years all over the world. Among others, the traditional tasks of routing, forwarding, load balancing, QoS assurance, security, and privacy should be solved. The SDN native centralization brings also some new challenges and problems which are different from the traditional distributed control IP networks. The algorithms and protocols usable in SDN should meet requirements like scalability, convergence, redundancy assurance, sustainability, and good real-time response, and allow orchestrated automation in enhancing network resilience and adaptability. This work presents a theoretical review of state-of-the-art SDN optimization techniques, offering a critical and comparative discussion of various algorithms having tasks such as routing (including dynamic ones), forwarding, load balancing and traffic optimization, and forwarding delay minimization. Attention is pointed to general algorithms which can offer pragmatic solutions for large systems or multiple metric routing.

Studying the Impact of Different TCP DoS Attacks on the Parameters of VoIP Streams

In today’s digital world, no one and nothing is safe from potential cyberattacks. There is also no 100% protection from such attacks. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out various studies related to the effects of the different cyberattacks on the performance of the specific devices under attack. In this work, a study was carried out to determine how individual TCP DoS attacks affect the parameters of VoIP (Voice over IP) voice and video streams. For the purpose of this work, a model of a simple IP network has been created using the GNS3 IP network-modeling platform. The VoIP platform used was Asterisk Free PBX. Tools from Kali Linux were used to implement the individual TCP DoS attacks; IP-network-monitoring tools and round-trip-delay-measurement tools were also used. The proposed study is applicable to multiple VoIP platforms wherein voice and video traffic are passed/processed by the VoIP server. From the obtained results, it was found that Asterisk Free PBX is very well secured against TCP DoS attacks, which do not affect the platform performance or the parameters of the voice and video streams. The values of the observed parameters, such as jitter, packet loss, round-trip delay, etc., are very far from the maximum allowable values. We also observed a low load on the CPU and RAM of the system during the whole study.

Deterministic networks using segment routing

The aim of the work is to analyze the new direction in telecommunications - creation of deterministic networks using segment routing technology within IPv6. The results obtained cover the consideration of network functions in a deterministic IP network (DIP), its architecture and principle of operation. The various aspects of segment routing (SR) technology are given, as well as the many use cases, incl. traffic engineering, network failure recovery, stateless chaining of services, introduction of 5G network "slices", cross-domain switching to connect users to applications on servers in multiple data centers, segment routing in SD-WAN. The main technologies of a DIP network are considered: traffic flow shaping (smoothing), input scheduling, time slot scheduling. The contributions relate to analysis and conclusions on the applicability, scope and development of DIP networks using segment routing technology within IPv6.

Adaptive Flow Timeout Management in Software-Defined Optical Networks

Current trends in network traffic management rely on the efficient control of individual flows. Software-defined networking popularized this notion. Per-flow management is perfectly viable in standard IP networks, in which packet processing is in the electric domain. However, optical networks provide more restrictions and constraints making per-flow traffic management difficult. One of the most important challenges is to reduce the concurrent number of flows present in the flow tables to make the switching process quicker. In this paper, we propose a mechanism to manage flow timeout values that uses idle timeout and hard timeout parameters. To calculate the appropriate values of the parameters, the mechanism analyzes the packet inter-arrival times. The algorithm also takes into account the current occupancy of the flow table.

Transforming Network Management: Intent-Based Flexible Control Empowered by Efficient Flow-Centric Visibility

The Internet architecture has recently shifted towards a framework characterized by multiple interconnected cloud sites, all linked via an L3 IP network. With this shift, managing networking controls among multiple cloud sites is becoming a significant operational challenge. In particular, ensuring effective networking control necessitates a deeper understanding of flow-level dynamics for comprehensively monitoring interconnection statuses across multiple sites. In this paper, we first propose an IO Visor-enabled tracing solution for Linux-based boxes to efficiently enable the comprehensive collection of network packet flows across interconnected sites. Next, we apply IP prefix-based flow-level analysis at a centralized location to support the intent-based networking control application. This flow-level analysis involves generating policy-based specific action (i.e., redirect) via SDN controllers for specific source IP prefixes, which are causing unknown or potentially vulnerable flows. Furthermore, we employ an open-source ONOS SDN controller to tackle the challenge of managing the hybrid SDN-IP interconnections. By leveraging intent-based networking control, we effectively apply ONOS intents based on IP routing information and generated a set of forwarding action. We evaluate our proposed solution in an experimental SDN-cloud testbed, demonstrating its effectiveness in real-world scenarios. Overall, through the seamless integration of these monitoring and control approaches, we manage to enhance the adaptability and security of the interconnected cloud sites of the testbed.

Streamlining ICT Network Resources, Processes and Operations through a Centralized Management System: A Development and Evaluation

This study aims to provide an inventory and monitoring system for the ICT Network and Telecommunication Department at Lyceum of the Philippines University Cavite. As it streamlines the management and documentation of network equipment and IP addresses under a single, centralized system, it incorporates integrated management features to carry out and improve network resource management operations. The development of the system was presented with the use of the Agile Model, which illustrates the client's workflow, allowing for changes and discussions based on the client's feedback; the model involves planning, design, implementation, testing, and evaluation, allowing continuous improvement, and providing high-quality systems that met the client's requirements. In addition, the system's components were tested for unit functionality and browser compatibility by the technical adviser, (2) administrators, and (5) IT experts. Furthermore, the system also underwent an evaluation process based on ISO 25010 to measure its Compatibility, Usability, Reliability, Functional Suitability, Security, Portability, Maintainability, and Performance Efficiency, participated by (1) a technical adviser, (2) administrators, (10) IT Experts, and (10) end users. The findings revealed that the system was fully operational and could carry out its designated functions, with an average result of 98.93% passing rate. No component failed during testing in the presence of the specified test respondents. From the responses of the determined evaluators, all aspects of the system are deemed “Highly Acceptable.” The implications of these findings indicate that the ICT Network Resource Management System for LPU Cavite has met the requirements and expectations set forth. The system's compliance with ISO 25010 requirements, successful test results, and high-end user acceptability highlight its potential to enhance the management and monitoring processes, leading to more efficient and effective management for the university’s ICT network and telecommunication department. Keywords: ICT, Network Management System, ICT Network Resources, Streamlining ICT Resources Received Date: April 12, 2024Revised Date: May 17, 2024Accepted Date: May 26, 2024

NDNOTA: NDN One-Time Authentication

Named Data Networking (NDN) stands out as a prominent architectural framework for the future Internet, aiming to address deficiencies present in IP networks, specifically in the domain of security. Although NDN packets containing requested content are signed with the publisher’s signature which establishes data provenance for content, the NDN domain still requires more holistic frameworks that address consumers’ identity verification while accessing protected contents or services using producer/publisher-preapproved authentication servers. In response, this paper introduces the NDN One-Time Authentication (NDNOTA) framework, designed to authenticate NDN online services, applications, and data in real time. NDNOTA comprises three fundamental elements: the consumer, producer, and authentication server. Employing a variety of security measures such as single sign-on (SSO), token credentials, certified asymmetric keys, and signed NDN packets, NDNOTA aims to reinforce the security of NDN-based interactions. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed framework, we validate and evaluate its impact on the three core elements in terms of time performance. For example, when accessing authenticated content through the entire NDNOTA process, consumers experience an additional time overhead of 70 milliseconds, making the total process take 83 milliseconds. In contrast, accessing normal content that does not require authentication does not incur this delay. The additional NDNOTA delay is mitigated once the authentication token is generated and stored, resulting in a comparable time frame to unauthenticated content requests. Additionally, obtaining private content through the authentication process requires 10 messages, whereas acquiring public data only requires two messages.

IP and ICN Networking in D2D_IoT Communications: A Comparative Study

IP and ICN Networking in D2D_IoT Communications: A Comparative Study

Minimizing the Number of Distrustful Nodes on the Path of IP Packet Transmission

One of the important directions for improving modern Wide Area Networks is efficient and secure packet routing. Efficient routing is often based on using the shortest paths, while ensuring security involves preventing the possibility of packet interception. The work is devoted to improving the security of data transmission in IP networks. A new approach is proposed to minimize the number of distrustful nodes on the path of IP packet transmission. By a distrustful node, we mean a node that works correctly in terms of hardware and software and fully implements its data transport functions, but from the point of view of its organizational subordination, we are not sure that the node will not violate security rules to prevent unauthorized access and interception of data. A distrustful node can be either a transit or an end node. To implement this approach, we modified Dijkstra’s shortest path tree construction algorithm. The modified algorithm ensures that we obtain a path that will pass only through trustful nodes, if such a path exists. If there is no such path, the path will have the minimum possible number of distrustful intermediate nodes. The number of intermediate nodes in the path was used as a metric to obtain the shortest path trees. Routing tables of routers, built on the basis of trees obtained using a modified algorithm, provide increased security of data transmission, minimizing the use of distrustful nodes.

Multi-Resolution Odd Sketch for Mining Extended Jaccard Similarity of Dynamic Streaming sets

Estimating the Jaccard similarity between two or more streaming sets is a fundamental problem with many applications, such as mining the co-occurrences of host communication behaviors in IP networks and the co-purchasing behaviors of online users in E-commence systems. For a “streaming” data set, its elements arrive sequentially at the stream processing engine, whose working memory is limited in size. To meet the resource constraint, the data set must be stored as a compressed format called a “sketch”, so that millions or even billions of such sets can be held in the memory of the engine. To strike a balance between memory cost and similarity estimation accuracy, many sketching algorithms were proposed, such as MinHash, HyperLogLog and theta sketch. As far as we know, most of previous solutions fail to handle the fully dynamic streaming sets that allow both the insertion and the deletion of elements. Although PCSA <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\pm$</tex-math></inline-formula> , and virtual odd sketch (VOS) partially solves the deletion problem, their memory efficiency and estimation accuracy can be fundamentally improved. In this paper, we propose a multi-resolution odd sketch (MROS), which allows more accurate similarity estimation with less memory consumption. Its design is to encode a streaming set into multiple layers of odd sketches with exponentially reducing sampling probabilities. No matter a set is small or large, we can pick a suitable sampling probability to accurately estimate its cardinality. Next, we present an algorithm to estimate the extended Jaccard similarity of multiple streaming sets. Their compressed MROS summaries are merged by bitwise XOR, which in turn helps estimate the cardinality of symmetric difference of the multiple sets. Then, using these estimated cardinalities as observations, we estimate the size of an arbitrary set expression, which is connected by union <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\bigcup$</tex-math></inline-formula> , intersection <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\bigcap$</tex-math></inline-formula> , relative complement <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\setminus$</tex-math></inline-formula> , and symmetric difference <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta$</tex-math></inline-formula> . Our evaluation results show that its accuracy outperforms MinHash, KMV, PCSA <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\pm$</tex-math></inline-formula> and VOS, and it can support element deletion.

Evaluating Internet Network Quality: A Comprehensive Analysis by the PNUP Directorate of Building

This study raises the problem of the condition of the building network of the Directorate of PNUP which has an irregular cabling structure so that if a network installation is carried out by connecting to the nearest switch without regard to cable paths, the cables are not on the path according to the irregular distribution of IP networks and bandwidth. The purpose of this study is to enhance the quality of the internet network in the PNUP Directorate building, compare the network performance before and after revitalizing fiber optic cables, and determine the internet bandwidth requirements in the PNUP Directorate building. The method employed is assessing internet network performance using Quality of Service parameter, by evaluating when the implementation that has been carried out is deemed sufficient, the evaluation is carried out based on the test results of the Quality of Service parameter. The user speed test is performed on public IP, followed by data recording and capture using tilnet tools. The values for delay, throughput, packet loss, and jitter are then processed and calculated. The outcome of this research demonstrates that network revitalization has successfully increased bandwidth usage, particularly in data transmission (Tx). Additional capacity and increased network performance after the revitalization allow for greater and more efficient use of bandwidth in transmitting data.

Narrative and aesthetic features of micro-short plays on short video platforms: -A case study of Douyin micro-short plays

With the trend of decentralization, fragmentation and popularization of media communication, “micro-short plays”, which integrate the characteristics of short videos and TV dramas, emerge at the opportune moment. They have since developed a unique narrative system and aesthetic style. With the Douyin platform as an example, the narrative characteristics of micro-short plays are closely related to the platform and media characteristics of short videos. As for narrative objects, micro-short plays present a weakening of the environment and the focus of characters. They pursue a “fast-paced” and “refreshing” structure and plot, themed by both topicality and network IP.

Training Program for an Internet-Of-Things Assembler: A Curricular Innovation

The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized our interaction with objects, from daily items to industrial systems, creating a demand for skilled IoT assemblers. To address this need, a training program titled "Training Program for an Internet-of-Things Assembler: A Curricular Innovation" was developed, aiming to enhance competencies in IoT assembly. The study delves into pivotal competencies for IoT professionals, offering insights for upskilling in the domain. The IoT Training Program equips trainees with interdisciplinary proficiencies for prototyping robust IoT solutions and orchestrating end-to-end systems. Curricular innovation's significance in tackling education challenges in the digital age is underscored. Employing Research &amp; Development (R&amp;D) design, the study followed the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation (ADDIE) methodology. The "Research" phase identified fundamental competencies for IoT assemblers through Computational Topic Modeling and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). The "Development" phase encompassed Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. A comprehensive training program was created and assessed. A validated survey questionnaire gauged participants’ perception of implementation, revealing the program's efficacy. Results highlighted the program's impact, enhancing IoT assemblers' skills in assembling/disassembling IoT devices, applying competencies, and using cloud services over IP networks. Integration of Computational Topic Modeling with LDA effectively identified pivotal competencies, enabling significant skill enhancement and integration into the transformative IoT field. The study's insights facilitate continuous innovation in IoT assembly through ongoing refinement of the training program. The study underscores curricular innovation's importance in addressing education challenges in the digital era, paving the way for proficient IoT professionals.

Security assessment and improvement of building ethernet KNXnet/IP protocol

KNXnet/IP is a KNX-building automation protocol that communicates through an IP network. It is mainly used in the field of smart home and building automation control, allowing remote access to KNX devices through an IP network, so that building functions can be managed and controlled anywhere through an Internet connection. However, with the development of smart homes and building automation, such physical devices based on IP communication are more and more frequently in contact with the Internet, resulting in more and more security issues for home devices and buildings exposed to the Internet. This paper uses the formal analysis method-colored Petri net (CPN) combined with the CPN Tools to model the KNXnet/IP protocol and analyze the protocol interaction process. Based on the Dolev-Yao attacker model, the security of the KNXnet/IP protocol is evaluated and tested, and it is verified whether there are three types of attackable vulnerabilities in the protocol: replay, tampering, and spoofing. After CPN modeling analysis and verification, it is found that tampering and replay vulnerabilities in the original protocol. Therefore, we introduce timestamp and hash to strengthen the security mechanism of the protocol, which ensures the integrity, confidentiality, and freshness of the security mechanism of the protocol. After the final analysis and verification, the improvement scheme proposed in this paper can effectively improve the security performance of the protocol.