IoT Protocols Research Articles

Enhancements and Challenges in CoAP-A Survey.

The Internet of Engineering Task (IETF) developed a lighter application protocol (Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)) for the constrained IoT devices operating in lossy environments. Based on UDP, CoAP is a lightweight and efficient protocol compared to other IoT protocols such as HTTP, MQTT, etc. CoAP also provides reliable communication among nodes in wireless sensor networks in addition to features such as resource observation, resource discovery, congestion control, etc. These capabilities of CoAP have enabled the implementation of CoAP in various domains ranging from home automation to health management systems. The use of CoAP has highlighted its shortcomings over the time. To overcome shortcomings of CoAP, numerous enhancements have been made in basic CoAP architecture. This survey highlights the shortcomings of basic CoAP architecture and enhancements made in it throughout the time. Furthermore, existing challenges and issue in the current CoAP architecture are also discussed. Finally, some applications with CoAP implementation are mentioned in order to realize the viability of CoAP in real world use cases.

Security in IoMT Communications: A Survey.

The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) couples IoT technologies with healthcare services in order to support real-time, remote patient monitoring and treatment. However, the interconnectivity of critical medical devices with other systems in various network layers creates new opportunities for remote adversaries. Since most of the communication protocols have not been specifically designed for the needs of connected medical devices, there is a need to classify the available IoT communication technologies in terms of security. In this paper we classify IoT communication protocols, with respect to their application in IoMT. Then we describe the main characteristics of IoT communication protocols used at the perception, network and application layer of medical devices. We examine the inherent security characteristics and limitations of IoMT-specific communication protocols. Based on realistic attacks we identify available mitigation controls that may be applied to secure IoMT communications, as well as existing research and implementation gaps.

QuickCal: Assisted Calibration for Crystal-Free Micromotes

The single-chip micro mote (SC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) is a crystal-free single-chip mote that brings us one step closer to the Smart Dust vision, in particular, as it can communicate with off-the-shelf IEEE802.15.4 and Bluetooth low energy devices. However, before it can be part of such networks, the crystal-free SC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> chip needs to be able to accurately tune its communication frequency to synchronize to the network. This is a challenge since its onboard RC and LC-based resonating circuits have a drift rate that can be three orders of magnitude worse than crystal-based oscillators typically used in today’s radios. This article introduces QuickCal, a solution that allows an SC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> chip to self-calibrate against off-the-shelf devices dedicated to assisting with its calibration. We show that an SC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> chip can self-calibrate against this QuickCal Box in fewer than 3 min. We further validate that once it has self-calibrated, an SC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> chip can reliably communicate with off-the-shelf IEEE802.15.4 devices. Finally, we demonstrate a heterogeneous network—composed of an SC <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu \text{M}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> chip and an OpenMote device—implementing a full 6TiSCH Industrial IoT protocol stack, which uses time synchronization and channel hopping. This is the first time that a crystal-free radio is participating in a channel-hopping-enabled TSCH network.

GEOSPATIAL SENSOR WEB ADAPTOR FOR INTEGRATING DIVERSE INTERNET OF THINGS PROTOCOLS WITHIN SMART CITY

Abstract. In recent years, the multi-scale comprehensive perception is central to smart city development. We propose an "adaptor" for geospatial sensor web as an integrated sensory system that can integrate access to geodetic equipment based on the Internet of Things technology with multiple platforms and protocols. At the same time, the acquisition, fusion, and processing of sensory resources can perform. The geospatial adaptor can access and process sensors of different IoT protocols to different conditions simultaneously. Grace to this geospatial adaptor, a considerable number of the sensor based on IoT in the community, can achieve distributed access, ensuring the better robustness of the geospatial sensor web. This paper describes the system architecture of the geospatial sensor web adapter. Furthermore, from the perspective of protocol access, it introduces the access capabilities of geospatial sensor web adapter to the standard IoT interface protocols. By comparing the geospatial sensor web adapter with traditional observation methods by experiments and acquisition of test data. The results show that the geospatial sensor web adapter can achieve powerful access capabilities and network stability, and it is a better solution for heterogeneous sensing platform access in smart cities.

Exploration of Various Attacks and Security Measures Related to the Internet of Things

In this era of technological advances, it will be impractical to think of a day without the usage of gadgets. Development and popularity of the Internet of Things have helped mankind a lot in several ways, but at the same time, there has also been an increase in attacks invading the underlying security. Advances in studies have resulted in the development of evolved algorithms that can be used in order to reduce the attacks and threats to the Internet of Things. With several advancements in studies and research works, the security measures on various Internet of Things based components and protocols are developing with time, but concurrently more advanced threats and attacks on these components are also evolving. These attacks are not only harmful to the components, but rather they also affect the users and applications that are associated with it, by breaching data, increase in inconsistency and inaccuracy, and many more. This work deals with the study of several attacks that are associated with the Internet of Things and also the approaches to secure the IoT systems. This work will also help in coming up with further up-gradation in the currently implemented security protocols and also in predicting the possible attacks that can be developed against the IoT protocols.

Secure vehicle to vehicle voice chat based MQTT and CoAP internet of things protocol

The congestion of road traffic is one of the most problems facing the ambulance transportation to provide fast healthcare service for patient. In this work, ambulance tracking with messages transfer system has been designed and implemented such that a central monitoring and tracking unit can observe ambulance using MQTT IoT protocol. Where each vehicle is occupied with an intelligent embedded system (Raspberry Pi) unit. When an ambulance is being in the road, it will communicate with other vehicle or road traffic by means of CoAP IoT protocol as a direct device to device communication. The proposed system has been designed such that driver use voice chat and the system are completely hand free. The voice message is being transfer into text by using speech recognition based Google API library, and then the received text message is converted again to speech by using text to speech algorithm. An encryption–decryption process-based stream cipher has been used. The message between IoT nodes has been encrypted using One Time Pad (OTP) and DNA computing. Furthermore, the required key sequence was generated using a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) as a pseudo number key generator. This key sequence was combined to generate a unique key for each message.

Blockchain-Based Self-Tallying Voting System with Software Updates in Decentralized IoT

IoT revolutionizes academia as well as industry. An increasing number of interconnected smart devices are gradually changing the urban lifestyle, among which, voting machines are one of the most widely used smart devices. However, the existing voting protocols for IoT are barely satisfactory, in the sense that most of them are centralized and subject to fairness issues. Moreover, the embedded softwares in voting machines are susceptible to internal vulnerabilities and external attacks. To address these issues, in this article, we propose a framework of a blockchain-based self-tallying voting system with software updates in decentralized IoT, which is fully decentralized and fair. In the proposed system, everyone can compute the final election results by collecting the ballots on the blockchain with equal privilege. Voting machines achieve self-tallying voting functionality in decentralized IoT systems and each entity in the system can obtain the voting results. Vendors deploy smart contracts to publish new patches securely and reliably. We implement a prototype of the proposed framework on laptops and mobile phones respectively to demonstrate its practicality.

Internet of Things (IoT) Platform for Multi-Topic Messaging

IoT-based applications operate in a client–server architecture, which requires a specific communication protocol. This protocol is used to establish the client–server communication model, allowing all clients of the system to perform specific tasks through internet communications. Many data communication protocols for the Internet of Things are used by IoT platforms, including message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT), advanced message queuing protocol (AMQP), MQTT for sensor networks (MQTT-SN), data distribution service (DDS), constrained application protocol (CoAP), and simple object access protocol (SOAP). These protocols only support single-topic messaging. Thus, in this work, an IoT message protocol that supports multi-topic messaging is proposed. This protocol will add a simple “brain” for IoT platforms in order to realize an intelligent IoT architecture. Moreover, it will enhance the traffic throughput by reducing the overheads of messages and the delay of multi-topic messaging. Most current IoT applications depend on real-time systems. Therefore, an RTOS (real-time operating system) as a famous OS (operating system) is used for the embedded systems to provide the constraints of real-time features, as required by these real-time systems. Using RTOS for IoT applications adds important features to the system, including reliability. Many of the undertaken research works into IoT platforms have only focused on specific applications; they did not deal with the real-time constraints under a real-time system umbrella. In this work, the design of the multi-topic IoT protocol and platform is implemented for real-time systems and also for general-purpose applications; this platform depends on the proposed multi-topic communication protocol, which is implemented here to show its functionality and effectiveness over similar protocols.

SOLIOT—Decentralized Data Control and Interactions for IoT

The digital revolution affects every aspect of society and economy. In particular, the manufacturing industry faces a new age of production processes and connected collaboration. The underlying ideas and concepts, often also framed as a new “Internet of Things”, transfer IT technologies to the shop floor, entailing major challenges regarding the heterogeneity of the domain. On the other hand, web technologies have already proven their value in distributed settings. SOLID (derived from “social linked data”) is a recent approach to decentralize data control and standardize interactions for social applications in the web. Extending this approach towards industrial applications has the potential to bridge the gap between the World Wide Web and local manufacturing environments. This paper proposes SOLIOT—a combination of lightweight industrial protocols with the integration and data control provided by SOLID. An in-depth requirement analysis examines the potential but also current limitations of the approach. The conceptual capabilities are outlined, compared and extended for the IoT protocols CoAP and MQTT. The feasibility of the approach is illustrated through an open-source implementation, which is evaluated in a virtual test bed and a detailed analysis of the proposed components.

A survey of security and privacy issues in the Internet of Things from the layered context

SummaryInternet of Things (IoT) is a novel paradigm, which not only facilitates a large number of devices to be ubiquitously connected over the Internet but also provides a mechanism to remotely control these devices. The IoT is pervasive and is almost an integral part of our daily life. These connected devices often obtain user's personal data and store it online. The security of collected data is a big concern in recent times. As devices are becoming increasingly connected, privacy and security issues become more and more critical and these need to be addressed on an urgent basis. IoT implementations and devices are eminently prone to threats that could compromise the security and privacy of the consumers, which, in turn, could influence its practical deployment. In recent past, some research has been carried out to secure IoT devices with an intention to alleviate the security concerns of users. There have been research on blockchain technologies to tackle the privacy and security issues of the collected data in IoT. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the security and privacy issues in IoT systems. To this effect, the paper examines the security issues at each layer in the IoT protocol stack, identifies the under‐lying challenges and key security requirements and provides a brief overview of existing security solutions to safeguard the IoT from the layered context.

IoT based Smart Home Testbed using MQTT Communication Protocol

Technology is developing day by day in the world. In addition, developing technologies bring innovations and conveniences to all areas of life. However, ensuring the continuity of these innovations brought by technology reveals different problems. Smart home approach, which increases the quality of human living areas, is one of the most popular working subjects of recent times. In a smart home, built with the Internet of Things technology products, it is very important that the sensors and control devices communicate in a safer way and work in a coordinated manner to ensure the ecosystem's continuity in a safer way. In this study, an IoT based smart home testbed was realized by using MQTT communication protocol which one of the most used IoT communication protocols. With the developed system, the control of the smart home and the operating performance of the system were controlled with the mobile application. The results obtained in the light of the data provided by the test show that the system developed with the MQTT communication protocol can successfully ensure data flow and control in Smart Home applications.

Internet of things protocols - a survey

Several IoT protocols have been introduced to provide an efficient communication for resource-constrained applications. While developers employ existing technologies to build the IoT, research groups are working on adapting protocols to the IoT in order to optimise communications. To address this issue, we evaluated and compared several communication protocols, namely, MQTT, SMQTT, AMQP, CoAP, XMPP, DDS, RESTful and WebSocket and we discuss their suitability of the IoT protocols by considering architecture, security, message techniques and QoS aspects. Lastly, we provide our conclusions for the IoT communication protocols according to the study that we have conducted.

Internet of things protocols - a survey

Several IoT protocols have been introduced to provide an efficient communication for resource-constrained applications. While developers employ existing technologies to build the IoT, research groups are working on adapting protocols to the IoT in order to optimise communications. To address this issue, we evaluated and compared several communication protocols, namely, MQTT, SMQTT, AMQP, CoAP, XMPP, DDS, RESTful and WebSocket and we discuss their suitability of the IoT protocols by considering architecture, security, message techniques and QoS aspects. Lastly, we provide our conclusions for the IoT communication protocols according to the study that we have conducted.

Visual guideline for agile creation of IoT applications for LoRaWAN networks

This paper presents the recommended guidelines for the creation of applications in LoRaWAN and IoT LP-WAN network technology. This work is based on the LoRa Alliance documentation and also from the different applications for the LoRaWAN network tested in Engineering Laboratories of Universidad Distrital Francisco Jose de Caldas. Since LoRaWAN is an open technology, an alternative to the suggested methods was development for a practical implementation of applications based on IoT protocols such as MQTT, following a flow-oriented programming paradigm. The main objective is to suggest the configuration and software units' requirements that must be considered for communication in the application layer.

Critical Internet of Things: An Interworking Solution to Improve Service Reliability

MCC is essential for public safety, service efficiency improvement, and economic growth sustainability. MCC services demand an extremely fast response rate. On the other hand, the tremendous growth of IoT and AI are vital elements to allow MCC developments to flourish. In this article, CIoT is newly defined to include standards and facilitate emerging IoT solutions to be adopted for critical services. The service reliability in CIoT embraces IoT and AI, and measures resilience and availability of automation. Two important IoT standards, namely IEEE 1451 and IEEE P2668, are incorporated to standardize the performance of smart transducers and facilitate the evaluation of IoT maturity, respectively. In addition, an interworking solution of CIoT is designed to establish a heterogeneous network that comprises multiple IoT networks, such as 5G and LPWANs. The interworking solution renders the CIoT "smart" and enhances service resilience. Attention is drawn to the fact that most emerging IoT protocols do not comply with the low-latency requirement of MCC. In this article, a communication prioritization scheme incorporating CL and SL is proposed to overcome the highlighted challenge. Finally, the challenges and future development trends of CIoT are presented.

Prototype for dual digital traceability of metrology data using X.509 and IOTA

Distributed Sensor Services in cyber physical production systems encounter the need for traceability on a dual level: Data validity along digital processing chains must be verifiable and metrological traceability is required to ensure the measurement's physical validity. Basing on digital calibration certificate approaches in literature and standardized IoT protocols, a fully implemented approach using X.509 to represent instrument calibration and cryptographically sign measurements on record level is introduced. Signature hashes are attached to the IOTA tangle, showcasing the application of distributed ledger technologies establishing dual traceability with sensitive private measurement data. Concluding, the prototype is evaluated on a CMM dataset.

Application layer Protocols for Embedded System Applications: A Comparison

The Internet of Things is one of the fast-growing trends in information technology applications. As with the growth of IoT devices, the volume and pace of the data also increased to a greater extend. The data transfer is possible with the help of a message transmission system. The protocol has a major role in effective communication with the devices and connects them using various applications on the internet of things. The application layer is responsible for the data formatting, presentation, providing assistance, and also it determines the protocols for the message transfer at the application level. The selection of an efficient protocol is the foundation for the intact IoT system. The performance aspects of the IoT protocols are important to its widespread utilization in various fields. However, the protocol feature set aspect is essential for its adoption in the real world. The IoT devices are generally limited to computational resources and processing power, selecting a lightweight, reliable, and secure messaging protocol becomes a daunting challenge. This paper discusses four important application layer protocols that are being used to ensure a reliable bond among devices, which are connected in an IoT system. In this paper, we present a comparison and an evaluation of four application layer messaging protocol for IoT such as MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Protocol), AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol), CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol), and XMPP (Extensible Messaging Presence Protocol). The protocols and their characteristics are explained in this work followed by a comparison to understand the strengths and limitations of these protocols.

Performance Analysis of Internet of Things using Visible Light Communication

Internet of Things enables seamless interaction between connected devices. The growing popularity of IoT will increase the number of sensors and devices to be connected with Internet enormously, resulting in generation of Trillions of GBs of data. Most of the IoT devices have very less storage capacity and hence data generated are to be transmitted to IoT node head which takes care of processing. Data generated from ECG devices, Video surveillance systems are very large requiring a physical medium with high bandwidth for the connection between device and IoT node head. Further the objects plugged into Internet are most of the times powered by batteries requiring low power communication. Visible Light Communication (VLC) is one such technology that provides wide bandwidth up to 10Gbps with energy efficiency and thus it can be a potential solution for the above problem. In this paper we propose NS3 based IoT implementation using existing IoT protocol stack with Visible Light Communication as the physical medium considering error model. We achieve a throughput of 416 Mbps which is a significant improvement over Wireless Fidelity based IoT implementation which has a throughput of 91.2 Mbps under the same condition.

IOT based Leaf Disease Detection and Fertilizer Recommendation

Our Eco System is getting smarter with the evolving growth of Internet of Things (IoT) technology. Internet of Things is integrated technique which combines the sensors into consistent items, and interconnecting them via the internet with the aid of IOT protocols for transformation of information and communication engineering fields. This proposed research deals with the idea of Internet of Things and examines the job of IOT in rural illness and creepy crawly worm control and contributes an idea regarding evaluation of dissimilar climatic thoughts of houseplant. The sensors integrated helps in detecting the moisture and humidity in soil and atmosphere. These factor helps in identifying the climatic conditions where the plant grows and the diseases that can be attacked for the plant. This proposed research work proposes an enhanced user-pleasant with Internet of Things Model for providing on-field disease identification and spraying of recommended pesticides.

Efficient oneM2M protocol conversion platform based on NB-IoT access

The protocol is the foundation of IoT technology, which plays an important role in the IoT device interworking and interoperability. The 5G wireless communication system provides large-scale NB-IoT terminals access with F-RAN, and the vertical industry applications need support for the device management. As one of the most influential protocol in the IoT application, the oneM2M protocol not only has a complete architecture, but also has an interface with other IoT protocols. Therefore, to bridge the gap between the operator and industrial enterprises, the main contributions of this paper are as follows: Firstly, a general multi-protocol conversion method is proposed based on oneM2M platform where the protocol classification is used in different scenarios. Secondly, the F-RAN architecture of oneM2M platform is designed and implemented with NB-IoT device access. Thirdly, a multiplexing scheme to process the device information is proposed for interworking proxy entity (IPE), which improves the conversion efficiency for different protocols. Finally, the feasibility and efficiency of the scheme are verified.