Manganese Ions Research Articles

Recycling of graphene oxide nanocollector used in ion flotation for reusing in the wastewater treatment

ABSTRACT Ion flotation as an efficient method for heavy metal ions removal needs a stoichiometric collector concentration to obtain high ions removal. Collector recycling is necessary to reuse in the process and decrease the collector consumption in the process. In this study, ion flotation of zinc and manganese ions was first performed using graphene oxide (GO) as a collector and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a co-collector to obtain high ion removal with low collector consumption. The optimum experimental conditions were determined as a GO concentration of 30 mg/L, SDS concentration of 50 mg/L, pH of 9.5, impeller speed of 800 rpm, and air flow rate of 2 mL/min. The removal percentage of zinc and manganese ions and the water recovery obtained 91.30%, 90.14%, and 13.88%, respectively at the optimum conditions. Then, the recyclability of GO used in the process was evaluated by the desorption process. The recycled GO was reused at the optimum conditions in the process. The removal percentage of zinc and manganese ions and the water recovery obtained 85.20%, 83.12%, and 12.58%, respectively. The results indicated that the GO offered valuable advantages, such as recyclability, low collector consumption, and high adsorption efficiency to remove ions using ion flotation for wastewater treatment effectively.

Novel nanosensors represented by CdS/ZnS quantum dots doped with manganese (II) Ions for detection of vancomycin

Abstract This paper demonstrates potential for analytical nanosensoring offered by core–shell CdS/ZnS and CdS/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) doped with manganese (II) ions for rapid detection of a glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin (VNC) in aqueous media by luminescence quenching. ‘core–shell’ quantum dots were synthesized by colloidal method and hydrophilized by mercaptopropionic acid (MPA). To reveal the mechanism for luminescence quenching of these nanosensors, we studied spectral characteristics of QDs and VNC and revealed a complex influence of VNC on the luminescence quenching of CdS/ZnS and Cd0.9Mn0.1S/ZnS nanoparticles. We performed quantum chemical calculations of the equilibrium geometry and IR spectra of the VNC-MPA system and the bond energies in the CdS/ZnS–MPA–VNC system. The luminescence quenching of CdS/ZnS QDs by vancomycin was shown to linearly depend on its concentration in the 35–690 μM range with the determination coefficient R2 = 0.988. The luminescence quenching of Cd0.9Mn0.1S/ZnS QDs was linearly sensitive to vancomycin in the narrower concentration range of 0–207 μM with the determination coefficient R2 = 0.999. The detection thresholds of vancomycin were found to be 56.2 μM and 1.9 μM by CdS/ZnS QDs and CdS/ZnS QDs doped with Mn (II) ions, respectively.

Metal-insulator transition in MnS

Abstract In this article, we have studied phase transitions in the cubic (α-MnS) and hexagonal (γ-MnS) structures of MnS under pressure in the framework of theoretical calculations, accounting for electron correlations in the manganese ions. The value of the band gap is found to be about 2 eV for the chosen approach. We theoretically demonstrate that the insulator-metal phase transition may occur in both cubic and hexagonal structures of MnS under uniform compression. The magnetic moments of manganese were also calculated depending on the value of the Coulomb interaction parameter and lattice volume. The value of the magnetic moments reaches 4.41–4.59 μ B for the certain conditions. Finally, the spin transition of the manganese ions from the high-spin to the low-spin state under high pressure was found.

Manganese Ions Chelated Tumosomes as Autologous Cancer Nanovaccines for Effective Suppression of Postsurgical Tumor Relapse.

Autologous cancer vaccines represent a promising strategy to effectively suppress postoperative tumor relapse by eliciting tumor-specific immune responses that highly rely on the efficient internalization and lymph node-targeting delivery of vaccines. Herein, we report an autologous nanovaccine obtained by sequentially incorporating tumor plasma membrane proteins into liposomes, termed tumosomes, and chelating it with metallo-agonist of manganese ions. The yielded Mn-tumosomes with a positively charged surface exhibited significantly enhanced internalization by dendritic cells and enhanced lymph node targeting capacity, the latter of which is indicated by the near-infrared II fluorescence of silver sulfide nanoprobes labeled on their lipid bilayers. As a result, vaccination with Mn-tumosomes elicited potent tumor-specific CD8+ T cells to suppress the growth of challenged allogeneic tumors more effectively than vaccination via bolus injection of plain tumosomes and commercial immune agonists. Furthermore, with the excised tumor mass as the source of whole tumor cell antigens, the as-prepared autologous Mn-tumosomes effectively suppressed the growth of both residual tumor masses and spontaneously formed metastatic tumors, particularly in combination with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. This work highlights a metal coordination based strategy to fabricate personalized whole-tumor cell nanovaccines with superior lymph node targeting and cellular uptake efficacy for the immunotherapeutic suppression of postoperative tumor relapse.

Removal of iron and manganese from acidic aqueous solution by pyrite and pyrite-calcium sulfite

Pyrite and calcium sulfite were used to remove iron and manganese from an acidic aqueous solution. The concentration of Fe was decreased to be smaller than 0.05 g/L in 60 min when pyrite and air were added into the acidic aqueous solution, but the concentration of Mn in the solution remained unchanged. After the process of iron removal, calcium sulfite and air were used to remove manganese ions from the solution, and the efficiency of manganese ion removal was larger than 75% in 240 min (with less than 0.05 g/L Fe and 0.5 g/L Mn in the solution). Meanwhile, experiments were conducted to simultaneously remove iron and manganese from artificially simulated acidic leaching solution of laterite nickel ore. When the proposed method was used to purify the leaching solution of laterite nickel ore, Fe3+ and Mn2+ ions were effectively removed from the acidic solution, and the recovery efficiency of nickel and cobalt was greater than 98%.

Full-Color Gamut White Light Emission From Mn-doped Cs3Cu2X5 Nanocrystals via Lattice Engineering.

Cs3Cu2X5-based lead-free material (X = Cl, Br, and I) nanocrystals (NCs) are promising eco-friendly materials for various optoelectronic applications. Although manganese (Mn2+) ion doping into Cs3Cu2X5 may widen the emission color gamut, incorporating them is challenging because of the robust tetrahedral [CuX4] and triangular [CuX3] structures. This paper addresses this challenge using a lattice engineering strategy, which induces appropriate lattice shrinkage by replacing I- with Cl- in the Cs3Cu2I5 NC structure. The promotion effect of Cl- substitution on the Mn2+ doping is confirmed by structural and chemical analysis, indicating the formation of highly crystalline NCs. The Mn-doping modifies the electronic structures of Cs3Cu2X5 by reducing the band gap energy and forming effective energy transition pathways. The emission range of the NCs is expanded from blue to orange and finally manifest full-color gamut white light emission. The continuous broad spectrum is attributed to the combined blue emission of self-trapped excitons and the yellow-orange emission of the Mn2+ d-d energy transition. A white light-emitting diode with Mn-doped Cs3Cu2X5 NCs as a color conversion layer exhibit stable white emission with CIE coordinates of (0.34, 0.32) and a correlated color temperature of 5010 K, closely matching daylight conditions and is applied as an intelligent artificial sunlight.

Fiber Fabry–Perot Sensor Based on Ion-Imprinted Sodium Alginate/Graphene Oxide Hydrogel for Copper Ion Detection Using Vernier Effect

This work proposes an optical fiber copper ion sensor, which is fabricated by an ion-imprinted sodium alginate/graphene oxide (SA/GO) hydrogel and single-mode fiber (SMF). This sensing Fabry–Perot Interferometer (FPI) achieves −1.98 nm/(mg/L) sensitivity with 0.998 linearity. To achieve higher sensitivity, we add a reference FPI to create a Vernier effect. We achieve 19.58 nm/mg/L sensitivity and 0.989 linearity at a concentration range of 0 mg/L–1.4 mg/L. It was 9.9 times higher than that of a single-sensing FPI. The experimental results also demonstrate that when the FSR values of two FPIs are closer, the higher response sensitivity is achieved. The sensor also has good measurement repeatability and dynamic response. In addition, the experimental results of response selectivity show that its response sensitivity to copper ions is significantly higher than other six types of ions, including iron ions, lead ions, magnesium ions, manganese ion, zinc ions, chromium ions. The copper ion is also mixed with six types of ions to deeply investigate the response selectivity. Good response selectivity and cross-responding are demonstrated by experimental results.

Inhibition of manganese ion migration and dissolution by selective ions sieving effect of MOF-based solid electrolytes.

Lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4) is a promising cathode material for Li-ion batteries due to its abundant reserves and high discharge voltage. However, the dissolution and migration of transition metal Mn ions during the cycling process will cause a significant deterioration of capacity. In this study, a MOF-based quasi-solid electrolyte (UiO-QSE) is proposed to tackle this issue. The large specific surface area and open metal sites of UiO-QSE facilitate the adsorption of Mn ions, thereby inhibiting their migration. Furthermore, the disproportionation of Mn3+ on LiMn2O4 is suppressed by maintaining a highly concentrated Mn2+ layer around the cathode surface, thereby providing cathode protection in accordance with Le Chatelier's principle. The excellent inhibitory effect of UiO-QSE on the dissolution and migration of Mn ions is reflected in the fact that the prepared LiMn2O4|UiO-QSE|Li battery exhibits high discharge capacity (100.2mAh·g-1 after 100 cycles), which is much higher than LiMn2O4|LE|Li (78.1mAh·g-1), and a high capacity retention of 97.91% after 50 cycles at a high-temperature of 45°C. The Li|Li symmetrical cell exhibits an ultralong cycle life of more than 1300h even at a high current density of 1mA cm-2 due to the uniform Li-ion transport channel and high Young's modulus in the UiO-QSE. This study is the first to employ the MOF-QSE strategy to inhibit the dissolution and migration of manganese during cycling, providing a new perspective on the development and enhancement of lithium-manganese-based batteries.

The key role of the NUDT3 gene in lung adenocarcinoma progression and its association with the manganese ion metabolism family

BackgroundLung adenocarcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Its complex molecular mechanisms and high tumor heterogeneity pose significant challenges for clinical treatment. The manganese ion metabolism family plays a crucial role in various biological processes, and the abnormal expression of the NUDT3 gene in multiple cancers has drawn considerable attention. This study aims to systematically analyze the expression characteristics of the NUDT3 gene in lung adenocarcinoma and its association with tumor progression, integrating single-cell transcriptomic analysis and experimental validation using cell lines.MethodsThis study employed a comprehensive set of analytical approaches. Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of two normal and four lung adenocarcinoma samples from the GSE149655 dataset was performed using the Seurat package to identify and annotate distinct cell populations, focusing on epithelial and macrophage subtypes. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) were applied to assess the functional enrichment and expression profiles of the manganese ion metabolism family across 14 cancers. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was conducted to evaluate the relative mRNA expression of NUDT3 in A549 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines compared to BEAS-2B normal bronchial epithelial cell lines. GAPDH was used as the reference gene for normalization, and the relative expression levels of NUDT3 in these cell lines were analyzed to confirm bioinformatics findings.ResultsNUDT3 was found to be significantly upregulated in lung adenocarcinoma and highly correlated with tumor mutation burden (TMB) and mutation enrichment (MEs). Single-cell transcriptomic analyses demonstrated elevated NUDT3 expression in lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells, with expression levels increasing in cells associated with advanced tumor stages. Furthermore, qPCR analysis confirmed the upregulation of NUDT3 in A549 cells compared to BEAS-2B cells, consistent with transcriptomic data. These results also highlighted significant expression differences of the manganese ion metabolism family across various cancers, including BLCA, BRCA, and COAD, with notable NUDT3 mutations enriched in these cancers.ConclusionThis study underscores the critical role of NUDT3 in lung adenocarcinoma progression and its potential as a therapeutic target. These findings contribute to the understanding of the manganese ion metabolism family in cancer biology and provide a foundation for precision therapies targeting NUDT3 in lung adenocarcinoma.

Endoplasmic Reticulum-Targeted Polymer-Manganese Nanocomplexes for Tumor Immunotherapy.

Manganese ions (Mn2+) are an immune activator that enhances the activation of both cGAS and STING proteins. The STING signaling activation and subsequential immune responses are predominantly associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Therefore, ER targeting of Mn2+ in the subcellular compartments would promote the activation of STING signaling pathways. Herein, we report the design of ER-targeted manganese-based nanocomplexes (NCs) by complexation of Mn2+ with a zwitterionic polymer, poly[2-(N-oxide-N,N-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate] (OPDMA). The Mn/OPDMA nanocomplexes (Mn/OPDMA NCs) keep a long blood circulation for tumor accumulation and trigger adsorption-mediated transcytosis for extravasation and deep tumor penetration. Notably, in the tumor-associated macrophages, the Mn/OPDMA NCs can preferentially translocate to their ERs, significantly enhancing cGAS-STING pathway activation for tumor-associated macrophage polarization and IFN-β secretion. In mouse colon and hepatocellular cancer models, the intravenously administrated Mn/OPDMA NCs efficiently remodel tumor immune microenvironment, greatly retard tumor growths by 2.4- to 5-fold, and prolong the mouse survivals compared to free Mn2+-treated mice. This study provides the ER-targeted delivery of Mn2+ that achieves robust STING activation and, thus, potent systemic tumor inhibition without the toxicity of free Mn2+.

Multifunctional Near Infrared Polymer Dots for Enhanced Synergistic Photodynamic/Photothermal Effect In Vitro.

Synergistic photodynamic/photothermal therapy (PDT/PTT) can be used to target cancer cells by locally generating singlet oxygen species or increasing temperature under laser irradiation. This approach offers higher tumor ablation efficiency, lower therapeutic dose requirements, and reduced side effects compared to single treatment approaches. However, the therapeutic efficiency of PDT/PTT is still limited by the low oxygen levels within the solid tumors caused by abnormal vasculature and altered cancer cell metabolism. To address these challenges, we developed multifunctional nanoparticles with high catalytic activity for converting tumor hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into oxygen (O2). Using poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA) as a cross-linker, we generated compact, highly fluorescent Pdots, used poly[2,6-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b']dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT) as a near-infrared photosensitizer for both photodynamic and photothermal applications, and incorporated manganese (Mn) ions to catalyze the H2O2-to-O2 conversion. These Mn-doped Pdots significantly enhance O2 production, achieving an enhanced 1O2 quantum yield from 0.46 to 0.64 with the addition of H2O2, achieving the goal of improving PDT efficiency. With this rational design, we produced Pdots with enhanced H2O2-to-1O2 converting ability for potential use in PDT. For photothermal applications, our Pdots generate a photothermal conversion efficiency of 53%. In vitro studies using human MCF7 adenocarcinoma cells confirmed the biocompatibility of these Pdots in the absence of laser exposure with a pronounced cell killing effect under laser irradiation for synergistic PDT/PTT. These results highlight the promise of Pdots in overcoming oxygen limitations, balancing the performance of PDT/PTT, and enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of PDT/PTT in cancer cells in vitro.

STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF MEDIUM PH ON THE KINETICS OF THE WATER DEMANGANATION PROCESS

During the investigation of manganese ions oxidation with the oxygen of the air in an aqueous medium it was established that pH has a significant effect on the process. Studies have shown that within 24 hours of settling the solutions with manganese ions concentrations in the range between 1.0 to 30.0 mg dm-3 under the condition of free contact of solution surface with the oxygen of the air, the efficiency of the oxidation was quite insignificant and was only 10 - 20 %. However, in the case of increasing the pH to 8.5 - 9.5 and passing the air through the solution, an increase in the removal efficiency of manganese ions was achieved, which depended on ions initial concentrations. At pH = 9.5 and a manganese ions concentration in the solution of 1.0 mg dm -3, the degree of removal reached 35.0 %, and at concentrations of ions of 15.0 and 30 mg dm-3, it was possible to achieve removal of 24.0 and 26.7 %, respectively.Under the same conditions, manganese ions minimum concentration was 0.65 mg dm-3.

An Aromatic Proton Transfer to the o-Amine Function: Naphthoquinonyne Intermediate and Cycloaddition Reactions.

The article reports a hitherto-unknown aromatic proton transfer (APT) to the o-amine function chelated to manganese(II) ion and disintegration of the molecule generating an aryne intermediate. The reaction of (NQ)-NH(AQ) (o-HLH) with manganese(II) acetate in boiling DMF generates [MnII(o-HL-)2], where the o-HLH ligands undergo disintegration forming manganese(II) complexes of AQ and an 1,4- naphthoquinonyne intermediate based on benzoquinone ring, that has been defined as [NQ-2H] (NQ and AQ abbreviate respectively 1,4-naphthoquinone and 8-aminoquinoline fragments). The disintegration reaction of o-HLH depends on the metal precursor used, solvent and temperature. A [3+2] cycloaddition of [NQ-2H] with another o-HLH affords a carbazolequinone, L[NQ-2H]. Self-dimerization and coupling with maleic anhydride by a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction and [4+2] cycloaddition reactions of [NQ-2H] with furan and isoprene were authenticated by ESI mass spectrometry. Notably, the similar reaction with o-ClLH generates manganese(II) complexes of o-ClLH where no disintegration reaction was realized. In MeOH, no APT reaction was accomplished. No such reactions were substantiated even with manganese(II) perchlorate and manganese(II) chloride salts.

INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPACT OF NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS FOUND IN COFFEE LEAVES, YERBA MATE, AND JAMBOLAN PULP ON THE INDUCTION PERIOD AND RATE CONSTANT OF BIODIESEL OXIDATION REACTION IN THE PRESENCE OF METALLIC IONS

The present study describes the antioxidant potential of ethanolic extracts of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis), coffee leaves (Coffea arabica) and jambolan pulp (Syzygium cumini Lamarck) when added to biodiesel, with and without chromium (Cr3+), manganese (Mn2+) and cobalt (Co2+) metal ions, measuring the induction period (IP) and the rate constant (k) of the oxidation reaction at 110 °C. Antioxidant activity was observed in all extracts, as they reduced k and increased the IP compared to the control sample. The coffee leaves extract had the most pronounced positive effect, increasing the IP to 12.42 h and reducing k by 5.9 times. However, biodiesel containing metallic ions of chromium, manganese and cobalt, both with and without natural extracts, reduced the IP in all assays conducted in this study. The natural yerba mate extract was the most affected by the manganese ion (Mn2+), reducing the IP by 41.61%. The chromium ion (Cr3+) had the least impact on the biodiesel oxidation process in the presence of coffee leaves extract, increasing the rate constant by 3.55%. Furthermore, the alcoholic jambolan pulp extract was the one that presented the best antioxidant properties in the presence of metal ions.

Intracellular metal ion-based chemistry for programmed cell death.

Intracellular metal ions play essential roles in multiple physiological processes, including catalytic action, diverse cellular processes, intracellular signaling, and electron transfer. It is crucial to maintain intracellular metal ion homeostasis which is achieved by the subtle balance of storage and release of metal ions intracellularly along with the influx and efflux of metal ions at the interface of the cell membrane. Dysregulation of intracellular metal ions has been identified as a key mechanism in triggering programmed cell death (PCD). Despite the importance of metal ions in initiating PCD, the molecular mechanisms of intracellular metal ions within these processes are infrequently discussed. An in-depth understanding and review of the role of metal ions in triggering PCD may better uncover novel tools for cancer diagnosis and therapy. Specifically, the essential roles of calcium (Ca2+), iron (Fe2+/3+), copper (Cu+/2+), and zinc (Zn2+) ions in triggering PCD are primarily explored in this review, and other ions like manganese (Mn2+/3+/4+), cobalt (Co2+/3+) and magnesium ions (Mg2+) are briefly discussed. Further, this review elaborates on the underlying chemical mechanisms and summarizes these metal ions triggering PCD in cancer therapy. This review bridges chemistry, immunology, and biology to foster the rational regulation of metal ions to induce PCD for cancer therapy.

Microstructural Analysis of Inversion Degree in Sol-Gel Synthesized Spinel MnCo2O4 Particles

Microstructural Analysis of Inversion Degree in Sol-Gel Synthesized Spinel MnCo2O4 Particles

Unveiling the molecular mechanism of Mn and Zn-catalyzed Ullmann-type C-O cross-coupling reactions.

A detailed theoretical study delving into the molecular mechanisms of the Ullmann-type O-arylation reactions catalyzed by manganese and zinc metal ions has been investigated with the aid of the density functional theory (DFT) method. In contrast to the redox-active mechanisms proposed for classical Ullmann-type condensation reaction, a redox-neutral mechanism involving σ-bond metathesis emerged as the most appealing pathway for the investigated high-valent Mn(II) and Zn(II)-catalyzed O-arylation reactions. The mechanism remains invariant with respect to the nature of the central metal, ligand, base, etc. This unusuality in the mechanism has been dissected by considering three cases: ligand-free and ligand-assisted Mn(II)-catalyzed O-arylation reaction and ligand-assisted Zn(II)-catalyzed O-arylation reactions. In each class, a metal phenoxide species was identified as the active catalyst. The unusual mechanistic trends observed in these C-O cross-coupling reactions could be attributed to the stable electronic configurations (d5, d10) combined with the higher oxidation states of the catalytic metal centers (Mn(II), Zn(II)). The exploration into the electronic effects of functional groups in controlling the reaction feasibility within each metal variant disclosed a consistent trend irrespective of the transition metal catalyst involved in the reaction. It was found that the introduction of electron-withdrawing groups at the para-position of organic halide lowers the energy of their lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO), thereby lowering the HOMO-LUMO gap between the coupling partners. This study thereby revealed a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental mechanisms exhibited by high-valent first-row transition metal catalysts that could foster the development of eco-friendly protocols for preparing biaryl ether moieties.

Role of divalent doping at A-sites (A=Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ & Pb2+) on thermoelectric and magnetoresistive properties in La0.67(Bi0.0835Na0.0835) A0.165MnO3

Role of divalent doping at A-sites (A=Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ & Pb2+) on thermoelectric and magnetoresistive properties in La0.67(Bi0.0835Na0.0835) A0.165MnO3

Oral multistage nanomedicine for synergistic chemo/chemodynamic/near-infrared-II photothermal cancer therapy.

The oral administration of drugs for cancer therapy can maintain optimal blood concentrations, is biologically safe and simple, and is preferred by many patients. However, the complex lumen environment, mucus layer, and intestinal epithelial cells are biological barriers that hinder the absorption of orally administered drugs. In this study, sea urchin-like manganese-doped copper selenide nanoparticles (Mn-Cu2-xSe NPs) were designed using an anion exchange method and coated with calcium alginate and chitosan (AC) to form Mn-Cu2-xSe@AC capsules. The pH-responsive swelling behavior of the AC protective layer aided doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded Mn-Cu2-xSe NPs in overcoming multiple biological barriers, maintained their stability in gastric acid, and facilitated the release of the NPs in the small intestine. The intestinal epithelial cell permeability of DOX/Mn-Cu2-xSe NPs was confirmed using a monolayer absorption model involving Caco-2 human epithelial cells. The released DOX/Mn-Cu2-xSe NPs smoothly passed through the mucus layer, and were absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells. In mice, the NPs circulated in the blood and passively targeted the tumors through blood circulation by enhancing the permeability and retention effect to achieve significant tumor suppression and reduce damage to normal tissues. In addition, the unique sea urchin-like morphology of Mn-Cu2-xSe NPs enhanced the absorption in the near-infrared-II (NIR-II) window for photothermal therapy, realized the near-infrared-stimulated response release of DOX for increased chemotherapy, and promoted the Fenton-like effect because of the doping of manganese ions for chemodynamic therapy. These effects could permit the development of various synergistic cancer treatments. The use of DOX/Mn-Cu2-xSe@AC capsules as a multistage oral drug delivery system may overcome the sequential absorption barriers that currently hinder chemotherapy, chemodynamic, and photothermal therapies.

Removal of Manganese Ions from the Sulfuric Acid-leached Waste Cathode NCM Lithium-ion Batteries Using Precipitation Method

Removal of Manganese Ions from the Sulfuric Acid-leached Waste Cathode NCM Lithium-ion Batteries Using Precipitation Method