Ions In Lattice Research Articles

Resonance photoemission in pure and Tb doped CePO4 luminescent nanowires

The resonance photoemission spectroscopy (RPES) studies on pure and Terbium doped CePO4 nanowires (NWs) are reported here with the supporting characterizations using structural, optical and morphological properties. The NWs with varying Terbium (Tb) doping concentrations were synthesized using chemical synthesis route. Photoluminescence (PL) showed high PL emission intensity in the visible wavelength range indicating strong green luminescence due to efficient Ce3+ to Tb3+ energy transfer. The PL intensity increased up to a doping concentration of 15 wt% Tb3+, beyond which it decreased due to concentration quenching or cross-relaxation effect. Based on PL studies, pure, 5 wt% (the lowest doping amount) and 15 wt% (that shows the highest PL) doped samples were chosen for RPES studies. To understand the comparative contribution of Ce3+ and Ce4+ in the valence band, RPES measurements performed around the Ce 4d →4 f resonance threshold indicated strong presence of Ce 4 f states in pure CePO4 NWs, which reduced upon 5 wt% Tb doping in CePO4 NWs. At 15 wt% Tb3+ doping, the sample did not show resonance of Ce 4 f feature, which may be because Tb3+ ions have replaced Ce3+ ions in the CePO4 lattice. The results are crucial to understand the relative participation of Ce3+ and Ce4+ oxidation states in the valence band, which is an important factor in defining the optical properties of the material that determine the PL intensity.

Effects of La-Mn co-substitution on the structure and magnetic properties of M-type strontium hexaferrite

Research into enhancing the magnetic properties of permanent ferrite using ion substitution techniques has continued, particularly concerning replacing commercially available La-Co co-substitution ferrite with larger magnetic anisotropy and lower prices. Mn ions with larger magnetic moments have become one of the options. In this work, Sr1-xLaxFe11.6-xMnxO19 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) with equal substitution of La-Mn was synthesized by the conventional ceramic route. X-ray diffraction analyses indicated that the upper limit of La-Mn concentration was 0.4. The lattice constant a increases and c decreases with increasing La-Mn concentrations. With the increase of La-Mn concentrations, Ms reaches the highest value of 80.52 emu/g (x = 0.2) at 300 K. As evidenced by Raman spectroscopy, the substitution sites of Mn ions in the ferrite lattice altered with the substitution concentration, and the substitution tendency was 4f2 > 12 k + 2a > 4f1. In addition, La-Mn substitution affects the inherent magnetic properties such as HA and Tc of the samples, which has a reference for further improvement of permanent ferrites.

Understanding the role of zinc ions on struvite nucleation and growth in the context of infection urinary stones.

Taking into account that in recent decades there has been an increase in the incidence of urinary stones, especially in highly developed countries, from a wide range of potentially harmful substances commonly available in such countries, we chose zinc for the research presented in this article, which is classified by some sources as a heavy metal. In this article, we present the results of research on the influence of Zn2+ ion on the nucleation and growth of struvite crystals-the main component of infection urinary stones. The tests were carried out in an artificial urine environment with and without the presence of Proteus mirabilis bacteria. In the latter case, the activity of bacterial urease was simulated chemically, by systematic addition of an aqueous ammonia solution. The obtained results indicate that Zn2+ ions compete with Mg2+ ions, which leads to the gradual replacement of Mg2+ ions in the struvite crystal lattice with Zn2+ ions to some extent. This means co-precipitation of Mg-struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) and Znx-struvite (Mg1-xZnxNH4PO4·6H2O). Speciation analysis of chemical complexes showed that Znx-struvite precipitates at slightly lower pH values than Mg-struvite. This means that Zn2+ ions shift the nucleation point of crystalline solids towards a lower pH. Additionally, the conducted research shows that Zn2+ ions, in the range of tested concentrations, do not have a toxic effect on bacteria; on the contrary, it has a positive effect on cellular metabolism, enabling bacteria to develop better. It means that Zn2+ ions in artificial urine, in vitro, slightly increase the risk of developing infection urinary stones.

Direct Writing of Room Temperature Polariton Condensate Lattice.

Realizing lattices of exciton polariton condensates has been of much interest owing to the potential of such systems to realize analogue Hamiltonian simulators and physical computing architectures. Here, we report the realization of a room temperature polariton condensate lattice using a direct-write approach. Polariton condensation is achieved in a microcavity embedded with host-guest Frenkel excitons of an organic dye (rhodamine) in a small-molecule ionic isolation lattice (SMILES). The microcavity is patterned using focused ion beam etching to realize arbitrary lattice geometries, including defect sites on demand. The band structure of the lattice and the emergence of condensation are imaged using momentum-resolved spectroscopy. The introduction of defect sites is shown to lower the condensation threshold and result in the formation of a defect band in the condensation spectrum. The present approach allows us to study periodic, quasiperiodic, and disordered polariton condensate lattices at room temperature using a direct-write approach.

Modification of Cu Oxide and Cu Nitride Films by Energetic Ion Impact

We have investigated lattice disordering of cupper oxide (Cu2O) and copper nitride (Cu3N) films induced by high- and low-energy ion impact, knowing that the effects of electronic excitation and elastic collision play roles by these ions, respectively. For high-energy ion impact, degradation of X-ray diffraction (XRD) intensity per ion fluence or lattice disordering cross-section (YXD) fits to the power-law: YXD = (BXDSe)NXD, with Se and BXD being the electronic stopping power and a constant. For Cu2O and Cu3N, NXD is obtained to be 2.42 and 1.75, and BXD is 0.223 and 0.54 (kev/nm)−1. It appears that for low-energy ion impact, YXD is nearly proportional to the nuclear stopping power (Sn). The efficiency of energy deposition, YXD/Se, as well as Ysp/Se, is compared with YXD/Sn, as well as Ysp/Sn. The efficiency ratio RXD = (YXD/Se)/(YXD/Sn) is evaluated to be ~0.1 and ~0.2 at Se = 15 keV/nm for Cu2O and Cu3N, meaning that the efficiency of electronic energy deposition is smaller than that of nuclear energy deposition. Rsp = (Ysp/Se)/(Ysp/Sn) is evaluated to be 0.46 for Cu2O and 0.7 for Cu3N at Se = 15 keV/nm.

Photocatalysis and irradiative TL defect center analysis studies of Cu2+ ionic ZnO nano lattice

The objective of the study is to create a series of ZnO nano powders doped with CuO using sol–gel technology in order to look into their photocatalytic activity for the photodegradation and cleaning process. XRD, BET surface area, surface morphology, chemical analysis, and FT-IR measurements have all been used to look at the nano powders' structure from this point of view. The results suggest that the materials were made at the nanoscale level, and their hexagonal shape makes them good as catalytic nano resources. Photoluminescence and UV–visible diffusion reflection spectroscopy were also used to test the nano powders. The results show that the nano powders that were made are visually active. To find out how photocatalytic the nanoparticles are, they were used to break down CR (10 ppm) and MV (10 ppm) dyes when exposed to light. The nano powder with 1.0 mol% of CuO doped ZnO nanoparticles had the highest photocatalytic efficiency (86 %). It had a band gap energy of 3.15 eV and reacted with both dyes for 90 min. Researchers looked at radical scavengers and the effect of catalyst dose on how well they broke down substances. The reaction that broke down had pseudo-first-order kinetics, and the rate of the reaction was four times faster when 1.0 mol% Cu was added to the ZnO catalyst. The degradation efficiency only dropped by 1 % after three rounds of the process. Because of this, the 1.0 mol% Cu-ZnO was used as a photocatalyst that broke down textile dyes well and had a lot of promise to be used again. The samples were also checked for thermoluminescence while they were exposed to 25 kGy of gamma radiation. Samples were tested for their trap depth characteristics, indicating the test samples' potential for TL activity.

Multiple Representations Analysis of Chemical Bonding Concepts in General Chemistry Books

This research aimed to analyze the use of the concept of the three levels of chemical representation in eight general chemistry books. It was qualitative research with an evaluative descriptive design. The concepts analyzed included the concepts of ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds. The analysis focused on two main criteria: the use of macroscopic, sub-microscopic, and symbolic levels of representation and the relationship between the three levels. The results of the analysis showed that in the concept of ionic bonding, there were pictures of some salts or reactions for the formation of ionic compounds from their elements at the macroscopic level, explanations at the sub-microscopic level, and models of the arrangement of ions in the ionic crystal lattice for the symbolic level. In the concept of covalent bonds, there were images of gasses or covalent compounds at the macroscopic level, explanations at the sub-microscopic level, and models of electron density shifts at the symbolic level. In the concept of metallic bonds, there were pictures of some metals at the macroscopic level, explanations at the sub-microscopic level, and electron cloud models at the symbolic level. The relationship between the levels of representation was found in five of the eight general chemistry books analyzed. General chemistry books present the relationship between the three levels of representation in images that include energy level diagrams, atomic or ionic arrangement models, reaction equations, and explanations of the molecular level.
 Keywords: concept, chemical representation, general chemistry, books

Effect of HPO42− and brushite on gypsum reactivity and implications for utilization of phosphogypsum in plaster production

The implementation of a sustainable development strategy holds the potential to enhance productivity, profitability, and overall efficiency by leveraging by-products from other industries. In plaster manufacturing the substitution of natural gypsum with synthetic gypsum is worth exploring. Phosphogypsum (PG) represents a significant fraction of synthetic gypsum production, arising as a by-product of phosphoric acid manufacturing. However, the presence of impurities in PG, particularly phosphorus, poses challenges to its use as a plaster material. To identify the phases present in PG, quantify their occurrences and understand their effects on dehydration and hydration processes, our study aimed to examine simplified models. These models are specifically designed to provide insights into the underlying mechanisms governing the hydration reactivity of hemihydrate. Pure gypsum and brushite were synthesized, and mechanical mixing was carried out to explore how brushite affects the characteristics of gypsum. Additionally, a solid solution of Ca(SO4)1-x(HPO4)x·2H2O, where 0 < x < 1, was prepared to characterize and quantify the syncrystallized HPO42− as well as the effects of this impurity on typical gypsum use cases. The synthesized materials underwent physical and chemical characterization using SEM, XRD, IR spectroscopy, DSC, pH and conductivity measurements, and ion chromatography. The results demonstrated that the HPO42− ions can substitute for sulfate ions in gypsum to form solid solutions. The maximum quantity of HPO42− ions in the gypsum lattice is approximately 10%, leading to the crystallization of gypsum into sand rose shape rather than needle crystals. As the concentration of HPO42− ions increases, a new phase known as ardealite (Ca(SO4)1-x(HPO4)x·2H2O) with 0.42 < x < 0.54 emerges, followed by brushite (CaHPO4·2H2O). During the calcination of brushite at 160 °C, a mixture of brushite and monetite formed that exhibits different properties compared to its natural counterpart. In the presence of syncrystallized HPO42− ions, the transformation from anhydrite III to anhydrite II occurred at higher temperatures than for pure gypsum. The reactivity of calcined samples indicate that HPO42− ions from the dehydration products of brushite caused a delay in hydration, with the maximum delay observed at a calcination temperature of 160 °C. At this temperature, monetite begins to crystallize, and it is characterized by its inert nature, exhibiting no reactivity with water. This explains the observed decrease in setting times as the calcination temperature rises. Moreover, syncrystallized HPO42− ions induced a significant delay in the hydration process. Our research revealed that adjusting the calcination temperature can mitigate the retarding effect associated with this impurity, suggesting an industrial tendency to use the lowest possible temperature during the calcination process of PG containing syncrystallized phosphate impurity. In addition, we have observed that adjusting the pH of the mixing water to lower values can significantly accelerate setting times.

Dual substitution of host lattice ions to enhance the luminescence properties of Zn2TiO4:Cr3+ phosphor.

Near-infrared light sources have potential applications in many fields. Cr3+ is a good luminescence centre to prepare near-infrared phosphors. Improving the performance of existing near-infrared luminescent materials has indeed attracted great interest from researchers. The luminescence properties of Zn2TiO4:Cr3+ were improved by crystal field engineering strategies. Zn2+-Ti4+ was partially replaced using a Li+-Nb5+ ion pair based on the Zn2TiO4:Cr3+ phosphors. Luminescence Cr3+-activated luminescent materials are sensitive to changes in the local crystal structure and crystal field environment. Doping of Li+-Nb5+ increased the luminescence intensity up to 2.7 times that of the undoped sample. Also, the thermal stability of the phosphor was greatly increased by the replacement of Li+-Nb5+.

Charge Transport in the Presence of Correlations and Disorder: Organic Conductors and Manganites.

One of the most fascinating aspects of condensed matter is its ability to conduct electricity, which is particularly pronounced in conventional metals such as copper or silver. Such behavior stems from a strong tendency of valence electrons to delocalize in a periodic potential created by ions in the crystal lattice of a given material. In many advanced materials, however, this basic delocalization process of the valence electrons competes with various processes that tend to localize these very same valence electrons, thus driving the insulating behavior. The two such most important processes are the Mott localization, driven by strong correlation effects among the valence electrons, and the Anderson localization, driven by the interaction of the valence electrons with a strong disorder potential. These two localization processes are almost exclusively considered separately from both an experimental and a theoretical standpoint. Here, we offer an overview of our long-standing research on selected organic conductors and manganites, that clearly show the presence of both these localization processes. We discuss these results within existing theories of Mott-Anderson localization and argue that such behavior could be a common feature of many advanced materials.

Improved magnetoelectric coupling of Co–Ti substituted barium hexaferrite at room temperature and related electrical investigations

This paper reports a systematic study of the electrical, multiferroic and magnetoelectric coupling properties of Co–Ti substituted Barium hexaferrites, having the chemical composition BaFe12-2xCoxTixO19 (x = 0–2.0; in steps of 0.5), synthesized using the sol gel auto-combustion method. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) studies and Rietveld refinement confirmed the successful incorporation of Co–Ti ions in the hexaferrite lattice with all the samples displaying Pb63/mmc space group single phase structure. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images revealed the inhibition of crystal growth in a particular direction with Co–Ti substitution. The conduction mechanisms of the samples were analysed from the conductivity measurements and were found to follow Jonschers power law. The complex impedance spectroscopy analysis and the Cole-Cole plot fitted diagrams of the samples indicated the enhancement of bulk resistivity and grain boundary resistivity with substitution. Saturation magnetizations of the substituted samples decreased and were ascribed to the replacement of Fe ions by Co–Ti ions at different crystallographic sites. The observed reduction in anisotropy constant indicated the disturbance in the magnetic axis. The multiferroic nature of the substituted samples at room temperature was confirmed from the soft ferroelectric loops. Room temperature magnetoelectric coupling coefficient was found to be largely enhanced with substitution, achieving an exceptionally high value of 182mV/cmOe for the x = 1.5 sample. This may prove useful for potential use in emerging device applications as a single phase room temperature multiferroic material.

Undoing band anticrossing in highly mismatched alloys by atom arrangement

The electronic structures of three highly mismatched alloys (HMAs)—GeC(Sn), Ga(In)NAs, and BGa(In)As—were studied using density functional theory with HSE06 hybrid functionals, with an emphasis on the local environment near the mismatched, highly electronegative atom (B, C, and N). These alloys are known for their counterintuitive reduction in the bandgap when adding the smaller atom, due to a band anticrossing (BAC) or splitting of the conduction band. Surprisingly, the existence of band splitting was found to be completely unrelated to the local displacement of the lattice ions near the mismatched atom. Furthermore, in BGaAs, the reduction in the bandgap due to BAC was weaker than the increase due to the lattice constant, which has not been observed among other HMAs but may explain differences among experimental reports. While local distortion in GeC and GaNAs was not the cause for BAC, it was found to enhance the bandgap reduction due to BAC. This work also found that mere contrast in electronegativity between neighboring atoms does not induce BAC. In fact, surrounding the electronegative atom with elements of even smaller electronegativity than the host (e.g., Sn or In) consistently decreased or even eliminated BAC. For a fixed composition, moving Sn toward C and In toward either N or B was always energetically favorable and increased the bandgap, consistent with experimental annealing results. Such rearrangement also delocalized the conduction band wavefunctions near the mismatched atom to resemble the original host states in unperturbed Ge or GaAs, causing the BAC to progressively weaken. These collective results were consistent whether the mismatched atom was a cation (N), anion (B), or fully covalent (C), varying only with the magnitude of its electronegativity, with B having the least effect. The effects can be explained by charge screening of the mismatched atom's deep electrostatic potential. Together, these results help explain differences in the bandgap and other properties reported for HMAs from different groups and provide insight into the creation of materials with designer properties.

Fabricating Solid‐Solution‐Type Perovskite/Fluoride Nanocomposites Through Sublattice Interlocking for High‐Performance Photovoltaics

AbstractAll‐inorganic α‐phase CsPbI3 perovskite with a suitable bandgap and superb optoelectronic properties is transforming the landscape of perovskite photovoltaics, but its long‐term lability associated with “soft” ionic lattice still imposes a great challenge for practical applications. Herein, a unique solid‐solution fluorination strategy is proposed to deliver an “ideal” perovskite matrix of α‐phase CsPbI3 abundant with F ions through interlocking the soft lattice of CsPbI3 with cubic‐phase CsF·3/2HF. Such a sublattice interlocking can not only stabilize the soft lattice of α‐phase CsPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals but also passivate their notorious surface defects, thereby producing a “rigid” solid‐solution‐type perovskite/fluoride CsPbI3/CsF (termed as CsPbI3:F) nanocomposite with excellent long‐term stability and a near‐unity photoluminescence efficiency. Of particular note is that these CsPbI3:F nanocomposites can work well as effective grain boundary anchors to significantly improve the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells because of their F‐rich perovskite lattice, achieving a T80 stability of 1500 h under continuous maximum power point tracking and AM 1.5G illumination without the need for encapsulation. This work paves a new way to deliver perovskite materials with desirable properties for photovoltaics.

Phase compositions and thermophysical performances for (Sm1-xYbx)3TaO7 compounds

The (Sm1-xYbx)3TaO7 compounds were prepared using high-temperature calcining technology to evaluate the impact of Yb2O3 on the crystal-type and thermal-physical performances for Sm3TaO7. Final analytical conclusions show that the synthesised compounds have a sole pyrochlore or fluorite crystal structure, and the lattice variation from pyrochlore to fluorite is found with an increase in Yb2O3 fraction. Owing to the phonon scattering caused by substituting cation and disorder atomic arrangement, the heat insulation ability of (Sm1-xYbx)3TaO7 oxides is improved, which meets the requirements for thermal barrier coatings. The synthesised (Sm1-xYbx)3TaO7 oxides also present relatively high linear thermal expansion coefficients owing to the combined influence of ionic radius and crystal lattice energy. The addition of Yb2O3 also improves the crystal constancy until 1200 °C.

Economical sodium source prepared Na3SbS4 electrolyte with improved electrochemical performance by La doping

Solid electrolytes are expected to improve the next-generation rechargeable batteries in terms of safety and cost issues. In the present study, we designed a conventional sulfide sodium-ion conductor Na3+2xLaxSb1-xS4 synthesized from Na2S·9H2O as raw material. For optimized electrochemical behavior, the partial substitution of Sb with La in Na3SbS4 was modified by broadening Na+ ion channels and increasing interstitial Na+ ions in the network lattice. The structural characterization verified the increase in crystallinity after subsequent heating at 450 °C. The composition and structural design realized a high room temperature conductivity of 0.52 mS cm−1 and low activation energy of 0.069 eV for the Na3·1La0·05Sb0·95S4 sample. Moreover, this sulfide electrolyte was equipped with additional advantages, such as much lower electronic conductivity than Na3SbS4 and air stability against the humid atmosphere.

Blue-Emitting Cs(Pb,Cd)Br3 Nanocrystals Resistant to Electric Field-Induced Ion Segregation.

High-performance solution-processed perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have emerged as a good alternative to the well-established technology of epitaxially grown AIIIBV semiconductor alloys. Colloidal cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (CsPbX3 NCs) exhibit room-temperature excitonic emission that can be spectrally tuned across the entire visible range by varying the content of different halogens at the X-site. Therefore, they present a promising platform for full color display manufacturing. Engineering of highly efficient PeLEDs based on bromide and iodide perovskite NCs emitting green and red light, respectively, does not face major challenges except low operational stability of the devices. Meanwhile, mixed-halide counterparts demonstrating blue luminescence suffer from the electric field-induced phase separation (ion segregation) phenomenon described by the rearrangement (demixing) of mobile halide ions in the crystal lattice. This phenomenon results in an undesirable temporal redshift of the electroluminescence spectrum. However, to realize spectral tuning and, at the same time, address the issue of ion segregation less mobile Cd2+ ion could be introduced in the lattice at Pb2+-site that leads to the band gap opening. Herein, we report an original synthesis of CsPb0.88Cd0.12Br3 perovskite NCs and study their structural and optical properties, in particular electroluminescence. Multilayer PeLEDs based on the obtained NCs exhibit single-peak emission centered at 485 nm along with no noticeable change in the spectral line shape for 30 min which is a significant improvement of the device performance.

Superconductivity in a Layered Cobalt Oxychalcogenide Na2CoSe2O with a Triangular Lattice.

Unconventional superconductivity in bulk materials under ambient pressure is extremely rare among the 3d transition metal compounds outside the layered cuprates and iron-based family. It is predominantly linked to highly anisotropic electronic properties and quasi-two-dimensional (2D) Fermi surfaces. To date, the only known example of a Co-based exotic superconductor is the hydrated layered cobaltate, NaxCoO2·yH2O, and its superconductivity is realized in the vicinity of a spin-1/2 Mott state. However, the nature of the superconductivity in these materials is still a subject of intense debate, and therefore, finding a new class of superconductors will help unravel the mysteries of their unconventional superconductivity. Here, we report the discovery of superconductivity at ∼6.3 K in our newly synthesized layered compound Na2CoSe2O, in which the edge-shared CoSe6 octahedra form [CoSe2] layers with a perfect triangular lattice of Co ions. It is the first 3d transition metal oxychalcogenide superconductor with distinct structural and chemical characteristics. Despite its relatively low TC, this material exhibits very high superconducting upper critical fields, μ0HC2(0), which far exceeds the Pauli paramagnetic limit by a factor of 3-4. First-principles calculations show that Na2CoSe2O is a rare example of a negative charge transfer superconductor. This cobalt oxychalcogenide with a geometrical frustration among Co spins shows great potential as a highly appealing candidate for the realization of unconventional and/or high-TC superconductivity beyond the well-established Cu- and Fe-based superconductor families and opens a new field in the physics and chemistry of low-dimensional superconductors.

The impact of stoichiometry on the initial steps of crystal formation: Stability and lifetime of charged triple-ion complexes.

Minerals form in natural systems from solutions with varying ratios of their lattice ions, yet non-stoichiometric conditions have generally been overlooked in investigations of new formation (nucleation) of ionic crystals. Here, we investigated the influence of cation:anion ratio in the solution on the initial steps of nucleation by studying positively and negatively charged triple ion complexes and subsequent particle size evolution. Our model systems are carbonates and sulfates of calcium and barium, as it was recently shown that solution stoichiometry affects the timing and rate of their nucleation. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and dynamic light scattering (DLS) flow experiments show that nucleation correlates with the stability and lifetime of the initial complexes, which were significantly impacted by the cation:anion stoichiometry and ion type. Specifically, was found to have higher association constants and its lifetime was twofold longer than . Similar trends were observed for and . Contrastingly, for , was found to have lower association constants and its lifetime was shorter than . These trends in stability and lifetime follow the same asymmetrical behaviour as observed experimentally for particle formation using techniques like DLS. This suggests a causal relationship between the stability and lifetime of the initial charged complexes and the nucleation under non-stoichiometric conditions.

The Role of Anions in Rare-earth Activated Inorganic Host Materials for its Luminescence Characteristics.

This work is inspired from the comprehensive work done by our research team aimed at improving the efficiency of white light emitting diodes (LEDs) through improvements in the colour rendering index of the red light (CRI), one of the primary colours of white light. Such work is triggered through the incorporation of anions (BO33-, PO43-, SO42-), either individually or as an integral part of dopant activated inorganic phosphor host materials. Numerous host materials such as ZnO, Y2O3, Ca3(PO4)2, CaMoO4, ABPO4, ABSO4 (where A represents alkali metals and B alkaline earth metals) have been considered ideal hosts materials for studying luminescence properties of materials(including other phosphors). In addition, red emitting dopants such as Sm3+, Eu3+ and Ce3+ have been incorporated into these host materials to achieve a higher CRI of red colour, an essential component of white light. The role anions in various materials is multifaceted; firstly, it acts as sensitizer whereby it absorbs excitation energy and transfers it non-radiatively to the dopants, secondly, it acts as a charge compensator to dopants with a charge of + 3, thirdly, it creates crystal fields that affects the electronic transitions of the dopants and fourthly, it creates a stable crystal structure that allows for dopant embedding. By understanding the exact role of these anions and their interactions with the host lattice and dopant ions, we could further optimize the luminescent properties of these activated host materials, which leads to higher efficiencies and performances in white light-emitting diodes and other lighting technologies. This work is a comprehensive review of the work undertaken by our research team aimed at enhancing the luminescent properties of WLEDs.

Quantum interference in superposed lattices

Charge transport in solids at low temperature reveals a material's mesoscopic properties and structure. Under a magnetic field, Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) oscillations inform complex quantum transport phenomena that are not limited by the ground state characteristics and have facilitated extensive explorations of quantum and topological interest in two- and three-dimensional materials. Here, in elemental metal Cr with two incommensurately superposed lattices of ions and a spin-density-wave ground state, we reveal that the phases of several low-frequency SdH oscillations in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are no longer identical but opposite. These relationships contrast with the SdH oscillations from normal cyclotron orbits that maintain identical phases between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] . We trace the origin of the low-frequency SdH oscillations to quantum interference effects arising from the incommensurate orbits of Cr's superposed reciprocal lattices and explain the observed [Formula: see text]-phase shift by the reconnection of anisotropic joint open and closed orbits.