Ionomer Research Articles

Molecular control via dynamic bonding enables material responsiveness in additively manufactured metallo-polyelectrolytes

Metallo-polyelectrolytes are versatile materials for applications like filtration, biomedical devices, and sensors, due to their metal-organic synergy. Their dynamic and reversible electrostatic interactions offer high ionic conductivity, self-healing, and tunable mechanical properties. However, the knowledge gap between molecular-level dynamic bonds and continuum-level material properties persists, largely due to limited fabrication methods and a lack of theoretical design frameworks. To address this critical gap, we present a framework, combining theoretical and experimental insights, highlighting the interplay of molecular parameters in governing material properties. Using stereolithography-based additive manufacturing, we produce durable metallo-polyelectrolytes gels with tunable mechanical properties based on metal ion valency and polymer charge sparsity. Our approach unveils mechanistic insights into how these interactions propagate to macroscale properties, where higher valency ions yield stiffer, tougher materials, and lower charge sparsity alters material phase behavior. This work enhances understanding of metallo-polyelectrolytes behavior, providing a foundation for designing advanced functional materials.

Ionic Polymers with Phenolic Hydroxyl Groups as Hydrogen Bond Donors Toward Enhanced Catalytic Performance for CO2 Conversion

AbstractIn this study, imidazolium‐based multifunctional ionic polymer (IP 1–IP 3) series, co‐incorporated with phenolic hydroxyl groups as hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) and Cl− as nucleophiles, are synthesized by a facile quaternization method. The physicochemical characterizations of these IPs are systematically examined by using FTIR, XPS, BET, TGA, CO2‐TPD, SEM with elemental mapping and TEM methods. Their catalytic activities are evaluated toward the conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) and epoxides into cyclic carbonates under solvent‐ and additive‐free environments. Apart from the synergy effect between HBDs and Cl−, it is found that the types of the spacer linking the two imidazole units in the diimidazole precursors (L1–L3) also play an important role in the catalytic activity. And IP 2, with a pyridine spacer as a Lewis base site, exhibits the best catalytic performance under solvent‐free mild conditions i. e., atmospheric pressure CO2, 80 °C, and 5 h. Notably, the catalyst demonstrates a good substrate applicability. Furthermore, IP 2 exhibited good reusability, stability, and it can be recycled for ten successive runs with stable and potential catalytic activity. This study provides an alternative route to construct IPs with efficient activity for CO2 catalytic conversion and fixation under mild‐conditions.

Interfacial Phase Separation Governs the Chemomechanics of Polymer Electrolytes in High-Voltage, Solid-State Lithium Batteries

Polymer electrolytes hold great promise for safe and high-energy solid-state batteries. Multiphase polymer electrolytes, consisting of mobile and rigid phases, exhibit fast ion conduction and desired mechanical properties. However, fundamental challenges exist in understanding and regulating intricate chemomechanical interactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface, especially when using a high-voltage layered cathode. Here, we report that depletion of the mobile conductive phase at the interface contributes to battery performance degradation. Molecular ionic composite electrolytes, composed of a rigid-rod ionic polymer with small mobile cations and anions, serve as a multiphase platform to investigate the evolution of conductive domains at the interface. Synchrotron chemical and structural analyses enable the direct visualization of concentration polarization and spatially resolve the interfacial chemical states over a statistically significant field of view for buried interfaces. We discover that concentration and chemical heterogeneities prevail at electrode-electrolyte interfaces, leading to interfacial chemomechanical degradation. We further demonstrate an interphase tailoring strategy based on electrolyte additives to mitigate such interfacial heterogeneity and improve battery stability. While polymer electrolytes have been considered “deformable” for conformal interfaces, our work shows the hidden roles of interfacial chemomechanics in polymer electrolytes and provides an effective mitigation approach.

Development of Ionic Polymer Membrane Based on PVDF for Capacitor Application

Objective: To address these issues, we propose the use of ionic polymer membranes. By reducing the demand for synthetic plastics, these membranes contribute to pollution reduction. Moreover, they offer economic and environmental benefits. Ionic polymers can also help limit carbon dioxide emissions. Method: In our study, we created a blend of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and polyvinyl sulfonic acid (PVSA). This blend was used to fabricate an ionic membrane through the solvent casting method. The resulting membrane acts as a successful dielectric material, sandwiched between copper electrodes. We conducted extensive characterization, including microstructure analysis, crystal structure examination, identification of functional groups, and thermal behavior assessment. Results: Our findings demonstrate the potential of ionic polymer membranes for capacitor applications. By varying the composition of PVDF/PVP/PVSA, we explored different dielectric properties. Notably, the ionic polymer electrolyte can serve as an effective dielectric material, with copper electrodes providing a practical application. Conclusion: Our investigation included electrical current density measurements using cyclic voltammetry, elemental composition analysis, morphological studies, and material composition assessments.

One-Pot synthesis of amino acid-based functional hyper-crosslinked ionic polymers as heterogeneous catalysts for efficient fixation of CO2 with epoxides

The exploitation of multifunctional heterogeneous catalysts for efficient CO2 fixation has been an urgent task in recent years. Herein, three novel amino acid-based hyper-crosslinked ionic polymers (HIPs) with different pendant groups have been constructed via simultaneously Friedel-Crafts alkylation and quaternization reactions in a one-pot manner. The obtained HIPs showed a luxuriant meso/microporous morphology and perfect thermal and chemical stability that are of great importance for practical application. Furthermore, they also showed an excellent CO2 uptake capacity up to 25.17 cm3/g that benefits from N-rich porphyrin units and the amino pendant in the polymer skeleton. Meanwhile, the obtained amino acid-based HIPs can efficiently catalyze the cycloaddition of various epoxides with CO2 under mild conditions without solvents, cocatalysts, and transition metals. Among them, the HIP-His-1 shows the best performance to achieve 99 % product yield with 99 % selectivity for pure CO2 and can also convert diluted CO2 (15 %CO2 and 85 %N2) with satisfactory performance. Moreover, it also shows an exciting reusability which can maintain 91 % of its catalytic yield and 99 % of the selectivity after 5 cycles. The cooperative effects of hydrogen-bond donors (HBDs) and nucleophilic anions during the catalytic process are proposed based on theoretical calculations and this will provide new inspiration for the design and application of HIPs on CO2 conversion.

Environmentally friendly and temperature resistant water-based drilling fluids with highly inhibitory synthetic nanocellulose polymers for deep sea drilling

The ocean is rich in sustainable hydrocarbon. The process of extracting these resources poses challenges such as coexistence of low temperature and high temperature, high pressure of deepwater and unpredictable shale formations. A kind of ionic crosslinking polymer consisting of N, N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), and Cellulose Nanofibers (CNF) (PADC), was synthesized to address these challenges. Cellulose was first oxidized to nanocellulose (CNF) through 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxide (TEMPO) oxidation. Subsequently, the ionic crosslinking polymer, consisting of DMA, AMPS, and CNF, was synthesized using ionic crosslinking polymerization. The surface characteristics and morphology were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle size analysis, and zeta potential analysis. The structural composition was analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The shale inhibition mechanism was investigated through contact angle and pressure transmission experiments. The results indicated that the average length of PADC is approximately 1450 nm, with an average diameter of less than 100 nm and contains sulfonic acid groups. The shale contact angle increased from 16.75° to 82°, indicating that PADC increased the hydrophobicity of the shale by 390%. Pressure transfer experiments show that PADC can reduce shale permeability by 37%, which means PADC has good hydration inhibition performance. In addition, a drilling fluid system suitable for deep sea drilling was proposed. The drilling fluid system exhibits good rheological properties at 160 °C and 0 °C. The fluid loss after hot rolling at 160 °C is less than 12 mL. The linear expansion of shale core after 16 h is only 0.7%, and the rolling recovery rate at 160 °C is as high as 99.48%. Luminescent bacteria EC50 is 2.0 × 105 mg/L, which means it is non-toxic and environmentally friendly. And drilling fluid conforms to the power law flow model. Therefore, the drilling fluids proposed in this paper can meet the requirements of deep sea drilling in terms of rheological properties and filtration loss properties at 0–160 °C, and can seal shale pores and inhibit shale hydration through the ionic cross-linking PADC. This research offers insights into the utilization of cellulose in well drilling processes and provides references for designing deep sea drilling fluids.

A Straightforward Approach of Wet‐Spinning Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):Polystyrene Sulfate Fibers for Use in All Conducting Polymer‐Based Textile Actuators

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), an inherently electrically conductive or conjugated polymer (CP), exhibits the potential to play a significant role in the development of innovative fiber materials for use in smart textiles, such as wearables. Furthermore, these fibers can function as artificial muscles in the emerging field of interactive fiber rubber composites. This study introduces a straightforward and efficient method for creating PEDOT‐based, biomimetic, fiber‐shaped, linearly contracting ionic electroactive polymer actuators. To achieve this, a wet‐spinning technique is presented, which enables a continuous production of PEDOT:polystyrene sulfate (PSS) fibers at high production rates of 34 m h−1, an additional fiber washing step and a sulfuric acid posttreatment step to increase the fibers conductivity. The fibers provide a high conductivity of 1028 S cm−1, maximum tensile strength reaching 182 MPa, and a maximum elongation of 24%. When utilized as CP actuators in an aqueous sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate electrolyte medium, the fibers demonstrate a repeatable maximum isometric contractile force of 1.64 mN and repeatable linear contractile strain up to 0.56%. Furthermore, a high level of cyclic long‐term actuation stability can be demonstrated. Notably, these contractile strains are, to the best of knowledge, the highest reported values for pristine PEDOT:PSS fibers.

Fabrication and application of wearable ionic polymer metal composite sensors for sports science

Ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) sensors were fabricated and investigated for quantifying impact energy in sports applications. Nafion membranes were roughened and electroless plated with gold-platinum electrodes to form IPMCs. When subjected to impacts of varying energies, the IPMCs generated transient voltage spikes whose peak amplitudes and slopes showed exponential relationships with the impact energies. Empirical models were developed correlating the IPMC voltage response features to the impact energies, achieving measurement accuracy within ±10 % RMS error over the tested dynamic range from 0.005 J to 1 J. The IPMC voltage profile was found to depend primarily on the impact energy and resultant strain rate, rather than impactor properties or contact geometry. Proper calibration procedures for each IPMC sensor before deployment were required to account for device-to-device variations. The results demonstrate the potential of IPMC sensors for continuous monitoring of athletes' impacts during sports activities. Further optimization is needed to improve the robustness, repeatability, and stability of the IPMC sensors under realistic sports conditions for reliable field performance.

Hydroxyl-functionalized cationic porous organic polymers for efficient enrichment and detection of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in water and snapper

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can disrupt the normal functioning of the endocrine system in organisms, leading to various health issues. Therefore, monitoring EDCs in the environment and food is of significant importance. In this study, a hydroxyl-functionalized ionic porous organic polymer (OH-IPOP) has been synthesized for the first time using 2-benzimidazolemethanol as a monomer. The OH-IPOP exhibited excellent adsorption performance towards phenolic EDCs. An efficient method for determination of phenolic EDCs (p-tert-butylphenol, bisphenol B, bisphenol A and bisphenol F) in environmental water and snapper samples was successfully established by with OH-IPOP as solid-phase extraction sorbent and determination with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. The method showed good linearity (r2 > 0.998), low detection limits (0.008–0.020 ng mL−1 for lake water, 1.00–3.00 ng/g for snapper), high recovery rates (82.3–106 %), and good precision (relative standard deviation < 6.6 %), making it a highly efficient adsorbent for the enrichment of EDCs in complex sample matrices.

Ionic Lignin Polymers for Controlled CO2 Capture, Release, and Conversion into High-Value Chemicals.

In this study, an innovative and cost-effective ionic polymer for CO2 capture and utilization for the first time, using abundant and nonfood-based biomass lignin is reported. The modified ionic polymer synthesizes through the reaction of glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride with lignin under alkaline conditions to yield quaternary ammonium ionic functionality. Subsequently, the hydroxide-based pure ionic lignin polymer is employed for CO2 capture from both direct air and concentrated CO2 sources at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Structural characterization of the polymers is accomplished through 1H, 13C, and 2D-heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC)NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The CO2 capture process is established through the formation of bicarbonate ions alongside the presence of CO2. The captured CO2 is precisely quantified by using inverse-gated proton decoupled 13C NMR with an internal standard (trioxane). Remarkably, the captured-CO2 amounts of ionic lignin polymer are 1.06mmol g-1 (47mg g-1) from concentrated-CO2 source and 0.60mmol g-1 (26mg g-1) from direct-air. The captured-CO2 in ionic lignin polymer is released in controlled manner and utilized in the synthesis of cyclic carbonate, showcasing the productive application of the captured carbon. Moreover, the fully controlled recovering of ionic lignin polymer achieves via repeated CO2 release ↔ CO2 capture.

Novel ionic polymers encompassing di-cationic pyridinium hydrazones and aromatic ester as potent antimicrobial agents against resistant bacteria

In this work, readily achievable synthetic pathways including quaternization, metathesis and copolymerization reactions were utilized for the construction of a new di-pyridinium monomers and their respected ionic polymers scaffold with ester fragments. All synthesized material were well characterized by spectroscopic experiments. The surface morphology and thermal study of the produced polyesters were carried out using SEM, PXRD, and TGA analysis. The impact of the counter anions on the crystallinity and thermal analysis of the polymer network was confirmed by thermal analysis and surface investigation. The related polyesters' crystallinity was decreased, and their thermal stability was increased by the TFSI anion. Various significant consequences regarding the development of innovative antibacterial agents along with specific therapies. Subsequently, we evaluated the antimicrobial, antibiotic resistant strains, and anti-prophage properties of these novel class of ionic and poly-ionic materials. Throughout antibacterial studies, the M-Br monomer excelled all synthesized materials, although PPy-TFSI and its monomer outperformed antibiotic-resistant organisms. Both M-PF6 and PPy-PF6 decreased S. aureus bacteriophage proliferation. Understanding the bacterial species or strains that are vulnerable to polyesters encourages subsequent studies in this field to focus on creating targeted therapies for illnesses caused by these pathogens.

Amphoteric ionic polymer large temperature difference retarder for long sealing section cementing low‐density cement slurry: Preparation, application, and working mechanism

AbstractIn this study, a novel amphoteric ionic large temperature difference retarder (marked with CLL‐1) was prepared by using functional monomer through aqueous solution polymerization method. First, the chemical structure and molecular weight of retarder CLL‐1 were obtained, and then the thermal stability of retarder CLL‐1 was investigated at the temperature range of 40–400°C, and the result shows that the retarder CLL‐1 has well thermal stability, which could be used to control the thickening time of cement slurry at higher temperatures. Second, the influences of retarder CLL‐1 on the settlement stability of cement slurry were studied by the density difference at the temperature of 150, 120, 90, and 30°C, respectively. Third, the thickening time of cement slurry samples with different retarder CLL‐1 adding amount was studied at the temperature range of 80–180°C, and the results showed that the retarder CLL‐1 can adapt well to the working conditions of large temperature difference cementing operations. Simultaneously, the compressive strength of cement slurry with different retarder CLL‐1 adding amount was obtained. Finally, the working mechanism of retarder CLL‐1 at large temperature difference was revealed depends on the methods of x‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and TG.

Enhanced electromechanical performance of Nafion actuator doped by poly(ethylene glycol)‐grafted graphene oxide

AbstractCurrent ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) actuators have severe actuation drawbacks (i.e. low force output and poor stability), hampering their applications. To address these issues, poly(ethylene glycol)‐grafted graphene oxide (PEG‐GO) is synthesized and incorporated into a Nafion matrix, thus producing a PEG‐GO hybrid Nafion film with better physiochemical properties for fabricating a high‐performance, low‐cost IPMC actuator. The modification of PEG to GO not only prevents GO agglomeration and sedimentation, but also avoids loss of PEG in water. Driven by a 0.2 Hz, 2.5 V electric field, the hybrid IPMC actuator exhibits superior electromechanical behaviors, i.e. a swing angle of 110.3°, a blocking force of 6.89 mN and a stable working time of 485 s, respectively increasing by 92%, 209% and 294% when compared to a pure Nafion actuator. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Construction of hydroxyl-rich hyper-crosslinked ionic polymers with high ionic content for efficient CO2 conversion at low concentration

Achieving efficient conversion of low concentration CO2 into cyclic carbonates is a significant challenge. This work designed and prepared a series of hydroxyl-rich hyper-crosslinked ionic polymers (HIPs) by hyper crosslinking of ionic salts with multiple ionic pairs, rigid monomers and crosslinking agents through Friedel-Crafts alkylation. The structural parameters and surface properties of HIPs were regulated and controlled by adjusting the class of ionic salts, rigid monomers, crosslinking agents and their proportions, and their effects on the catalytic performance of CO2 cycloaddition were studied. Under the synergistic effect of plentiful micro-mesoporous (449 m2 g−1), abundant ionic active centers (2.04 mmol g−1) and hydrogen bond donor (hydroxyl), HIP(6)-Tph(2)-FDA-OH showed outstanding catalytic performance for cycloaddition of 1 bar simulated flue gas (15 % CO2 and 85 % N2) with styrene oxide within 10 h without co-catalysts, solvents and additives. The catalytic yield (93 %) is much higher than HIP(6)-DCX (55 %) that does not introduce rigid monomers and hydrogen bond donor (hydroxyl). This study not only provides a feasible strategy for the design and synthesis of hydroxyl-rich HIPs with high ionic liquid (IL) content and large BET surface area (SBET) but also demonstrates the introduction of rigid monomers to enhance specific surface area and the regulation of hydrogen bond donor (hydroxyl) on the surface properties of the catalyst can play a synergistic effect for CO2 cycloaddition reaction.

Exploration of diverse interactions of nonionic poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and anionic sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) polymers in aqueous imidazolium-based surface active ionic liquid solutions

The binding interactions in complex formation between surface active ionic liquids (SAILs) and polymers (nonionic or anionic) are gaining attention because of their potential applications in novel materials. Therefore, the use of a variety of measurements is required for a better understanding of the interactions involved in polymer/SAIL formation. Here, we have investigated the interactions of nonionic poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and anionic sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) polymers with SAIL 1-tetradecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [C14mim][Cl] in aqueous solution using different measurements such as conductivity, surface tension, fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and rheometric measurements. The surface tension, conductivity and fluorescence profiles for SAIL-NaCMC systems provide distinct breakpoints that correspond to four different aggregation states: the concentration at which SAIL monomers begin to attach to the polymer chain (C1), the critical aggregation concentration C2 (cac), the saturation concentration (CS) and the critical micelle concentration (cmc). In the case of SAIL-PVP systems, the surface tension and fluorescence profiles confer three transition states: C2 (cac), CS and cmc and only two transition states have been observed in conductivity curves. The cooperative binding of SAIL to the NaCMC/PVP chain at the solution interface was analyzed by calculating various thermodynamic and interfacial parameters. Strong complexation was observed between NaCMC-SAIL molecules compared to PVP-SAIL systems at the air-solution surface. This is due to the non-ionic character of the PVP chain, which shows weak interactions with SAIL in comparison to NaCMC. Furthermore, DLS and fluorescence measurements were used to investigate the interactions between SAIL and polymers.

Ionic liquid fluoropolymer membranes for the separation of R-410A: Understanding the effect of ionic liquid on membrane characteristics and separation performance

Environmental legislation such as the American Innovation and Manufacturing Act will phase out today's generation of high-global warming hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants over the next two decades. Energy-efficient technologies are needed to separate these often azeotropic and complex mixtures. Membrane technology and extractive distillation with ionic liquids as entrainers have been individually developed for the separation of azeotropic refrigerant mixtures. This study provides details for the separation of R-410A through combining the benefits of glassy, amorphous polymers with ionic liquids to form ionic liquid polymer membranes. Two different classes of ionic liquid polymer membranes are considered: polyvinyl acetate composite membranes with 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and Hyflon AD 60 with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)imide. The membranes are characterized with FTIR, helium pycnometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and a high-pressure view-cell to characterize the effect of ionic liquid on polymer properties. The Hyflon AD 60 composite membranes were evaluated for the separation of R-410A through pure-gas permeability, selectivity, solubility, and diffusivity measurements, which show exceptional selectivity for separation of R-410A. Results provide insights on the effect of ionic liquid on the separation of R-410A and indicate that improved separation performance of glassy polymers can be achieved with the addition of ionic liquid.

Imidazolium and Pyridinium-based Ionic Porous Organic Polymers: Advances in Transformative Solutions for Oxoanion Sequestration and Non-redox CO2 Fixation.

The rapid pace of industrialization has led to a multitude of detrimental environmental consequences, including water pollution and global warming. Consequently, there is an urgent need to devise appropriate materials to address these challenges. Ionic porous organic polymers (iPOPs) have emerged as promising materials for oxoanion sequestration and non-redox CO2 fixation. Notably, iPOPs offer hydrothermal stability, structural tunability, a charged framework, and readily available nucleophilic counteranions. This review explores the significance of pores and charged functionalities alongside design strategies outlined in existing literature, mainly focusing on the incorporation of pyridinium and imidazolium units into nitrogen-rich iPOPs for oxoanion sequestration and non-redox CO2 fixation. The present review also addresses the current challenges and future prospects, delineating the design and development of innovative iPOPs for water treatment and heterogeneous catalysis.

Synthesis of metal-free benzimidazole-based catalysts and its application in CO2 cycloaddition.

Ionic polymers functionalized with hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups can enhance the catalytic activity of catalysts. However, the straightforward preparation of bifunctional ionic polymers containing abundant ionic active sites and hydrogen bond donors remains challenging. In this study, a series of porous ionic polymers (BZIs) containing different hydrogen bond donors (-NH2, -OH, -COOH) were prepared through a simple one-pot Friedel-Crafts alkylation using benzimidazole derivatives and benzyl bromide. The structures and properties of BZIs were characterized by various techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy. Among the prepared catalysts (BZI-NH2, BZI-OH, and BZI-COOH), BZI-NH2 exhibited the highest catalytic activity and recyclability, achieving a yield of 97% in the CO2 cycloaddition. The synergistic effect of Br-, hydrogen bond donors (-NH-, -NH2), and N+ in BZI-NH2 was found to contribute to its superior catalytic performance. DFT calculations were employed to study the effect of hydrogen bonds, Br-, and N+ in BZI-NH2 and BZI-OH on the CO2 cycloaddition. Using BZI-NH2 as an example, a mechanism was proposed for the synergistic effect between amino groups and bromide ions in catalyzing the CO2 cycloaddition reaction.

Flexible self-powered manganese doped zinc oxide nanorod and perovskite quasi-solid state UV-photodetector with excellent stability and high performance

Flexible, self-powered, and fast-responsive photoelectrochemical photodetector (PEC-PD) devices are needed in optoelectronic applications. Although the PD devices constructed from heterojunction of zinc oxide (ZnO) and inorganic halide perovskite (CsPbBr3)-type perovskite displayed astonishing performance in the field, the sensitivity of the perovskite layer to environmental conditions restricts the wide application. Herein, we present a study for the preparation of a wide light spectrum (367–499 nm) sensitive PEC-PD devices built from the heterostructure of Mn-doped ZnO nanorod (ZnONR) and CsPbBr3 on both rigid and flexible substrates using ionic conductive polymer electrolyte. The PEC-PD performance parameters of the self-powered PEC-PD device such as responsivity (R), Detectivity (D*), and sensitivity (S%) have been calculated as 95.12 mAW−1, 2.83×1012 Jones and 8.04×106%, respectively. In addition to these parameters, the fast light response for rise/decay time (τrise/τdecay) which is an important parameter for PD applications was (10.62 ms/42.9 ms) observed. The resulting PEC-PD device demonstrated durability over 2500 cycles under simulated sunlight and upon 500 bending cycles at different angles.

Piperazinium Poly(Ionic Liquid)s as Solid Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries.

Poly(ionic liquid)s combine the unique properties of ionic liquids (ILs) within ionic polymers holding significant promise for energy storage applications. It is reported here the synthesis and characterization of a new family of poly(ionic liquid)s synthesized from cationic piperazinium ionic liquid monomers. The cationic poly(acrylamide piperazinium) in combination with sulfonamide anions like bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (TFSI) and bis(fluorosulfonyl) imide (FSI) are characterized as solid polymer electrolytes. The polymer electrolytes in combination with pyrrolidonium ILs and LiFSI show high ionic conductivity, 5×10-3 S cm-1 at 100 °C. Piperazinium polymer electrolytes show excellent compatibility with lithium metal reversible plating and stripping at high current density and low temperature 40 °C.