Ion Selective Electrode Method Research Articles

Study on Calibration Method for Ion Concentration Measurement Parameters of Ion Selective Electrode Based on Multiple Linear Regression

In the drilling industry, the change of ion concentration of drilling fluid can provide a basis for judging whether it enters the target layer and whether there is a layer penetration phenomenon during the drilling process. Traditional ion concentration determination methods require manual operation, time-consuming and labor-intensive, and most of them have problems such as large measurement errors, measurement cycles and in-line measurements, so for these problems, there is an urgent need for a fast and real-time measurement measurement method. The ion-selective electrode method allows accurate and real-time measurement of chloride, sulfur and potassium ions, but due to the mechanism of the ion selective electrode method, mutual interference occurs when multiple ions coexist. Aiming at the problem of low efficiency of traditional measurement methods and multi-ion interference with each other in ion-selective electrode method. In this paper, an ion concentration calibration method based on multiple linear regression is proposed, and the error cause of the ion selective electrode method is analyzed first, and the measurement value is calibrated in combination with the multiple linear regression model, and finally the ion concentration experimental platform is established, and the results of the measurement accuracy of chlorine, sulfur and potassium ions are improved by more than 90%, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) Method for Determination of Total Fluorine and Total Organic Fluorine in Packaging Substrates

Various testing methods and techniques have been used to identify and quantify per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in food packaging. A common indirect measurement of PFAS is total fluorine (TF) and total organic fluorine (TOF). These methods are critical in rapidly screening food packaging materials for the >9000 PFAS and are often globally used for regulatory limits. However, this destructive approach requires careful sample preparation, combustion, and the analysis of the solution by a fluoride-specific electrode. The method described herein is a cost-effective, rapid, quantitative, and externally validated initial screening of packaging materials for fluoro-chemistry. This study presents validated protocols for measuring TF and TOF in packaging substrates using oxygen combustion sample preparation coupled with fluoride ion-selective electrode (F-ISE); the materials and required equipment are provided, and the step-by-step procedure from sample preparation to the analysis are described, including critical steps to minimize contamination and interferences during sample preparation.

CORRELATION OF SERUM ELECTROLYTES IN PATIENTS WITH THYROID DYSFUNCTION

Background: The thyroid hormone is a central regulator of body functions; disorder of thyroid functions is considered to cause electrolytic disorders. Thus the main objective of this study is to assess the correlation of thyroid dysfunction with serum electrolyte levels. Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional study,100 patients who attended Manipal Teaching Hospital having thyroid hormones disarrangement were included. Estimation of serum electrolytes were also done in those patients. Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism were excluded. Thyroid hormones were estimated by electrochemiluminiscence immunoassay (eCLIA) and Serum sodium and potassium was estimated by ion selective electrode (ISE) method. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS 23 by Spearman’s correlation test and Chi square test. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered as statistical significance. Results: The 75% of total patients were found to be having hypothyroidism and 25% to have hyperthyroidism. Spearman’s correlation coefficient for Na+ and K+ vs fT3, fT4 showed positive correlation (p-value<0.001) and Na+ and K+ vs TSH showed negative correlation. There was significant association between Na+ and thyroid hormones (p-value<0.001) but no association between K+ and thyroid hormones. (p-value>0.001). Conclusions: The current study reveals that decrease in thyroid hormones may lead to hyponatremia. Knowledge of this significant association will be worthwhile value for clinicians, to manage their patients optimally.

Assessment of Serum Electrolyte in Hypothyroid Patients Attending Chitwan Medical College

INTRODUCTION: Hypothyroidism is a clinical condition resulting from inadequate synthesis of the thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormone has an influence on renal hemodynamics, glomerular filtration, as well as the renin angiotensin aldosterone system and renal electrolyte handling. The aim of present study was to find out the serum concentration of electrolytes sodium and potassium in hypothyroid patients attending a tertiary care hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from 24th July 2019 to November 30th 2019 at Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital. A venous blood sample was collected and T3, T4 and TSH levels were measured by using chemiluminescence technology. Sodium and potassium levels in blood were investigated by ion selective electrode (ISE) method. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 21 software. RESULTS: In our study parameters (T3, T4 & TSH and Na+) were significant (P<0.05) in hypothyroidism subjects (group II) as compared to control subjects (group I) except for electrolyte potassium which was non-significant at P<0.05. T3 and T4 were found significantly decreased whereas TSH was found elevated in subjects of hypothyroidism (group II) as compared to controls. The level of potassium was within the normal range but it was found not significant as compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: The study concluded that there was increase in TSH with decrease in T3 and T4 in hypothyroid subjects but the electrolyte sodium was found to be statistically significant.

Comparison of Antibacterial Activity, Cytotoxicity, and Fluoride Release of Glass Ionomer Restorative Dental Cements in Dentistry.

BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare the antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity, and fluoride release of 4 different glass ionomer cements (GIC). MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 200 samples were prepared: Riva Silver, a silver-reinforced GIC; Equia Forte HT, a glass hybrid GIC; ChemFil Rock, a zinc-added GIC; and Ketac™ Molar Easymix. Using the agar diffusion test for antibacterial activity, 30 samples from each group were analyzed for Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Actinomyces naeslundii. The areas around the samples where no bacterial growth occurred were digitally measured and recorded. For cytotoxicity analysis, the WST-1 test was performed on 10 samples from each group using the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. The fluoride release property was evaluated using an ion-selective electrode method on 10 samples from each group. RESULTS The group that used Ketac™ Molar Easymix showed the lowest antibacterial activity against S. mutans, L. acidophilus, and A. naeslundii. In all 3 days of cytotoxicity testing, the group that used Riva Silver was found to be the least toxic material, while the group that used ChemFil Rock did not have viable cells after the 1st day. In all 4 materials, fluoride release values gradually increased since the first day, with Ketac™ Molar Easymix having the highest fluoride release. CONCLUSIONS Of all the GICs tested, Ketac™ Molar Easymix demonstrated the least antibacterial activity despite having the highest fluoride release, while Riva Silver was found to be the least cytotoxic material.

Fluoride Exposure Suppresses Proliferation and Enhances Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis Pathways in Hepatocytes by Downregulating Sirtuin-1.

Objective To explore the function and mechanism of Sirt-1 in fluorine-induced liver injury. Method Fluorosis rats were first established. The fluorine content, pathological structure, collagen fibers, and fibrosis in liver tissues were tested through the fluoride ion selective electrode method, H&E, Masson, and Sirius red staining; alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), interleukin 18 (IL-18), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in rat serum were also analyzed using ELISA kits. Then, the fluorosis cell model was built, which was also alleviated with NaF, Sirt-1 siRNAs, or endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) alleviator (4-PBA). CCK-8 also assessed cell proliferation; RT-qPCR or Western blots detect sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1), protein kinase R- (PKR-) like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis-related protein levels in liver tissue. Results Our results uncovered that fluorine exposure could aggravate the pathological damage and fibrosis of rat liver tissues and increase indicators related to liver injury. And fluoride exposure also could downregulate Sirt-1 and upregulate ERS-related proteins (PERK, 78-kD glucose-regulated protein (GRP-78), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6)) and apoptosis-related protein (caspase-3 and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP)) in rat liver tissues. Besides, we proved that fluoride exposure could suppress proliferation and enhances ERS and apoptotic pathways in AML12 cells by downregulating Sirt-1. Moreover, we revealed that ERS alleviator (4-PBA) could induce proliferation and prevent ERS and apoptosis in fluorine-exposed AML12 cells. Conclusions We suggested that fluorine exposure can induce hepatocyte ERS and apoptosis through downregulation of Sirt-1.

A fully automated method to quantitate total carbon dioxide in equine plasma by headspace GCMS.

Pre-race dosing of horses with alkalinising agents to manipulate performance has been evident in racing worldwide for over 30 years. To regulate the use of alkalinising agents, racing authorities adopted thresholds for total plasma carbon dioxide (TCO2 ) in racehorses. Traditionally, racing laboratories have measured plasma TCO2 using ion selective electrode (ISE) technology, with the Association of Official Racing Chemists (AORC) approving the use of only three ISE instruments for measurement. Because of the manufacture and support of these instruments ceasing, racing laboratories have explored alternative techniques to measure plasma TCO2 . In this study, headspace gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HSGCMS) with fully automated sample preparation was investigated as an alternative technique to ISE. Sample preparation was carried out online on a Gerstel robot, where plasma was aspirated directly from sealed vacutainer tubes before further treatment and headspace injection into a GCMS. The method was successfully cross validated against a Beckman Unicel DxC®600, meeting all criteria stipulated in the AORC cross-validation protocol. The method achieved an accuracy of 99.8%, within-run relative standard deviation of 0.22% and interday reproducibility of 0.04 mM, all significant improvements on the authors ISE method. A population study was also conducted to ensure the plasma TCO2 threshold, established with ISE methodology, did not change with the developed HSGCMS method. The concentrations and standard deviations for the two methods were almost identical, HSGCMS mean 30.62 mM, standard deviation 1.65 mM, and ISE 30.65 and 1.55 mM. The results indicate that the fully automated HSGCMS method is suitable for measurement of equine plasma TCO2 for regulatory purposes.

Determination of fluoride content in teas and herbal products popular in Poland.

Fluoride level, due to its narrow therapeutical range, must be constantly monitored in beverages, especially in daily-consumed plant infusions. Fluoride is important for prevention of tooth decay and osteoporosis, but its excess leads to fluorosis. Since tea can selectively absorb fluorides from soils, the question arises if a long-term consumption can pose an adverse effect on human health. Infusions of 33 popular teas (black, green, white, earl grey, pu-erh), tea-like products (rooibos, yerba mate) and herbs (chamomile, mint, nettle, purges, yarrow) available in the Polish market were analyzed with respect to a fluoride level by means of a validated ion-selective electrode method, which is proven to be fast and reliable. Significantly different fluoride concentrations in infusions were observed, with black tea on top, where extraction of fluoride is the highest (average 2.65mg F-/L, range 0.718-6.029mg/L). Two-fold higher fluoride contents were measured in infusions made from black tea bags than from leaves (average 3.398mg/L and 1.529mg/L, respectively). Green teas released comparable amounts of fluoride as black teas, while in herbal extracts the fluoride content was negligible. The rank with respect to the fluoride concentration in an infusion is as follows: black tea > green tea > earl grey > pu-erh > white tea>>>rooibos, yerba mate, herbal products. Increasing of brewing time results in an increased fluoride content, but the overall content of fluoride in the analyzed infusions of teas and herbs was not high enough to cause a risk of fluorosis, even if left to brew up to 15min.

Parathyroid Hormone-25(OH)D and Calcium-Phosphorus Ratio as Osteopenia Risk Factors in Women with Central Obesity

BACKGROUND: Central obesity has a close association with inflammation and the state of bone mass. Osteopenia is an abnormal condition of bone density. Bone mass density is influenced by several factors, such as 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of PTH-25(OH)D and Ca-P ratio as risk factors for osteopenia in women with central obesity.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2020 to March 2021. The total subjects were 130 women aged 25-50 years old with central obesity. The diagnosis of osteopenia was done using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to measure bone mineral density. Enzyme linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) method was done to measure PTH and 25(OH)D levels, ion selective electrode method to measure Ca, and photometer method to measure P level. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the optimal cut-off value and calculated prevalence ratio (PR) for osteopenia risks, followed by logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: The PR of PTH level was 10.18 (95% CI: 1.15–5.85; p=0.01); the PTH-25(OH)D ratio was 5.12 (95% CI: 1.13–23.19; p=0.04); Ca level was 6.0 (95% CI: 1.33–27.14; p=0.02) and Ca-P ratio was 4.89 (95%CI: 1.33–17.97; p=0.02). The PR for PTH together with Ca level was 18.71 (95% CI: 2.17–160.40; p=0.008).CONCLUSION: The PTH-25(OH)D ratio and the Ca-P ratio are risk factors for the incidence of osteopenia in women with central obesity. A high PTH-25(OH)D ratio and a high Ca-P ratio would have a higher risk of developing osteopenia in this population.KEYWORDS: CRP, PTH-25(OH)D, Ca-P, osteopenia, central obesity, women

Effects of the Anti-diabetic Polyherbal (Ruzu Bitters) on Glucose, Hepatic and Renal Parameters in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

Aim: This study evaluated the effects of the anti-diabetic polyherbal (Ruzu Bitters) on glucose, hepatic and renal parameters in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
 Methodology: A total of 35 male Albino rats weighing between 120-140 g were used for this study. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared alloxan-monohydrate (140 mg/kg body weight). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was determined using the glucose oxidase method. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined using Reitman-Frankel method, while alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was determined using the colorimetric phenolphthalein method. The electrolytes, sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (CL-) were determined using ion selective electrode (ISE) method. Urea was determined using Urease bertholet method. Creatinine was determined using the Jaffe-Slot method. Phytochemical analysis was done on the herbal mixture, using classical methods.
 Results: The results revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols and tannins in the polyherbal mixture ruzu bitters. FPG levels in the negative control and the treatment groups were significantly lower when compared to the diabetic control. FPG levels were significantly higher in Group 3 and group 4, but showed no significant difference in group 5, compared to the negative control. ALT, AST and ALP levels were significantly higher in the diabetic control and treatment groups, compared to the negative control, except for Group 3 which showed no significant difference. Treatment groups 4 and 5 had significantly higher ALT levels compared to the diabetic control. Also, AST levels in groups 4 and 5 were not significantly different from the diabetic control. Group 4 had significantly higher Na+ and Cl- levels compared to both the negative control and diabetic control groups. Urea levels in the diabetic control and all treatment groups were significantly higher than the negative control. Group 3 had significantly lower urea levels, groups 4 and 5 had significantly higher urea levels compared to the diabetic control. Treatment groups 4 and 5 had significantly higher urea and creatinine values compared to the diabetic control.
 Conclusion: Administration of 140 mg/kg body weight of alloxan-monohydrate produced significant diabetes in the Albino rats with electrolyte imbalance and elevated urea, creatinine and liver enzyme levels. Treatment with the polyherbal ruzu bitters and glibenclamide had equipotent anti-hyperglycaemic effects. Glibenclamide had hepatoprotective effects on the liver, however, ruzu bitters negatively impacted the liver of the diabetic rats. Also, the combination therapy worsened liver parameters as ruzu bitters reduced the beneficial effects of glibenclamide. Ruzu bitters was nephrotoxic as it exacerbated the renal parameters of the diabetic rats. Authorities should ensure proper evaluation of anti-diabetic herbal products and care should be taken in their use/combination with orthodox drugs, as they could pose public health risk.

Association of Cord Blood Glucose, Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium Levels With Neonatal Birth Asphyxia: A Hospital-Based Study.

ContextNeonatal birth/perinatal asphyxia is a serious condition with the potential to cause damage to various tissues of the body especially the brain. Hypoxia can cause metabolic disturbances, which in turn can lead to imbalances in the levels of glucose, electrolytes, and calcium, which can further worsen the condition. Early detection of these biochemical derangements and immediate correction can prevent the complications and lifelong disabilities of birth asphyxia due to injury to vital organs particularly the brain. The aim is to assess any correlation between the cord blood glucose, electrolytes, and calcium levels and the severity of birth asphyxia.Methods and materialIn this study, 50 birth asphyxia neonates with birth weight >2.5 kg, and a 5-minute Apgar score ≤ 6 at birth with clinical evidence of asphyxia were compared with healthy neonates with birth weight > 2.5 kg, and a 5-minute Apgar score > 7. In all the cases and controls, cord blood glucose was estimated by glucose oxidase and peroxidase (GOD-POD) method, total calcium by Arsenazo method, and sodium and potassium were estimated by ion-selective Electrode (ISE) method using fully automated biochemistry analyzers.ResultsThe mean cord blood concentrations of glucose, sodium, potassium, and calcium were significantly lower among birth asphyxia neonates in comparison with that of controls (p < 0.05). The correlation coefficient (r) for the study variables among cases indicates that there is a low to moderate positive correlation between the 5-minute Apgar score which is a measure of severity of birth asphyxia and cord blood concentrations of glucose, sodium, and calcium.ConclusionIn our study, birth asphyxiated neonates were found to have statistically significant low levels of cord blood glucose and electrolytes like sodium and calcium except for potassium. There was a low to moderate positive correlation between cord blood glucose and electrolyte concentrations with the severity of birth asphyxia. Analysis of cord blood for these simple biochemical tests can help pediatricians in the active management of birth asphyxia cases.

Point-of-care test for rapid assessment of blood lithium levels in women with bipolar disorder during perinatal period

IntroductionDetermination of lithium levels in serum has become a standard of care due to its narrow therapeutic rang, thus an immediate test for determination of blood lithium may contribute to minimize toxicit, to avoid relapse and to ensure treatment adherence. This is particularly relevant during pregnancy and early postpartum because pharmaokinetic changes in renal physiology.ObjectivesThe aim of this study is verify Medimate point-of-care method performance and systematically compare it with the routine laboratory measurement of lithium.MethodsThis cross-sectional method comparison study was conductec in the Unit of Perinatal Mental Health in the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona. Pearson and Bland-Altman analyses were performed to assess the accuracy, precision and correlation between the capillary electrophoresis technology (Medimate MiniLab) and the ion selective electrode (ISE) potentiometry method (AVL 9180).ResultsTwenty-five women with bipolar disorder in treatment with lithium during perinatal period were enrolled, corresponding to 75 blood specimens for analyses. Correlation (r), mean difference (bias), and 95% limit of agreement (LOA) of the point-of-care method [r=0.917; bias 0.0021 (95% LOA; 0.440, 0.619) mEq/L], showed that difference between ISE method and capillary electrophoresis technology was not statistically significant.ConclusionsConsidering the practicality, the microchip capillary electrophoresis technology provides a simple and highly affordable way of measuring lithium levels in a single drop of blood outside the clinical laboratory. The Medimate point-of-care system (POC) appears well adapted for the rapid and specific detection of lithium as an alternative to the current ISE procedure.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Farklı Cihazlarda İyon Seçici Elektrot (ISE) Yöntemi ile Ölçülen Sodyum, Potasyum ve Klor Sonuçlarının Kıyaslanması

Objective: The measurements of electrolytes are an indispensable part of the routine tests performed in clinical biochemistry laboratories. In the present study, we aimed to measure serum sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chlorine (Cl) electrolytes via the ion-selective electrode (ISE) method and evaluated in terms of linearity, precision, repeatability, and accuracy levels in the Mindray BS-800M and Beckman Coulter AU5800 devices.&#x0D; Material and methods: The serum samples were obtained from the healthy volunteers admitted to the Karapınar State Hospital for control purposes between January and April 2021. The sample probe was conducted using the same indirect method in the Mindray BS-800M and Beckman Coulter AU5800 devices, which is an individual sample probe for the ISE method.&#x0D; Results: While the comparative measurements were performed on different devices, the correlations between the electrolytes were found as follows: Na [r=0.964, 95% CI (0.52-0.90)], K [r=0.995, 95% CI (0.09-0.12)], and Cl [r=0.972, 95% CI (0.69-1.12)]. Moreover, a correlation was also found between these results.&#x0D; Conclusion: A consistency between the measured Na, K, and Cl electrolytes was determined on the different analyzers. Also, a positive correlation was determined between those electrolytes. We consider that further and comprehensive studies are needed to elucidate these results.

A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON HYPONATREMIA IN CHILDREN WITH THE LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS ADMITTED IN PICU

Objective: The present study has been undertaken to study hyponatremia in children with lower respiratory tract infections. The other objectives of the study were to evaluate the clinical and laboratory characteristics of children with hyponatremia and explore the relationship between hyponatremia and outcome about the duration of hospital stay and recovery/death. Methods: The study included children aged 2 months to 5 years who were referred to the PICU, GITAM Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Visakhapatnam from October 2018 to September 2019 with the lower respiratory tract infections were included in the study. A thorough clinical examination and detailed history have been completed and recorded into a prestructured pro forma. Hematological investigations have been done in all cases. Chest X-ray has been done in all cases to delineate the radiological features of LRTI. A venous blood sample was collected and sent to the biochemistry lab to evaluate serum sodium and was estimated by the ion-selective electrode method analyzed by the radiometer. Results: 872 children were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit during the study period. Among them, 100 children in the age group of 2 months to 5 years suffering from the lower respiratory tract infection were included in the study. Out of 100 cases of the lower respiratory tract infections, 59 cases were Pneumonia, and 41 cases were severe Pneumonia. Out of 100 cases, 68 cases accounting for 68% have normal sodium levels, 32 cases accounting to 32% had hyponatremia, and none had hypernatremia. Thus, third of the cases suffering from the lower respiratory tract infections had hyponatremia. The mean CRP in children with hyponatremia was 7.38 mg/dl, higher than children with normal sodium levels, that is, 2.30 mg/dl; this was also statistically significant (p&lt;0.001). All 32 cases of hyponatremia and 68 cases of normonatremia recovered and were discharged. There was no mortality. Conclusion: Children with hyponatremia had a longer duration of hospital stay. Serum sodium levels are an important biomarker and should be measured in all children hospitalized for the lower respiratory tract infections.

Reliability of an Ion-Selective Electrode as a Simple Diagnostic Tool for Mastitis.

Developing a simple quantitative tool for mastitis diagnosis is essential. The Ion-Selective Electrode for sodium has been reported to reliably measure sodium concentrations in human milk. To determine whether an Ion-Selective Electrode measurement of sodium:potassium ratios could serve as a diagnostic tool for mastitis and, if so, to determine the diagnostic cut-off value. A total of 107 milk samples, including 55 from milk bank donors and 52 from participants with mastitis, were studied. The sodium:potassium ratios were determined in 33 samples (without mastitis n = 15; with mastitis n = 18) by the Ion-Selective Electrode and ion chromatography. The remaining 74 samples (donor milk n = 40; participants with mastitis n = 34) were analyzed by Ion-Selective Electrode only. Values were averaged over three measurements for each method. The median postpartum months of donors and participants with mastitis were 2 and 3 months, respectively. The mean (SD) sodium:potassium ratios without and with mastitis were 0.5 (0.1) and 1.7 (1.2), respectively. A positive correlation existed between sodium:potassium ratios obtained from the two methods (r = 0.98). Area under the curve values were 0.951 (95% CI [0.904, 0.986]) for the Ion-Selective Electrode (N = 107) and 0.978 (95% CI [0.926, 1.000]) for the ion chromatography (n = 33) methods. The optimal cut-off value for the Ion-Selective Electrode method was 0.60, with 86.5% sensitivity and 92.7% specificity. The Ion-Selective Electrode was sufficiently accurate for the diagnosis of mastitis. Cohort studies are needed to explore the relationship between sodium:potassium ratios and clinical outcomes.

Prediction of ionized calcium concentration based on total calcium and protein levels in cattle and sheep.

Despite being important, there are no equations for prediction of ionized calcium (iCa) in sheep and cattle. The objectives of this study were i) to create equations for the calculation of serum iCa concentration based on the serum concentrations of total calcium (tCa), albumin (Alb) and total proteins (TP) and ii) to investigate whether predicted serum iCa values are beneficial in clinical practice. Serum samples from 30 sheep and 30 dairy cattle were used. Serum tCa was determined colorimetrically, while serum iCa was determined with an ion selective electrode method. Serum Alb and TP concentration were determined using bromo-cresol green and biuret methods, respectively. Ionized calcium was also calculated based on serum tCa, using regression analysis, and with two equations based on Alb and TP concentration. Bland-Altman plots were plotted to evaluate the agreement between measured and predicted iCa; Passing and Bablok (P - B) regression analysis was used to assess their agreement. The initial equations were corrected using the P - B generated equation and Bland - Altman plots were run to evaluate the level of agreement between measured and predicted iCa using the final equations. Six equations were finally created for cattle and 6 for sheep. The total bias exceeded 10.00% in all of them indicating that they are clinically unacceptable for iCa prediction especially when the predicted result is very close to the cut-off point of < 1.00 mmol L-1. So, it could be suggested that, when necessary, iCa concentration should be directly determined.

Estimation of fluoride uptake in soil and staple food crops produced in highly fluoridated and non-fluoridated regions of Raichur District, Karnataka.

A staple food crops have varied role in diet of people living in particular regions of world; hence, it is critical to recognize their productivity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to estimate fluoride concentration in staple food crops grown in highly fluoridated and non-fluoridated regions and its correlation with soil. Total 36 samples were collected of which 18 samples consisting of each three samples of rice, redgram and jowar were selected. Likewise 18 corresponding soil samples from both areas were collected. All samples were ashed for 4-6 hours at 550°C in muffle furnace. The samples were allowed to cool, after which 10 ml distilled water was added to each sample and fluoride concentration was determined using ion selective electrode method, before each sample analysis the instrument was standardized using fluoride containing TISAB (III) buffer solution. The data was tabulated and subjected to cross-sectional observational statistical analysis using SPSS software applying unpaired t-test and Pearson's test. The mean fluoride concentration in crops and soils were rice (0.79 ppm), redgram (4.26 ppm), jowar (8.8 ppm) and in soil of rice (1.23 ppm), redgram (1.23 ppm) and jowar (1.21 ppm) respectively in fluoridated area. Where as in non-fluoridated area rice (0.07 ppm), redgram (0.81 ppm), jowar (0.81 ppm) and in soil of rice (0.61 ppm), redgram (0.07 ppm) and jowar (0.52 ppm) respectively. The resultant correlation between staple food crops with their corresponding soils were found highly significant in both regions with P value <0.005; hence, crops in fluoridated region exhibited increased fluoride retention, whereas crops in non-fluoridated region had optimal fluoride levels. Fluoride concentration in food crops has strong correlation with their respective soils and water irrigation properties.

Aquaculture organic enrichment of marine sediments: assimilative capacity, geochemical indicators, variability, and impact classification

Benthic organic enrichment at 2 high-flow Atlantic salmon Salmo salar farms and at a low-flow mussel Mytilus edulis farm was studied to assess the capacity of local physical and biological processes to assimilate organic waste inputs. Geochemical metrics served as proxies for detecting potential biological effects. High-flow sites are generally predicted to assimilate organic enrichment by flow- and wave-induced waste dispersion and metabolic processes. However, a decrease in porewater dissolved oxygen was detected out to 100 m at the salmon farm with cohesive sediments and to approximately 1000 m outside the farm with permeable sediment. Sediment oxygen consumption was responsive to the vertical flux of organic matter, resulting in hypoxic conditions. An increase in total free sulfides (H2S + HS- + S2-) in porewater was restricted to the immediate vicinity of both salmon farms. Despite exhibiting a high degree of small-scale patchiness, benthic effects were greatest at the fish farms during the pre-harvest period, regardless of season. Natural organic enrichment at the mussel farm constrained the assimilative capacity for biodeposition, resulting in substantial free sulfide accumulation. Sediment free sulfide analysis at a wide array of fish and shellfish farms showed that the ion-selective electrode method that is widely prescribed for regulatory aquaculture monitoring gave biased readings relative to methylene blue colorimetry and direct UV spectrophotometry. The ecological quality status classification system was extended to include quantitative relationships between a wide range of geochemical and biological variables employed worldwide to monitor and regulate the effects of benthic organic enrichment.

Determination of Fluoride Content in Tea Leaves and Tea Water by Ion-Selective Electrode Method

Determination of Fluoride Content in Tea Leaves and Tea Water by Ion-Selective Electrode Method

Comparative between Ammonia Ion Selective Electrode and Dye Binding Method to study effect of Processing Methods on Protein Content of Plain Yogurt

In this study, two analytical methods were used to determinate the protein, the ammonia ion selective electrode method and dye binding method using orange G and the spectrophotometer at λmax 478 nm by determining the linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantitation of each. In comparison, the dye binding method was chosen for its accuracy, repeatability, sensitivity (LOD, LOQ) and speed of performance. After that, it was applied to samples of prepared plain yogurt to study effect of different properties (source, heat treatment and type) of used milk on protein content of plain yogurt.