Ion-selective Electrode Analysis Research Articles

Comparative Evaluation of Plasma Lipid Profile and Electrolytes in Diabetic and Non-Diabetic Individuals Attending Healthcare Checkup in Everight Laboratory in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar which poses a serious challenge to public health globally. The measurement of blood sugar levels, serum lipid profiles, and electrolytes are essential in determining one's vulnerability to developing diabetic-related complications such as cardiovascular diseases.
 Aim: This was a comparative cross-sectional study designed to assess the dyslipidemia and electrolyte imbalance status of diabetic individuals attending routine healthcare checkups in Everight Diagnostic and Laboratory Services Limited, Owerri branch, using plasma lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins and low-density lipoproteins) and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate) as markers.
 Methodology: A total of 120 participants consisting of 60 diabetics and 60 non-diabetic individuals were pooled for this study. From both groups, plasma samples upon centrifugation were used for the analyses of glucose, Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol using Erba XL-200 auto biochemistry analyzer, and plasma Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Chloride (Cl-), and Bicarbonate (HCO3-) using Audicom (AC9900) ion selective electrode (ISE) analyzer. Statistical analysis was carried out using version 20.0 and p- values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
 Results: The demographic characteristics of the study population show 53% women, 47% men, and average age of 51.28. The fasting plasma glucose level of diabetic subjects (175.96 ± 91.62 mg/dL) was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the non-diabetic group (99.54 ± 11.50 mg/dL). More so, there were significant differences (p<0.05) between levels of TC (212.9 ± 56.65 mg/dL), TG (165.61 ± 89.05 mg/dL), and LDL-C (130. 59 ± 47.18 mg/dL) amongst diabetic individuals when compared with the levels of TC (169.87 ± 33. 57 mg/dL), TG (98.14 ± 39.14 mg/dL), and LDL (100.57 ± 27.78 mg/dL) of non-diabetic participants. Conversely, there was no significant difference when the plasma levels of HDL-C (52.78 ± 19.10 mg/dL), Na+ (136.93 ± 3.14 mmol/L), K+ (4.11 ± 0.54 mmol/L), HCO3- (22.03 ± 4.66 mEq/L) and Cl- (101.09 ± 4.33 mmol/L) of test subjects were compared with that of control individuals HDL-C (53.46 ± 15.04 mg/dL), Na+ (137.11 ± 3.37 mmol/L), K+ (4.17 ± 0.45 mmol/L), HCO3- (22.27 ± 3.55 mEq/L) and Cl- (94.52 ± 10.78) (p>0.05).
 Conclusion: The results of our study shows significant alteration of fasting lipid parameters amongst diabetics. This suggests that diabetic individuals are associated with dyslipidaemia, which predisposes them to cardiovascular risks.

Impact of Time Delay in the Analysis of Serum Ionized Calcium, Sodium, and Potassium.

Introduction Delay in the analysis of serum electrolytes along with clot contact time can lead to difference in results significant enough to affect clinical decisions. This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of time lag between centrifugation and analysis on levels of serum sodium, potassium, and ionized calcium in a tertiary level health care set up. Materials and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 70 serum samples were analyzed for ionized calcium, sodium, and potassium under different conditions with respect to time lag and clot contact time. The analysis of ionized calcium was done on Eschweiler Combiline 2, a direct ion-selective electrode (ISE) analyzer. Serum sodium and potassium were analyzed on fully automated chemistry analyzer, which is an indirect ISE analyzer. The statistical analysis was done in IBM SPSS software version 21. Results The results for intergroup comparison with different time lag and clot contact time between all the four groups for sodium, potassium, and ionized calcium were statistically significant, as obtained by application of Kruskal-Wallis test. There was consistent decrease in the concentration of sodium and ionized calcium, and an increase in serum potassium with increased delay in analysis and clot contact time. Conclusion The accurate measurement of electrolytes is of paramount importance for the treatment and better prognosis of critically ill patients. This can be accomplished by better management of the preanalytical phase of analysis by maintaining a standard protocol in the laboratory and sample transportation.

Thiocyanate toxicity: a teaching case

Introduction: Thiocyanate can cause gastrointestinal, neurologic, and cardiovascular toxicity. Additionally, it interferes with multiple laboratory assays. We present a case of acute thiocyanate toxicity. Case: A 17-year-old female presented with an intentional thiocyanate ingestion. Her course was notable for delirium, wide complex tachycardia, and presumed seizure activity with concurrent lactatemia, acidemia, and narrowing of her arterio-venous oxygen gradient. She received lipid emulsion therapy (LET). While hemodialysis was considered, she recovered without additional treatment. After resolution of her critical illness, a serum cyanide concentration was 0.21 mcg/mL. She had laboratory testing notable for hyperchloremia, hypocalcemia, hypokalemia, and an elevated salicylate concentration attributed to interference by thiocyanate. The thiocyanate was eliminated via first-order kinetics with a half-life of 61.6 hours. Discussion: Thiocyanate poisoning may cause cardiac and neurologic toxicity. Laboratory evidence of impaired cellular respiration in this case suggests possible in vivo conversion to cyanide, however this is not proven. Cyanide antidotal treatment was not administered for this patient, however LET was given based on thiocyanate’s lipophilicity. Hemodialysis is known to effectively remove thiocyanate from the blood, however the patient improved without it. The patient’s laboratory derangements were due to thiocyanate interference with ion selective electrode and colorimetric analyzer technology. Conclusions: Thiocyanate can cause cardiac and neurologic toxicity, and interferes with several laboratory assays. Theoretically, LET and cyanide antidotal treatment may be useful, but this requires further investigation. Thiocyanate toxicity should be managed supportively, and hemodialysis may be used in severe cases.

In situ analysis of copper speciation during in vitro digestion: Differences between copper in drinking water and food

In recent years, the safety of copper in drinking water has increasingly been questioned. Copper speciation is an important factor that affects its bioavailability and toxicity; thus, it is critical to investigate the speciation of copper that is ingested from food and drinking water during in vitro digestion. After digestion, water- and food-derived copper formed 60 ± 4% 0.1–1 kDa and 49 ± 6% 10–1,000 kDa copper complexes, respectively. Under simulated fasting drinking water conditions, up to 90 ± 2% 0.1–1 kDa copper complexes formed. In addition, using ion selective electrode analysis, water-derived copper was detected that contained higher Cu2+ concentrations after digestion than those of food-derived copper. These results indicate that water-derived copper forms smaller-sized species and exhibits higher Cu2+ concentrations during digestion than those of food-derived copper, thereby highlighting the importance of reassessing the safety limit for copper in drinking water.

Patterns of Calcium- and Chloride-Ion Disorders and Predictors among Obese Outpatient Adults in Southern Ethiopia.

BackgroundObesity is a condition characterized by abnormal or excess accumulation of fat in body tissue, which may impair health and result in electrolyte derangement. Hypercalcemia and hypochloremia are significant problems in obese patients, and can cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Determination of patterns of calcium and chloride may play a major role in the management of obese patients. Therefore, this study aimed to determine calcium and chloride disorders and their predictors among obese adults in the outpatient department at Wolkite University Specialized Hospital, southern Ethiopia from May to August 2020.MethodsThis institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 250 obese adults attending the outpatient department from May to August 2020. Structured questionnaires through face-to-face interviews and participants’ medical records were used to collect information on determinants related to calcium- and chloride-ion disturbances. Levels of serum calcium and chloride were measured using an ion-selective electrode analyzer. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were done to identify determinants associated with calcium and chloride disorders. Using ORs and 95% CIs,P<0.05 was considered significant.ResultsAmong the 250 patients, 18% (95% CI 53.02–111) and 17.6% (95% CI 0.78–12) of study participants were hypochloremic and hypercalcemic, respectively. Age ≥50 years (AOR 3.58, 95% CI 2.57–11.10), diuretic use (AOR 2.35, 95% CI 1.31–4.23), and obesity (AOR, 6.82, 95% CI 2.26–14.62) were independent predictors of hypochloremia on multivariate logistic regression, and obesity (AOR 9.21, 95% CI 2.50–14.81), overweight (AOR 8.32, 95% CI 1.61–10.20) and physical inactivity (AOR 4.28, 95% CI 1.71–10.44) were predictors of hypercalcemia.ConclusionHigh burdens of hypochloremia (18%) and hypercalcemia (17.6%) were observed in these patients. Increased age, diuretic use, being overweight, and physical inactivity were predictors of electrolyte disorders. The findings of this study should be taken into consideration to implement preventive interventions on these predictors in obese patients. Promoting sufficient fruit and vegetable consumption and physical exercise and determination of serum-chloride and -calcium levels in adult overweight/obese patients are recommended to minimize the emergence of electrolyte disorders.

Effect of the polishing procedure and surface sealant application on fluoride release

Objective: This study aimed to assess the effect of the polishing procedure and surface sealant application on the fluoride release of restorative materials. Material and Methods: The groups were consisted of using five different restorative materials were employed: Beautifil II, GCP Glass Fill, Amalgomer CR, Zirconomer and Fuji IX GP. 30 disk-shaped specimens (8x2 mm) were prepared from each material. Each group was subdivided into three groups considering finishing procedures: Mylar strip, polishing with Super-Snap discs, G-Coat Plus application after polishing with Super-Snap discs. The amount of fluoride released into distilled water was measured using a fluoride ion-selective electrode and ion analyzer after 24 hours, followed by measurement on days 3, 7, 15, 21, and 28. Surface analysis of the materials was performed with SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy). The data were statistically analyzed using two-way repeated measure ANOVA and LSD test (p=0.05). Results: The highest amount of fluoride released was measured after the first 24 h for all materials. Beautifil II released less fluoride than other materials in all measurement periods (p&lt;0.05). After polishing, the amount of fluoride released from all materials except Beautifil II increased (p&lt;0.05). The application of G-Coat Plus did not impact the amount of fluoride release of any materials (p&gt;0.05). EDS analysis showed the most percentage of oxygen in all materials. Conclusion: The polishing procedure might induce an increase in fluoride release of glass ionomer-based materials, and the application of G-Coat Plus cannot affect the amount of fluoride release. Keywords Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy; Fluoride; Glass ionomer cement.

Characterization of the key taste compounds during bread oral processing by instrumental analysis and dynamic sensory evaluation

The process of taste release and perception during chewing bread was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography and sodium ion-selective electrode analysis combined with dynamic sensory evaluation. The result of the dynamic quantitative descriptive analysis and temporal dominance of sensation elucidated that sour, salty, and sweet tastes were significantly (P < 0.05) changed during oral processing. The salty taste was the dominant taste at the initial stage of chewing, whereas the sweet taste took the dominant place after 7 s. Seventeen taste-active compounds with the taste activity value more than 1 were identified. According to partial least squares regression analysis, 9 taste compounds were detected as the potent taste compounds contributing to changes in the taste perception during bread oral processing. Malic acid, succinic acid, sodium chloride, valine, and sucrose were confirmed as the key taste compounds contributing to bread oral processing through addition experiments. Malic acid had a stronger enhancing ability of sour and salty perception than succinic acid but weaker inhibition ability to decrease sweet perception than succinic acid.

Evaluation of Protective and Therapeutic Potentials of Aqueous Extract of Corn Silk on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Albino Rats

Aim: To evaluate the protective and therapeutic potentials of corn silk extract on gentamicin (CN)-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats.&#x0D; Study Design: The rats were randomly selected and grouped as follows: Group 1 (NC): Were given only food and water. They served as negative control. Group 2 (PC): Were treated with 80 mg/kg/day of CN over a period of 7 days. They served as the positive control. Protective Treatment: Group 3a (CN+CSP 200 mg/kg): Concurrently treated with 200 mg/kg corn silk extract and 80 mg/kg/day of CN for 7 days. 200 mg/kg corn silk extract continued for 30 days. Group 3b (CN+CSP 400 mg/kg): Concurrently treated with 400 mg/kg corn silk extract and 80 mg/kg of CN for seven days. 400 mg/kg corn silk extract continued for 30 days. Therapeutic treatment: Group 4a (CN+CST 200 mg/kg): Induction of nephrotoxicity with 80 mg/kg/day of CN for seven days before the administration of 200 mg/kg of corn silk extract for 30 days. Group 4b (CN+CST 400 mg/kg): Induction of nephrotoxicity with 80 mg/kg/day of CN for 7 days before the administration of 400 mg/kg of corn silk extract for 30 days.&#x0D; Methodology: At the end of the treatment, the animals were allowed to fast for 18 hours and later anaesthetized using chloroform. Whole blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture and put into lithium heparin bottles. The samples were then spun at 3500 rpm for 5 minutes to obtain plasma. Kidney specimens harvested were fixed in 10% formol saline. Sections were prepared using histological techniques and stained using Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. Urea was analysed using Berthelot’s enzymatic colorimetric method, creatinine using Jaffe’s enzyme-kinetic method while the estimation of Na+, K+, and Cl- were performed using Ion Selective Electrode (ISE) analyzer.&#x0D; Results: Significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) values of creatinine and urea were seen in protective and therapeutic treatment groups when compared against positive control. Potassium indicated significantly lower values especially in the therapeutic groups when compared against negative control while chloride indicated significantly higher values in 400 mg/kg rats compared with positive control at p&lt;0.05. Histology of the protective treatment groups showed slightly distorted glomerular space, vacuolations, and dilated proximal and distal tubules. The positive control and the therapeutic treatment groups indicated severely damaged glomerulus, glomerular space, proximal and distal tubules as well as loss of parenchymal materials and presence of kupffer cell infiltration were seen but less severe in the therapeutic group compared to the positive control.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results obtained suggest protective and therapeutic potentials of corn silk extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. However, the therapeutic efficacy was progressively gradual and not be fast-effective as documented in most traditional or herbal literatures.

Changes in salivary electrolyte concentrations in mid-distance trained sled dogs during 12 weeks of incremental conditioning.

Regular exercise improves the health status of dogs; however, extreme exertion in the absence of adequate fluid and electrolyte replacement may negatively impact health and performance due to dehydration and cardiovascular stress. Unlike humans and horses, dogs thermoregulate predominantly through respiration and salivation, yet there is a dearth of literature defining exercise‐induced changes to canine salivary electrolytes. The study objective was to investigate the effects of exercise on salivary electrolyte concentrations, and to determine if adaptations may occur in response to incremental conditioning in client‐owned Siberian Huskies. Sixteen dogs were used, with an average age of 4.8 ± 2.5 years and body weight of 24.3 ± 4.3 kg. A 12‐week exercise regimen was designed to increase in distance each week, but weather played a role in setting the daily distance. Saliva samples were collected at weeks 0 (pre‐run, 5.7 km), 5 (pre‐run, 5.7, 39.0 km), and 11 (pre‐run, 5.7, 39.0 km). Samples were analyzed for sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous using photometric and indirect ion‐selective electrode analysis. When compared across weeks, sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium concentrations did not differ at any sampling time point; however, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations increased from baseline. Data were then pooled across weeks to evaluate changes due to distance and level of conditioning. Sodium, chloride, and magnesium concentrations increased progressively with distance ran, suggesting that these electrolytes are primarily being lost as exercising dogs salivate. Repletion of these minerals may assist in preventing exercise‐induced electrolyte imbalance in physically active dogs.

246 Salivary electrolyte turnover in mid-distance trained sled dogs during 12 weeks of incremental conditioning

Abstract Regular exercise improves the health status of dogs; however, extreme exertion in the absence of adequate fluid and electrolyte replacement may decrease performance due to dehydration and cardiovascular stress. Unlike humans and horses, exercising dogs thermoregulate predominantly through respiratory and salivary losses, yet there is limited literature defining changes due to exercise in canine salivary electrolytes. The objective was to investigate the effects of a stepwise exercise regimen on salivary electrolyte concentrations in sled dogs. A training regimen was implemented whereby exercise intensity and duration increased incrementally over 12 weeks and was only altered due to inclement weather. Using sterile gauze and forceps, saliva samples were collected from 16 client owned Siberian Huskies at week-0 (pre-run, post-5.7km-run), week-6 (pre-run, 5.7km, post-39km-run), week-12 (pre-run, 5.7km, post-39km-run). Samples were analyzed for sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorous using photometric and indirect ion-selective electrode analysis. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS (v.9.4; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Means were separated using the Tukey adjustment. When compared across weeks, sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium did not differ at any sampling time point. Throughout the 12 weeks, pre-run and 5.7km phosphorus, and 5.7 and 39km magnesium had increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Data were then pooled to evaluate changes due to run distance. Pre-run calcium and phosphorus was higher than at 5.7 and 39km (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Magnesium at 39km was greater than 5.7km, and at 5.7km was greater than pre-run (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Pre-run sodium was lower than at 5.7 and 39km (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Chloride at 5.7km was similar to pre-run and 39km, and at 39km was greater than pre-run (P &amp;lt; 0.05). These data suggest that as dogs become conditioned, they do not employ mechanisms to conserve salivary electrolytes, and that an electrolyte supplement with magnesium, sodium and chloride could be beneficial for sporting dogs.

Simple Determination of Silver Nanoparticles Concentration as Ag+ by Using ISE as Potential Alternative to ICP Optical Emission Spectrometry

AbstractThe inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) is a high resolution spectroscopic technique based on the emission intensity at specific wavelengths of a given element within the sample to obtain both qualitative and quantitative information about ions concentration in aqueous solution. The concentration of Ag+ in aqueous solution from negatively charged silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has been determined by ion selective electrode (ISE) analysis at room temperature. The tested AgNPs solutions have been electrochemically prepared without using any coating agent. The obtained data have been compared to those obtained from the same samples by using ICP‐OES. The good correlation between the two techniques highlights that ISE could be successfully applied as valid alternative to ICP‐OES to determine the silver ion concentration in the investigated conditions. High level of reproducibility, accurate measurements and affordability represent the main advantages of the method described herein.

Uncertainty budget for the ion chromatographic determination of fluoride and chloride in nuclear grade boron carbide and elemental boron employing ultrasound-assisted dispersive solid–liquid extraction

A simple, rapid, and accurate method for the determination of trace level anionic impurities of fluoride and chloride in nuclear grade boron carbide and elemental boron is presented. The method involves ultrasound assisted dispersive solid–liquid extraction (UA-SLE) of fluoride and chloride from sample matrix, followed by determination of the analytes using ion exchange chromatography in suppressed conductivity mode. A Dionex IonPac AS11-HC anion exchange analytical column connected in series with an IonPac AG11-HC guard column has been employed for fluoride and chloride separation with 15 mM NaOH as the eluent. The limit of detection for fluoride and chloride is 1.0 and 2.0 µg g−1, respectively, and the relative standard deviation is 4% for the method. The present analytical method has a higher throughput. The recovery of added anions was in the range of 93–105%. The method was validated using ASTM method of pyrohydrolysis and ion selective electrode analysis. The method developed, eliminated the use of chemical reagents required in the case of regular sample pretreatment procedures. An uncertainty budget is presented for analysis using bottom up approach. Major contributor to the combined uncertainty was found to be the calibration intercept and instrumental response in the case of fluoride and chloride, respectively.

Control of the colloidal depletion force in nonionic polymer solutions by complexation with anionic surfactants

HypothesisCharge, size and concentration of depletants control the magnitude and range of depletion and structural forces. Noncovalent association of nonionic polymers with ionic surfactants may therefore synergistically enhance these forces to an extent that depends on the structure and composition of the resulting complexes. ExperimentsForces were measured between a silica sphere and a silica plate in solutions of Pluronic F108 nonionic poly(ethylene oxide – block – propylene oxide – block – ethylene oxide) triblock copolymers and anionic sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) surfactants using colloidal probe atomic force microscopy as a function of polymer, surfactant and NaCl background electrolyte concentrations. Trends in the magnitudes of the depletion attraction minimum and the first repulsive maximum in the oscillatory structural force were interpreted with the aid of pyrene solubilization assays, sodium ion-selective electrode analysis, and dynamic light scattering measurements that characterized the formation, charge, and hydrodynamic radius of F108/SDS complexes respectively. FindingsSynergistic enhancement of the depletion force and first repulsive maximum occurred within a finite range of SDS concentrations, to an extent that depended on F108 and NaCl concentrations. This was due mainly to charging of F108/SDS complexes. Size effects were important at low NaCl concentration. Forces measured above the synergistic SDS concentration range were indistinguishable from those in polymer-free SDS solutions due to the appearance of excess unbound SDS micelles.

A comparative evaluation of lithium estimation for samples collected in different tubes and its stability on storage.

PURPOSE:Lithium (Li) is a well-established drug for the treatment of bipolar affective disorders. Li as a drug is known to possess a narrow therapeutic index. Thus, regular monitoring of blood Li in patients receiving Li therapy is essential. Plain tubes with clot activator are known to interfere with Li estimation. The current study was planned to compare Li estimation in sera from vacutainers with clot activator, and plasma from sodium heparinized vacutainers with that of Li estimation in sera from glass vials. The time-dependant stability of Li estimation on storage at 2°C–8°C for 48 h in these three set of tubes was also evaluated.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Blood from the patients on Li therapy (n = 100) was collected in 3 different collection tubes: plain vacutainer with clot activator (S), Sodium heparinized vacutainer (P) and Glass vial (G) and was analyzed by ion selective electrode (ISE) analyzer for Li levels. Secondary aliquots were also taken from each type of collection tube and stored at 2°C–8°C. Time-dependant stability of Li estimation was checked at 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h. ANOVA followed by Tukey's posttest was performed to calculate statistical significance taking glass vial as reference collection tube. Bland–Altman plots were plotted to compare between three collection tubes at baseline. Stability on storage was defined when >95% of the samples were within allowable error limit for that time point taking baseline levels as reference.RESULTS:A mean bias of 0.18 mmol/L and mean percentage bias of 19.9% in Li levels was observed between serum from (S) than serum from (G). This difference was found to be statistically significant. However, statistically nonsignificant mean bias of 0.02 mmol/L and mean percentage bias of 3.34% in Li levels was observed between plasma from (P) and serum from (G). Time-dependant stability was observed more in glass vials as compared to vacutainers with clot activator or sodium heparin.CONCLUSION:Serum from glass vial should be the preferred method for blood collection to determine Li levels.

Influence of Additives on Bath Analysis in Aluminum Electrolysis

In this study, the phase compositions of a solid cryolitic electrolyte based on the Na3AlF6-AlF3-KF-LiF-CaF2-Al2O3 system have been investigated. Using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and fluoride ion selective electrode analysis (FISEA) techniques, the molar ratio of NaF-AlF3 of the cryolitic electrolyte has been determined. The influence of the acidity of the additive electrolytes on the phase compositions of the cryolitic electrolyte has been discussed to gain fundamental insights into understanding the role of additives in such systems. Moreover, an improved XRD-based industrial bath analysis method has been introduced to analyze the composition of the complex cryolitic electrolytes. Finally, based on these results, a new equation has been derived that can be used for FISEA to complement such composition analyses.

Blood Na+/K+ and Cl- Levels of Hyperglycemic Rats Administered with Traditional Herbal Formulations

Background/Aim: The present study investigated alterations in blood Na + /K + and Cl levels of alloxan-induced hyperglycemic rats (HyGR) administered with single and combinatorial herbal formulations of leaf extracts of Acanthus montanus, Emilia coccinea, Hibiscus rosa sinensis and Asystasia gangetica. Materials and Methods: Serum electrolytes concentrations were measured using the ion selective electrode analyzer. Results: Serum Na + concentration (SNC) of the untreated HyGR (DIAB group) was significantly (p 0.05) from those treated with SHf. Also, SCC of HyGR treated with triple herbal formulations (THf) was not significantly different (p>0.05) from HyGR treated with double herbal formulations (DHf), THf and quadruple herbal formulation (QHf). SNC exhibited a strong positive correlation with SCC (r=0.703231543). Conversely, SNC versus SKC (r=0.386096385) and SKC versus SCC (r=0.454718488) gave weak positive correlations. Conclusion: The present study showed that the various herbal formulations, in the present form, exhibited varied limited capabilities but substantial potentials to reversing altered blood electrolytes levels of HyGR within the 30day treatment. Furthermore, definitive blood Na + /K + and Cl levels could be of diagnostic relevance in the course of management and treatment of DM.

The adsorbing effect of calcined layered double hydroxide for chloride ions in simulated concrete pore solutions

The adsorbing effect of calcined layered double hydroxide (CLDH) for chloride ions in simulated concrete pore (SCP) solutions was investigated with the potentiodynamic polarization method, impedance measurement, ion selective electrode analysis and XRD. CLDH could effectively adsorb Cl− and increase pH value in SCP solutions containing NaCl. The chloride to hydroxyl ions ratio ([Cl−]/[OH−]) of the solution greatly decreased by CLDH treatment. In CLDH treated SCP solution with Cl−, the pitting potential of carbon steel notably increased, and the surface impedance was much higher, indicating strengthened passivation. The process of CLDH adsorbing chloride ions from SCP solutions was accompanied with the reconstruction of the layered structure.

Effect of magnesium ion incorporation on the thermal stability, dissolution behavior and bioactivity in Bioglass-derived glasses

There is a strong discrepancy in the literature regarding the effect of magnesium on bioactive glasses. Hence the present study is focused on the physical and chemical behavior of the “golden standard” 45S5 glass and magnesium-containing bioactive glasses developed here to evaluate their reactivity and in vitro bioactivity. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of CaO replacement by MgO, especially its effect on the rate of formation of the apatite-like layer at the glass surface, the reaction kinetics between the glasses and simulated body fluid (SBF-K9) and on the glass stability against devitrification during heating. Five melt-derived bioactive glasses of the system 24.3Na2O–26.9(xCaO−(1−x)MgO)–46.3SiO2–2.5P2O5 (x=1; 0.875; 0.75; 0.625 and 0.5) were synthesized with CaO progressively replaced by MgO. Their thermal stability on heating was characterized by DSC analysis. Their degradation and ability to form an apatite-like layer were evaluated through in vitro tests by immersion in SBF-K9; FTIR, ion selective electrode analysis and by solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Our results indicate that magnesium plays an important role in the stability of this glass family, defined as the difference between the glass transition temperature Tg and crystallization temperature Tx. The lower Tg observed in the MgO-rich glasses and insignificantly changed solubilities, as well as the 29Si NMR results suggest that in this glass system MgO does not act as a network intermediate or former oxide, but as network modifier, as we expected. Dissolution kinetics, FTIR, and solid state 31P and 1H MAS-NMR consistently indicate that partial replacement of CaO by MgO in the bioglass does not influence the rate at which the initial amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) layer is precipitated when the glass is exposed to SBF. In contrast it greatly reduces the rate of conversion of this precursor phase to the crystalline hydroxycarbonate apatite (HCA)-layer.

토양 및 고체시료 중 불소함량 측정기법

Current status of soil contamination with fluorine and its source were investigated. The basic principles and procedures of various techniques for the analysis of fluorine contents in soil and solid phase samples were summarized in this review. Analysis of fluorine in solid matrices can be achieved by two types of techniques: (i) UV/Vis spectrophotometer or ion selective electrode (ISE) analysis after performing appropriate extraction steps and (ii) direct solid analysis. As the former cases, the standard method of Korean ministry of environment, alkali fusion-ISE method, pyrohydrolysis, oxygen bomb combustion, aqua regia digestion-automatic analysis, and sequential extraction-ISE method were introduced. In addition, direct analysis methods (i.e., X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and proton induced gamma-ray emission spectrometry) and atomic spectrometry combining with the equipment for introducing solid phase sample were also reviewed. Fluorine analysis techniques can be reasonably selected through site-specific information such as matrix condition, contamination level, the amount of samples and the principles of various methods for the analysis of fluorine presented in this review.

Corrosion behavior of steel in simulated concrete pore solutions treated with calcium silicate hydrates

Corrosion behavior of steel in simulated concrete pore solutions treated with calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) was studied with the methods of ion selective electrode analysis, potentiodynamic polarization and impedance measurement. The results indicate that C–S–H could effectively adsorb chloride ions and decrease chloride content in simulated concrete pore solution. But the effects of C–S–H addition on pore solutions of different pH values are different. For pore solutions with pH12.5 and 11.9, the pH values decrease after C–S–H treatment, and pitting potential Epit and polarization resistance Rp of the steel decline. While for pore solutions with pH10, 9.7 and 9.3, after C–S–H treatment the pH values increase, and both the Epit and Rp of the steel arise. The related mechanisms are preliminarily discussed.