Chloride Research Articles

Fracture behavior and mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites exposed to long-term sulfate and chloride environments

The fracture properties of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) exposed to dry-wet cycles in sulfate and sulfate-chloride solutions were studied by three-point bending (TPB) beams at the corrosion periods of 0, 30, 90, 130, 180, 270, and 360 days. The digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to understand the whole fracture process. The fracture toughness and fracture energy were calculated using the proposed method, and the evolution of the horizontal strain field, displacement field, and fracture process zone (FPZ) were investigated. Meanwhile, the compressive and tensile performance of the specimens at the same corrosion periods were analyzed. The results showed that (1) Compared to water immersion, the environments of sulfate and sulfate-chloride were beneficial in improving the compressive and tensile strength, and weakening the tensile ductility. (2) With increasing the corrosion time, the evolution of the unstable fracture toughness can be distinguished into three phases: a stable phase, an increasing phase, and a rapidly decreasing phase, and the initial fracture toughness followed an increasing and then decreasing trend. The fracture energy initially decreased and tended to stabilize after 130 days. (3) By using DIC technology, as the corrosion time increased, the horizontal opening displacement at the notch tip showed a decreasing trend and stabilized after 90 days generally. The fracture path determined through horizontal displacement was well matched with the macrocrack trajectory. (4) The addition of chloride ions helped to improve the mechanical properties of ECC under long-term corrosion, such as compressive strength, unstable fracture toughness, fracture energy, and opening displacement at the notch tip. Compare to concrete, ECC exhibited greater resistance to sulfate corrosion.

Experimental study on the effect of preinhibition pressure on the inhibition of coal spontaneous combustion

A pressurized inhibition method is proposed based on the pre-inhibition process to study the inhibition law and mechanism of the pre-inhibition pressure on the coal spontaneous combustion, with a purpose of enhancing the inhibiting effect of chloride salt inhibitors. In this work, inhibited coal samples were prepared by immersing raw coal in high-temperature and high-pressure reactor at 1 MPa, 2 MPa, 3 MPa, 4 MPa, and 5 MPa, respectively, using MgCl2 solution with a mass concentration of 20 %. The variation rules of the characteristic parameters, such as the indicator gas concentration, inhibition rate, surface microscopic morphology, and reactive groups, of various coal samples with the elevation of the pre-inhibition pressure were investigated using the programmed temperature-raising oxidation system, infrared spectroscopy, and SEM. It was found that the pre-inhibition pressure was in the range of 1–4 MPa, and with the increase of pre-inhibition pressure, the gas-producing concentration and the content of active groups of coal decreased, and the inhibition rate increased significantly. Increasing the pre-inhibition pressure can significantly improve the inhibition effect, and the optimum pre-inhibition pressure is 4 MPa. Continuing to increase the pre-inhibition pressure will destroy the pore structure of the coal and reduce the inhibition effect.

Effect of chloride ion corrosion on the microstructure of multiple interfaces of alkali-activated GGBS/FA based recycled concrete

In this paper, the resistance to chloride ion permeability of multiple interfaces in alkali-activated slag/fly ash (GGBS/FA) based full recycled concrete was investigated using the immersion method. In order to objectively and accurately reflect the microhardness and width of the interface transition zone (ITZ), box plots were used to process the measured point data. The results indicated that the microhardness of the interface was significantly lower than that of the matrix. The microhardness of the old aggregate interface (ITZOA-OM), the new aggregate interface (ITZOA-NM) and the new mortar interface (ITZOM-NM) all decreased to varying degrees with the extension of the immersion ages, but remained higher than that of the uneroded specimens. Chloride ions penetrated into ITZOA-OM and reacted with a large amount of enriched Ca (OH)2 to form an expansive composite salt (CaCl2.Ca(OH)2.H2O), which improved the microstructure of the ITZ, increased the microhardness and decreased the width of the ITZ. The dense structure of ITZOA-NM and ITZOM-NM inhibited the migration of chloride ions to a certain extent. leading to minimal changes in the width and microhardness of the ITZ. The micro mechanisms of chloride ion penetration resistance at the interfaces of alkali-activated GGBS/FA-based recycled concrete were investigated using BSE and EDS. More reaction products were generated at the interfaces after chloride ion erosion, and the newly generated substances continuously filled the microcracks, resulting in a more uniform bond at the interfaces. This contributed to the improvement of the microstructure and the resistance to chloride ion penetration of alkali-activated GGBS/FA based recycled concrete.

The degradation of 8 PPCPs in UV/chlorine: Effect of chloride and sulfate ions and the role of radicals

The degradation of 8 structurally diverse pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) by UV/chlorine and the effects of Cl- and SO42- were systematically investigated. The 8 PPCPs are divided into 2 groups based on their stability under UV light. This is the first time the kinetic degradation of the 8 PPCPs in the presence of Cl- and SO42- have been intensively evaluated. The results showed that the high degradation rate of the PPCPs is attributed to their second-order rate constants towards radicals (i.e., •OH, and reactive chlorine species (RCS)). 0–500 mM Cl- enhanced kPPCPs, while this range of SO42- inhibited most of them (except in the case of ciprofloxacin (CIP)). An overview of the effect of 0–200 mM Cl-/SO42- on the degradation of micropollutants by different UV-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) in previous studies indicates that Cl-/SO42- can cause varying effects on the degradation rate of pollutants (i.e., “increase”, “decrease”, or “no effect”), depending on the type of pollutant and the process. Cl-/SO42- did not change the trend of pH influence on the PPCPs degradation rates by UV/chlorine. Acidic and neutral conditions were favorable to the degradation of the PPCPs in all cases. Under three operating conditions (i.e., the control process, 500 mM Cl- and SO42-), [•OH]ss decreased considerably, but [Cl•]ss or ([Cl•]ss + [SO4•-]ss) slightly fluctuated when the pH was increased from 2.5 to 10.5. The synergistic effect of seawater and Cl-/SO42- significantly improved some kPPCPs, thereby, decreasing energy consumption.

Comparative electrochemical and thermodynamic study of cold-rolled steel, Al alloy AA5754, and Zn corrosion in fluoride and chloride solutions

This study investigates the effects of fluoride and chloride ions on the corrosion of cold-rolled steel, aluminium alloy AA5754, and zinc, using ammonium bicarbonate as a buffer at pH 4 and compares electrochemical findings with thermodynamic calculations of E-pH diagrams. The distinct electrochemical behaviours of fluoride and chloride ions were confirmed, with fluoride-induced corrosion leading to the significant complex formation on cold-rolled steel and AA5754, the latter leading to a narrowing of the Al passive region. However, a comprehensive analysis of all ionic species in the solution (F−, Cl−, NH4+ and HCO3−) and their complex equilibria reveals that zinc's corrosion is primarily influenced by the overall ionic strength of the solution and further complexation with the buffering agent at higher pH levels, should these conditions occur during corrosion. In addition, this analysis also highlights the subtle differences in the stabilization effects of open circuit potential on cold-rolled steel and AA5754. The results underscore the importance of considering the overall solution equilibrium in thermodynamic analyses and provide a foundation for further research on the role of F- and Cl- ions in zirconium conversion coatings.

Does Sn2+ play well with Zn2+ as their molten chloride salts react with Cr–Al–B MAB phase?

Novel Zn-MAX phases like Ti2ZnC were synthesized in the literature by the reaction between Lewis acid salts like ZnCl2 and the MAX phase. The interactions between the Cr–Al–B MAB phase contained in the PLS coating formed during HDA of Fe–Cr–B cast steel and five types of molten chloride salts (ZnCl2 and SnCl2) were investigated. The results showed that the Cr-(Al, Zn)–B and Cr-(Al, Sn)–B MAB phase solid solution were formed as the PLS coating reacted with the molten ZnCl2 and SnCl2, respectively, through topochemical reaction. Zn and Sn could not coexist in the A-site Cr–Al–B MAB phase solid solution, and the replacement ability of Sn2+ contained in molten salt was much stronger than that of Zn2+. Zn and Sn whiskers could spontaneously grow on the Cr-(Al, Zn)–B and Cr-(Al, Sn)–B MAB phase solid solution respectively.

Analisis Uji Kuat Tekan Beton pada Campuran Air Payau Desa Tellumpanua Kecamatan Suppa

Increased economic growth in the city of Parepare with the presence of buildings around the estuary. In general, the composition of concrete making materials is taken from good materials. The problem encountered in the field is that the quality of concrete in construction decreases due to brackish water, causing structural elements in the construction to become porous. Meanwhile, preventive measures are rarely or never taken. As a result, the construction life is very short. Brackish water is one of the causes of structural failure. This is due to the content of sulfate and chloride ions in water containing salt/salts that react with chemical elements in reinforcing steel resulting in corrosion of the reinforcement. The purpose of the study was to analyse the compressive strength of concrete with a mixture of clean water against the percentage of brackish water with a maintenance age of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results showed that brackish water had an impact on reducing the compressive strength of concrete due to the high chemical content in brackish water such as Sulfate (SO²¯) of 52.5 in brackish water in Kenjeran and 62.5 in brackish water in mangrove. Dissolved Solids (TDS) of 15188 mg/l in kenjeran brackish water and 3436 mg/l in mangrove brackish water. Organic Content (KMnO) of 8.05 mg/l in kenjeran brackish water and 6.69 mg/l in mangrove brackish water is too high, so the chemical content contained in brackish water can damage the compounds in the cement content and decrease the strength of the materials contained in the concrete. In this case it can result in concrete having a very low durability.

Canola (Brassica napus) enhances sodium chloride and sodium ion tolerance by maintaining ion homeostasis, higher antioxidant enzyme activity and photosynthetic capacity fluorescence parameters.

Under salt stress, plants are forced to take up and accumulate large amounts of sodium (Na+ ) and chloride (Cl- ). Although most studies have focused on the toxic effects of Na+ on plants, Cl- stress is also very important. This study aimed to clarify physiological mechanisms underpinning growth contrasts in canola varieties with different salt tolerance. In hydroponic experiments, 150mM Na+ , Cl- and NaCl were applied to salt-tolerant and sensitive canola varieties. Both NaCl and Na+ treatments inhibited seedling growth. NaCl caused the strongest damage to both canola varieties, and stress damage was more severe at high concentrations of Na+ than Cl- . High Cl- promoted the uptake of ions (potassium K+ , calcium Ca2+ ) and induced antioxidant defence. Salt-tolerant varieties were able to mitigate ion toxicity by maintaining lower Na+ content in the root system for a short period of time, and elevating magnesium Mg2+ content, Mg2+ /Na+ ratio, and antioxidant enzyme activity to improve photosynthetic capacity. They subsequently re-established new K+ /Na+ and Ca2+ /Na+ balances to improve their salt tolerance. High concentrations of Cl salts caused less damage to seedlings than NaCl and Na salts, and Cl- also had a positive role in inducing oxidative stress and responsive antioxidant defence in the short term.

Interlayer-spacing regulation of NiFe LDH nanosheets cathode with high rate performance for chloride ion battery

Chloride ion batteries (CIBs) possess the multiple advantages of high theoretical volumetric energy density, abundant precursor resources and high safety due to the dendrit-free characteristic, which provide more choices and opportunities for electrochemical energy storage. In this work, NiFe LDH nanosheets with different interlayer spacing are prepared using a simple co-precipitation method with the interlayer spacing of LDH nanosheets extended from 7.695 Å to 24.114 Å. Expanding interlayer space of LDHs nanoplates helps to the promote ion diffusion and enhance their action kinetics. Additionally, the increased oleophobicity between NiFe LDH nanosheets cathode with increased interlayer spacing and solvent PC is beneficial for the structural stability of the materials during cycling. Compared with typical chloride ion-intercalated NiFe LDH nanosheets, the NiFe-C17H25O3 LDH with the maximum interlayer spacing demonstrates a performance improvement of about 213 % (with a discharge specific capacity of 64.2 mAh/g after 200 cycles) at high current density and good rate performance. This work provides a simple and effective interlayer spacing control strategy for the design of CIBs cathodes under high current density.

Di-chloridotetra-kis-(3-meth-oxy-aniline)nickel(II).

The reaction of nickel(II) chloride with 3-meth-oxy-aniline yielded di-chlorido-tetra-kis-(3-meth-oxy-aniline)nickel(II), [NiCl2(C7H9NO)4], as yellow crystals. The NiII ion is pseudo-octa-hedral with the chloride ions trans to each other. The four 3-meth-oxy-aniline ligands differ primarily due to different conformations about the Ni-N bond, which also affect the hydrogen bonding. Inter-molecular N-H⋯ Cl hydrogen bonds and short Cl⋯Cl contacts between mol-ecules link them into chains parallel to the b axis.

Preparation and properties of ultra-high performance concrete incorporation multi-mineral admixtures

Abstract The impact of multi-mineral admixtures on the sturdiness of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). In this study on the premise that multi-mineral admixtures can be utilized in UHPC, we optimized the percentage of three admixtures(limestone powder,slag, and pumice powder) that can replace cement using the Box-Behken design response surface method, and prepared UHPC specimens with multi-mineral admixtures. The rationality of the multi-mineral admixtures approach proposed in this study was confirmed by characterizing the mechanical properties and porosity of the prepared specimens. Durability was also investigated through relevant tests. The results showed that the porosity of the prepared UHPC decreased by 49.4%, the mechanical properties improved by 14.7%, the self-shrinkage and drying shrinkage decreased by 9.8% and 6.2%, respectively, and the volume stability improved. Moreover the resistance to sulfate dry-wet cycling, chloride ion permeation, and carbonization improved significantly. This study, thus, demonstrates a new type of multi-mineral admixture for UHPC with excellent mechanical properties and durability.

INFLUENCE OF SODIUM CHLORIDE MODIFIER ON THE PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM-SILICON ALLOY

Solidification of aluminium-silicon alloy produces coarse eutectic microstructures consisting of large and brittle plates in aluminium matrix. This result lowers the mechanical properties of alloy. Chemical modification was applied to improve the properties of aluminum-silicon (Al-Si) alloy. The Aluminium-silicon alloy was developed and modified with sodium chloride salt using sand casting technique. The amount of salt used was calculated stoichiometrically. The percentage variation of sodium content in sodium chloride was 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.015%. Aluminium ingot, aluminum-silicon ligand and magnesium metal were melted in the furnace at varying temperatures (750oC, 800oC and 850oC) to form the hypoeutectic alloy conforming to AA354 alloy. The modified salt was introduced into the molten metal, mixed and then cast into molds. The cast samples were subjected to Characterization such as microstructural analysis, X-Ray Defraction and thermal conductivity analysis and mechanical properties such as tensile, impact and hardness tests. The X-Ray Diffractometer analysis was conducted on the cast sample to determine the grain refinement and the crystallinity of the modified alloy. The microstructure revealed the brake down. The tensile strength of the unmodified alloy was 80.54MPa. The addition of sodium chloride was discovered to have increased the tensile strength to 189.51MPa. The hardness value increased from 60.87HRB for the unmodified to 82.1HRB for sodium chloride modified alloy. The impact strength of the alloy decreased from 2.03J for the unmodified alloy to1.68J for the modified alloy. The modifying salt (NaCl) changed the eutectic structure of the aluminium-silicon alloy. The changes in the structure were reflected in the outcome of the various tests conducted on the developed samples. The modified aluminium-silicon alloy was used successfully for the casting of an automobile brake disc.

Gold in sulfide fluids revisited

Gold solubility was measured at temperatures of 350, 400, 450, and 490 °C and pressures of 500 and 1000 bar in an ’oxidized sulfide’ system, as a function of pHT (2 – 10) and sulfur concentration (m(Stotal) = 0.03 – 1.2 [mol·(kg H2O)-1]). In this system, sulfur primarily exists as H2S, H2SO3, H2SO4, their dissociation products, and radical species such as S2- and S3-. The complexes Au(HS)2-, Au2S22-, AuHS(aq), AuHS(H2S)3(aq), and AuOH(aq) were identified as the primary gold species in the experimental fluids, varying with pH and m(Stotal). The solubility constants for Au(HS)2-, a critical (hydro)sulfide complex, align excellently with literature for ’reduced sulfide’ fluids, where sulfur predominantly exists in the 2- oxidation state. New experimental data from the ’oxidized sulfide’ system were regressed along with reliable literature data from ’reduced sulfide’ systems to calculate standard thermodynamic properties and parameters of the Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers (HKF) model. The solubility constants for charged complexes, Au(HS)2- and Au2S22-, increase sharply with temperature, whereas those for neutral species, AuHS(aq) and AuHS(H2S)3(aq), show a pronounced peak near 300 °C. These (hydro)sulfide complexes account for gold solubility ranging from a few tens of ppb to a few tens of ppm in natural sulfide fluids, depending on the fluid pH. Thermodynamic calculations also indicate that, in addition to (hydro)sulfide species and the hydroxide complex, AuCl2- significantly contributes to Au mobility in high-temperature acidic chloride fluids. Based on new experimental data and prior studies using solubility and X-ray absorption spectroscopy methods, other gold complexes including mixed Au-HS-Cl, Au-HS-S3- species, and complexes with alkali metal cations, are deemed redundant. Above 250 °C, the influence of chloride salts on gold solubility can be accurately modeled using a simple extended Debye-Hückel equation with the term bγ·I = 0. The Setchenov coefficient bn = 0 suffices for calculating the activity coefficients of neutral species. This streamlined thermodynamic model aligns closely with earlier experimental work by Terry Seward and his team, effectively describing the state of Au in all types of natural fluids where Au exists in the 1+ oxidation state, under any set of P-T-f(O2)-f(S2)-compositional parameters.

Ternary Effect in Concrete: Jaggery, Alccofine, and Graphene Oxide

Abstract: This study investigates the effects of incorporating jaggery as an additive and Alccofine 1108 and graphene oxide as partial replacements for cement in concrete. Jaggery, a traditional natural sweetener, is introduced as an organic additive to enhance the workability and mechanical properties of concrete. Alccofine 1108, a high-performance micro-fine material, and graphene oxide, a carbon-based nanomaterial known for its exceptional strength and durability, are evaluated as partial cement substitutes to improve the sustainability and performance of concrete. To determine the optimal proportions of these materials. Various mixes were prepared by replacing cement with 5%, 10%, and 15% Alccofine 1108 and 0.05%, 0.10%, and 0.15% graphene oxide, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.155% added to jaggery by weight of cement. The concrete samples were tested for compressive strength, tensile strength, and durability properties, including resistance to chloride ion penetration and sulfate attack.To determine compressive strength result, Split tensile strength result and Ultra Pulse Velocity result.

Influence in the mechanical properties and salt erosion resistance of recycled sand UHPC made from fly ash content

This study aims to explore the impact of fly ash (FA) as a partial replacement for cement on the durability of recycled sand (RS) ultra high performance concrete (UHPC). The effects of FA content on the mechanical properties, resistance to chloride salt freezing-thawing coupling, and resistance to sulfate dry-wet cycling coupling of F-RUHPC were investigated. The results showed that FA improved the mechanical properties of F-RUHPC, with a compressive strength of up to 120.8 MPa. It also resulted in higher tensile strength compared to the control group and demonstrated excellent resistance to chloride salt freezing-thawing and sulfate dry-wet cycling. Microscopic analysis revealed a low content of free chloride ions within F-RUHPC, all below 0.08 %. Additionally, the permeability coefficient of F-RUHPC with 10 % FA was found to be the lowest under chloride salt freezing-thawing conditions. Microstructural characterization demonstrated the dense structure of UHPC. The addition of 10 % FA was found to be beneficial in improving the mechanical properties and durability of F-RUHPC, providing a theoretical reference for the development of environmentally friendly UHPC.

Enhancing the Performance and Behaviour of M35 Alccofine 1203 Grade Concrete

Abstract: The construction industry faces pressures to reduce its environmental footprint, prompting the exploration of sustainable materials that maintain or enhance conventional concrete's performance. This study investigates Alccofine 1203, a high-performance micro-fine material, as a partial cement replacement in concrete. The objective is to determine optimal Alccofine percentages for desired mechanical properties and sustainability benefits. We conducted experimental trials with concrete mixes where cement was replaced by Alccofine at increments of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Multiple concrete cubes were prepared and tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, workability, and durability. Fresh properties were evaluated using slump and flow tests, ensuring adequate workability, while long-term performance was assessed through durability tests, including permeability and chloride ion penetration. The results indicate that a 10% replacement of cement with Alccofine 1203 enhances the compressive strength and durability of concrete without compromising workability. Higher percentages showed varied results, necessitating further investigation to optimize the mix design. This study highlights the potential of Alccofine 1203 as a sustainable alternative to traditional cement, offering significant implications for eco-friendly construction practices. This research contributes to the field by providing empirical data on Alccofine 1203's effects in concrete, supporting the development of more sustainable building materials. Future work will focus on refining mix proportions and exploring Alccofine's impact on other concrete properties such as shrinkage and creep.

Added Anions to Zirconia as a Ceramic Material

Abstract: Anodic polarization of zircaloy-4 has been studied at a constant current density of 8 mA.cm2 and at room temperature. Thickness estimates were made from capacitance and faradaic data. Anodic polarized coloured zirconia film was observed by the addition of millimolar concentration of anions (Cl¯). By the addition of chloride ions to the oxalic acid dihydrate was better improvement in the anodization rate, faradaic efficiency field strength zirconia ceramic is recorded for exhibiting enhanced mechanical properties for manufacture of medical devices as well as biocompatability and have biological properties also. In future research needed to validate zirconia ceramic applications

Potential Conversion of Coconut Husk-Waste to Magnetic Cellulose Designed for Synthetic Dye Removal

Increasing concern about sustainability and environmental issues caused by the massive amount of solid biomass waste in Indonesia has driven efforts to develop new products for various endues applications in energy, environment, and health sectors. This study uses coconut husk as the cellulose source to fabricate magnetic cellulose (MC) via coprecipitation with iron chloride salts. Combining cellulose with magnetite nanoparticles aims to improve the removal rate of synthetic dye as the latter provides high catalytic activity in the Fenton degradation process to eliminate persistent pollutants. The paramagnetic characteristics that MC possesses also make them quickly recovered after use. The adsorption capacity is found at 252.2 mg/g (pH 7, temperature of 30°C, the dye initial concentration of 100 ppm, and the precursor mass ratio of 1:4.8:25) for Rhodamine-B. The dye mineralization in this condition also reaches 50%, indicating that this adsorbent can be used as an efficient material to adsorb and degrade dye from an aqueous solution. This magnetic adsorbent will be of immense potential application for removing organic contaminants, particularly synthetic dyes, due to its good performance, simple separation, and ability to perform both adsorption and degradation processes simultaneously.

Synthesis, structural, biological applications, DFT, molecular docking studies on Fe(III), Co(II), and Ni(II) complexes incorporating 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)phenol and 1H‐benzimidazole‐2‐carboxylic acid

This study provides a detailed investigation into the synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of the coordination compounds FePPHBZC, CoPPHBZC, and NiPPHBZC. These compounds were synthesized with high yields by reacting chloride salts of Iron, Cobalt, or Nickel with 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)phenol (PPH) and 1H‐benzimidazole‐2‐carboxylic acid (BZC) in a 1:1:1 ratio. Various techniques including spectroscopic (IR, UV–vis, mass spectra), elemental analysis, conductivity, magnetic, and thermal analyses confirmed the formation and structure of these coordination compounds. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to study their electronic structure, stability, and reactivity. 3D modeling revealed hexacoordinated geometries for Fe and Co complexes and a tetrahedral coordination for the Ni complex. Analysis of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), and other reactivity parameters indicated changes in reactivity upon metal coordination. Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) diagrams identified electron‐rich areas prone to nucleophilic attack, important for protein interactions during docking studies. Biological evaluations demonstrated that metal–ligand complexes exhibit enhanced antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory activities compared to individual ligands, with larger inhibition zones and higher inhibitory activity. Molecular docking studies showed strong interactions between metal–ligand complexes and target proteins, suggesting potential therapeutic applications. Among them, FePPHBZC exhibited the strongest interactions, followed by CoPPHBZC and NiPPHBZC, characterized by hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, and other non‐covalent interactions, contributing to their enhanced stability and binding affinity.

Simulation of concrete cracking and chloride diffusion under uniaxial compression

The dispersion and randomness of concrete cracking under compressive loads make it challenging to predict the diffusion rate of chloride ions. In this paper, the cohesive element method was employed to quantitatively calculate and determine the form and width of dispersed cracks in concrete. These results were found to be consistent with the real concrete crack forms obtained using digital image correlation (DIC) technology. The findings indicate that both the form and width of the cracks significantly impact the diffusion of chloride ions within the concrete. Chloride ion diffusion is enhanced when the cracks are closer to the penetration side or when there are more cracks present in the concrete. Additionally, an increase in axial load amplifies the randomness of chloride ion distribution at the same penetration depth. While coarse aggregates can impede chloride ion penetration, wider cracks lead to a higher concentration of chloride ions within the concrete. Our results contribute to a deeper understanding of chloride ion diffusion in cracked concrete under varying stress levels.