Extraction Of Ions Research Articles

N-halamine modified poly(amidoxime) nanofibrous antibacterial adsorbents for the extraction of copper ions and dyes from aqueous medium

Wastewater with contaminants such as heavy ions, organic dyes, and bacteria is extremely damaging to the environment and human life. In this study, N-halamine modified poly(amidoxime) nanofibrous membranes (PAO-Cl) were prepared using amidoxime-modified polyacrylonitrile (PAN), followed by chlorination. The amidoxime conditions of PAN were investigated, and the micromorphologies of each sample were examined. The durability, water release properties, antibacterial activities, and adsorption properties of the Cu2+ ions and methyl orange(MO) were investigated. The results demonstrated that PAO and PAO-Cl exhibited an adsorption capacity toward Cu2+ ions and MO, respectively. Chlorination of PAO resulted in the loss of Cu2+ ion adsorption properties of PAO-Cl. Nevertheless, PAO-Cl presented a higher MO adsorption capacity than poly(amidoxime) nanofibrous membranes (PAO). When the pH value less than 4, the adsorption properties of PAO-Cl was significantly enhanced, and the adsorption process was optimal, as described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir models. For PAO-Cl, the chemical structure changes and adsorption mechanism toward MO were thoroughly studied. After 5 min of contact time, the chlorinated sample displayed excellent antimicrobial capacities against 100 % of S. aureus (6.2 log) and E. coli O157:H7 (6.0 log), making it a promising candidate for use in water disinfection fields.

Simulating Hard Carbon for Sodium-Ion Batteries with the DFN Model

The development of Sodium-ion battery technologies and materials is moving rapidly forward, and several companies are on the verge of commercialising their products. An important question is what knowledge and synergies that can be drawn from Lithium-ion batteries. This work has investigated whether the Doyle-Fuller-Newman model (DFN model) [1] can be used for simulating the insertion and extraction of mobile sodium ion in hard carbon. Previous work indicates that this should be the case [2]–[4].It has been shown that the insertion process of sodium in hard carbon does not follow the same process as for lithium in hard carbon [5]. The sodium insertion in hard carbon is suggested to be a combination of capacitive adsorption, intercalation and nanopore filling [6]–[8]. Hence, the question is if capacitive adsorption and nanopore filling can be simulated as an intercalation process. In addition, the sodium-ion has a lower charge density than lithium-ion, leading to different properties for the electrolyte and the interfacial species [9], [10].One of the issues with the DFN model is to measure, calculate or estimate the material and electrode properties needed. As a first step in investigating the above assumption, an additional assumption made is that the needed parameters can be extracted using similar methods as for Li-ion batteries. With this starting point, a parameter sensitivity analysis is made for simulating mobile sodium in hard carbon with the DFN model.

Towards Zero Waste Recovery of Li-Ion Battery

The proliferation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has prompted a critical exploration of sustainable waste management strategies within the battery life cycle. This abstract focuses on waste materials generated during LIB recycling, specifically emphasizing waste water, including the presence of lithium ions, which is most generated at delamination and leaching process, and waste graphite.Waste water, a significant outcome of LIB recycling, often contains valuable lithium ions. Efficient extraction and purification of lithium ions from waste water not only recovers a precious resource but also mitigates the ecological consequences of improper disposal. Advanced methodologies such as solvent extraction, hydrometallurgy and membrane filtration demonstrate promising avenues for selectively recovering lithium ions from waste water streams.Furthermore, addressing the disposal of waste graphite electrodes presents an imperative challenge. Graphite, a cornerstone of LIBs, holds substantial potential for reclamation. Innovations encompassing thermal and chemical processes have been explored for graphite extraction from discarded electrodes. In this study, the recycled graphite after heat treatment direct reuse in batteries is performed. This approach aligns with the principles of a circular economy, promoting resource efficiency and reducing the dependence on primary graphite sources.In conclusion, the recycling of lithium-ion batteries generates waste materials, with a particular focus on waste water enriched with lithium ions and waste graphite electrodes. Confronting these challenges mandates the implementation of advanced recycling techniques. By harnessing valuable materials and alleviating environmental pressures, the LIB recycling sector can lead the transition toward sustainable practices, significantly contributing to a greener and more resource-conscious energy landscape.

(Invited) Ratchet Based Ion Pumps for Selective Ion Separations

Even though highly selective ion pumps are found in the membrane of every living cell, artificial ion selective separation is a longstanding unmet challenge in science and engineering. The development of a membrane-based ion separation technology can drive a dramatic progress in a wide range of applications such as: water treatment, bio-medical devices, extraction of precious metals from sea water, chemical sensors, solar fuels and more. In this contribution we report the experimental demonstration of ion pumps based on a electronic ratchet mechanism.Electronic ratchets are devices that utilize a temporal modulation of a spatially asymmetric electric field to drive steady state current. Like peristaltic pumps, where the pump mechanism is not in direct contact with the pumped fluid, electronic ratchets induce a net current with no direct charge transport between the power source and the pumped charge carriers. Thus, electronic ratchets can be used to pump ions in steady state with no electrochemical reactions between the power source and the pumped ions resulting in an 'all-electric' ion pump.Ratchet-based ion pumps (RBIPs) were fabricated by coating the two surfaces of nano-porous alumina wafers with gold, thus forming nano-porous capacitor-like devices. The electric field within the nano-pores is modulated by oscillating the capacitor voltage. Thus, when immersed in a solution, ions within the pores experience a modulating electric field resulting in ratchet-based ion pumping. The RBIPs performance was studied for various input signals, geometries, and solutions. RBIPs were shown to drive ionic current densities of several uA/cm^2 even when opposed by an electrostatic force. A significant ratchet action was observed with input signal amplitudes as low as 0.1V thus demonstrating that RBIPs can drive an ionic current with no associated redox reactions.An important hallmark of ratchets is the ability to invert the direction of particle flow with a change in the input signal frequency. The stopping frequency, which is the frequency at which the particle flux changes its direction, is determined by the potential distribution and particles transport properties. As a result, for a given ratchet, there can be a frequency at which particles with the same charge, but different diffusion coefficients, are transported in opposite directions. This concept, that was never applied to ion separations, can enable the extraction of ions with extremely low relative concentrations if their diffusion coefficient is even slightly different from the main ions in the solution. We show by simulation, that for the prevalent ions in water, ions with a relative diffusion coefficient difference as small as 1% can be driven to opposite directions with a velocity difference as high as 1.2 mm/s. Since the direction of ion transport is determined by the input signal frequency, the sorting properties can be tuned in real time providing a simple fit-to-purpose solution for a variety of ion separations applications. Figure 1

Influence of extraction voltage on electron and ion behavior characteristics

The characteristics of the extracted ion current have a significant impact on the design and testing of ion source performance. In this paper, a 2D in space and 3D in velocity space particle in cell (2D3V PIC) method is utilized to simulate plasma motion and ion extraction characteristics under various initial plasma velocity distributions and extraction voltages in a Cartesian coordinate system. The plasma density is of the order of 1015 m−3–1016 m−3 and the extraction voltage is of the order of 100 V–1000 V. The study investigates the impact of various extraction voltages on the velocity and density distributions of electrons and positive ions, and analyzes the influence of different initial plasma velocity distributions on the extraction current. The simulation results reveal that the main reason for the variation of extraction current is the space-charge force formed by the relative aggregation of positive and negative net charges. This lays the foundation for a deeper understanding of extraction beam characteristics.

Surface implantation of ionically conductive polyhydroxyethylaniline on cation exchange membrane for efficient heavy metal ions separation

Extraction of heavy metal ions from aqueous could enable recycling of wastewater and reusing of high-value ion resources. Recently, electrodialysis (ED) technology has been applied in the removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater, however, developing high-efficient and stable heavy metal ions selective cation exchange membrane (CEM) remains an elusive challenge. Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of high-efficient cations selective CEM with the surface implantation of ionically conductive polyhydroxyethylaniline (PANI-OH) on a commercial CEM membrane (CTG) containing sulfonic acid groups via the electrostatic attraction. Implanted hydrophilic and positively charged PANI-OH facilitates fast and selective transfer of Cu2+ over Zn2+ cations through the membrane. Meanwhile, the synergistic effect of rigid conjugate structure and hydrogen-bond interaction of PANI-OH renders the resultant membrane CTG-PANI-OH with stable structure and separation performance. As such, the Cu2+/Zn2+ permselectivity of CTG-PANI-OH membrane is ~1.70, which is about 190 % of that of the pristine CTG membrane. This work provides a facile design and strategy for the construction of high-efficient cations selective CEMs with great application prospects in the purification and extraction of heavy metal ions from wastewater.

Preparation of an imprinted monolith for field simultaneously selective separation and enrichment of nitrophenols and lead (II) ion in water samples

Imprinted materials have gained significant attention due to its highly specific recognition performance. However, there is no study that using molecule and ion as mixed templates to prepare hybrid imprinted material for simultaneously selective separation and enrichment of molecules and ion. Here, a new strategy employing organic molecule and heavy metal ion as mixed templates to prepare imprinted material was proposed. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) and Pb2+ were selected as model templates to in-situ synthesize adsorbent based on imprinted monolith (AIM) in pipette tip. The obtained AIMs were used as the extraction medium of home-made multiple channels in-tip microextraction device (MCMD) for field simultaneously selective entrapment of nitrophenols (NPs) and Pb2+. The selection of functional monomers was well verified with Density function theory. Under the optimal fabrication conditions, the AIM displayed high specific recognition capability towards 2,4-DNP and Pb2+ with imprinted factors 7.31 and 5.20, respectively, and corresponding adsorption capacities were as high as 27.8 mg/g and 20.3 mg/g, respectively. The practicality of proposed AIM/MCMD was evaluated by simultaneously on-site selective capture of NPs and Pb2+ in various environmental waters prior to quantification with HPLC (for NPs) and atomic absorption spectrometry (for Pb2+). Results well evidence that the proposed strategy is feasible in the preparation of imprinted polymer for simultaneously specific extraction of molecules and metal ion, and the developed AIM/MCMD is a useful field sample preparation method for reliable quantification of NPs and Pb2+ in aqueous samples.

Electrochemical lithium extraction with continuous flow electrodes

Electrochemical lithium extraction presents the advantages of superior ion selectivity and environmental friendliness. However, it faces challenges of intermittent operation, limited areal capacity and constrained mass transfer with conventional solid electrodes. In this work, we propose a continuous electrochemical lithium extraction system by using flow electrodes. Due to the inherent fluidic characteristics, the flow electrodes facilitate efficient mass transfer, thereby manifesting boosted kinetics in the insertion and extraction of lithium ions. Compared with solid electrodes, flow electrodes exhibit a substantial augmentation in lithium extraction capacity, demonstrating a nearly sixfold increase in simulated Atacama brine and a nineteen-fold in diluted Atacama saline under equivalent current density. Furthermore, we achieve a lithium production rate of 1 mol m−2 h−1 with a purity level of 0.97 at a high current density of 4 mA cm−2. These results exemplify the capability of flow electrodes for industrial-scale lithium extraction, particularly emphasizing their suitability for large-scale and high-speed production.

Formation of Complexes of f-Elements with Electron-Withdrawing N-Heterocyclic Diamides: Extraction and Solution Photophysics

To examine the scope of the abnormal aryl strengthening effect (an increase in the extraction of metal ions when an aromatic substituent is introduced into the amide group) on f-metal extraction, a series of tetradentate diamide-type extragents bearing electron-withdrawing pyridine rings in amide moieties of the molecules were tested. The solvent extraction of Am(III)/Eu(III) pairs was investigated under various conditions, the solution chemistry of the lanthanide-extragents systems was studied, and the bonding constants were calculated for complexes of Eu(III) and Tb(III) ions with diamides. The photophysical properties of chemically synthesized ligand/metal (LM) complexes with various LM compositions were additionally studied in depth. The replacement of a phenyl ring by a pyridine one led to a critical reduction in metal affinity, showing the major contribution of electronic nature to the abnormal aryl strengthening effect. However, the pyridine group in the amide side chain provided additional coordination positions for metal ion binding; corresponding complexes with LM2 composition were detected in the system and their stability was calculated. Due to the low stability of the corresponding LM2 complexes, chemical synthesis of the complexes led to the formation of only one metal-containing species with LM composition. The luminescence spectra of europium and terbium complexes of the LM composition were studied. Differences were discovered in the luminescence excitation spectra of europium and terbium complexes with the same ligand. The luminescence quantum yields and luminescence lifetimes of solutions of europium and terbium complexes were determined.

FEATURES OF EXTRACTION OF LUTETIUM AND SCANDIUM IONS BY THE INTERPOLYMER SYSTEMS LEWATIT CNP LF-AB-17-8

Interpolymer systems based on ion exchange resins Lewatit CNP LF and AB-17-8were used to separate metal ions from sample solutions containing lutetium and scandium.The researchaimsto achieve maximum absorption of lutetium and scandium ions by using the remote interaction effect of macromolecular polymers.Methodology.Jenway-6305 spectrophotometer (SK) was used to determine the residual concentration of metal ions in the solution.The obtained resultsshow that individual polymers Lewatit(6:0) and AB-17-8 (0:6) do not have a higher absorption of lutetium ions (24.96% and 21.13%, respectively) rather than interpolymer systems. The maximum degree of extraction of lutetium ions is observed at a ratio of 4:2.The maximum values of the degree of absorption of scandium ions are observed at ratios of 5:1 and 1:5.As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that with an increase in the amount of one polymer in the interpolymer pair, the degree of binding of the second polymer to the metal ion increases. The LewatitCNP LFcation exchanger has a binding degree of 2.99 mg/mol in a ratio of 6:0, and with an increase in the amount of anion exchanger AB-17-8 by 5times, the binding degree of the cation exchanger in a ratio of 1:5 has increased to13.84 mg/mol. The binding degree of AB-17-8 in the ratio of 0:6 increased from 2.03 mg/mol to 12.20 mg/mol witharatio of interpolymer systems of 5:1.The degree of binding of the cation exchanger with the lutetium ion increased by 4.5 times, and the degree of binding of the anion exchanger increased by 6times.Conclusion.The results obtained show the possibility of using interpolymer systems for the extraction of lutetium and scandium ions from industrial aqueous solutions.

Effect of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium di-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinate on the extraction of lanthanides(III) with 1,3-bis[(diphenylphosphorylacetamido)methyl]benzene from nitric acid solutions

It was found that the efficiency of extraction of lanthanide(III) ions from nitric acid solutions with 1,3-bis[(diphenylphosphorylacetamido)methyl]benzene significantly increases in the presence of ionic liquids, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium di-2-ethylhexylsulfosuccinates, in the organic phase. The partition of ionic liquids between the organic and aqueous phases was studied depending on the concentration of the ionic liquid and nitric acid. The stoichiometry of the extractable lanthanide(III) complexes was determined by the equilibrium shift method. The influence of the length of alkyl radicals in the cationic part of the ionic liquid and the concentration of HNO3 in the aqueous phase on the efficiency of the extraction of metal ions into the organic phase containing the ionic liquid was considered.

Extraction of actinides and lanthanides from nitric acid solutions with phosphorylated pyrazines

The extraction of U(VI), Th(IV), Am(III), and lanthanides(III) from nitric acid solutions with solutions of phosphorylated pyrazines in organic solvents has been studied. The stoichiometry of the extracted complexes was determined, and the in uence of the structure of the extractant and the concentration of HNO3 in the aqueous phase on the e ciency of the extraction of metal ions into the organic phase was considered. It has been established thatm among the studied compounds, bis(diphenylphosphine)quinoxaline dioxide has the highest extraction ability with respect to actinides and lanthanides in nitric acid media.

Extraction of actinides and lanthanides from nitric acid solutions with diphosphine dioxides in the presence of an ionic liquid

The e ect of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(tri uoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ionic liquid on the extraction of lanthanides(III), U(VI), and Th(IV) from nitric acid solutions with 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphinyl)ethane I and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphinyl)benzene II has been studied. The stoichiometry of the extractable complexes was determined. A solution of dioxide II in dichloroethane extracts metal ions much more e ciently than a solution of dioxide I. It has been established that, in the presence of an ionic liquid in the organic phase, the e ciency of extraction of metal ions from nitric acid solutions with solutions of dioxide I increases signi cantly, while that of dioxide II decreases. As a result, in the presence of an ionic liquid in the organic phase, dioxide II is signi cantly inferior to dioxide I in terms of the e ciency of extraction of Ln(III), U(VI), and Th(IV) from nitric acid solutions, which is associated with a much higher ability of dioxide II to extract HTf2N.

Extraction and selective precipitation of metal ions from LiCoO2 cathodes using citric acid

The most common methods for recycling Lithium-Ion Batteries use strong mineral acids and hydrogen peroxide. Alternative acids and reducing agents are currently being studied to reduce the environmental impact of these batteries recycling processes. This research provides a practical pathway for recycling batteries using citric acid as a sustainable lixiviant. The combination of citric acid and copper as extractant and reductant agents, respectively, to selectively recover lithium and cobalt from LiCoO2 has been studied. Leaching with 2 M citric acid and 70 °C in the presence of copper resulted in a recovery of nearly 100 % Li and around 81 % Co, contained in the liquid phase and the solid precipitate formed during the experiments. Cobalt solubility experiments and solid characterization were performed to understand further the formation of cobalt-citrate solid species detected. Experimental and theoretical results suggest that the precipitate could be identified as CoHCitrate, associated with the selective recovery of cobalt from LiCoO2. Results obtained in this work indicate that citric acid could be used not only as an extractant agent but also as a precursor to precipitate metals from LIBs, improving the efficiency and selectivity of recycling processes.

Vortex-assisted hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent liquid-liquid microextraction for the removal of silver ions from environmental water.

This study presents a novel approach for the quantification of silver ions in environmental water through the utilization of liquid-liquid microextraction, employing natural deep eutectic solvents in conjunction with inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy. The extracted solvent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The impact of various extractant types, extractant molar ratio, extractant volume, extraction time, and salt concentration on the efficacy of silver ion extraction was investigated. The findings indicate that the optimal extraction efficiency was attained by utilizing a 5-mL aqueous solution volume, containing 1000 μL thymol/lactic acid NADES 1:3, a salt concentration of 1 mg mL-1, a pH value of 4, and a vortex time of 4 min. Upon implementing the optimized experimental conditions, the recovery of target metal ions was from 96.9 to 101.0%. The relative standard deviations were observed to be within the range of 1.5 to 2.7%. The present study demonstrates the reproducibility, accuracy, and reliability of the method for detecting silver ions in environmental water, with linear range of 5~1000 ng mL-1 and limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) of 1.52 ng mL-1 and 5.02 ng mL-1, respectively.

Study on microstructure and charge–discharge mechanism of all solid‐state indium‐graphite batteries

AbstractThis study centers on indium‐ion solid‐state batteries. Indium is a soft metal that provides excellent adhesion and does not generate dendrites during the charge–discharge process. The solid‐state electrolyte material, sodium‐based silicate, is an environmentally friendly material that offers better thermal stability compared to liquid electrolytes and reduces packaging requirements. The positive electrode material, a graphite film (GF), features a layered structure, enabling the stable insertion and extraction of ions. In this experiment, graphite film doped sodium phosphate (GFN) are used as positive electrodes, sodium‐based silicate powder through cloth deposition (battery cloth deposition [BCD]) is used as the electrolyte and indium is used as the negative electrode. To improve the low capacity of indium electrodes, indium is alloyed with silver and prepared by thermal evaporation method. The results show that the In‐30Ag with Cu substrate (weight ratio of In‐30 wt.% Ag) exhibits higher cycling capacity (61 mAhg−1). To further increase the capacity, the substrate of In‐30Ag is replaced from copper foil to aluminum foil. According to result, the capacity of In‐30Ag with Al substrate (91 mAhg−1) exhibits 1.6 times higher compared to In‐30Ag with Cu substrate. However, In‐30Ag with Al substrate after vacuum heat treatment, the thin film exhibits melting and agglomeration, leading to a decrease in capacity. Thus, the unheated In‐30Ag (Al substrate)/2×BCD/GFN system is subjected to large‐area module testing using an industrial fan as the load, confirming its practical applications.

Development of ligandless dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction method based on NH2-UiO-66 (Zr) MOF using DES eluent in determination of Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions in water and fruit juice samples

ABSTRACTA metal–organic framework (MOF) was synthesised and used for dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction of heavy metal ions from fruit juice and water sample without adding an additional complexing agent. In this work, 9 mg of the synthesised adsorbent (NH2-UiO-66 (Zr) MOF) was dispersed into 6 mL of sample solution containing Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions. Then, a synthesised deep eutectic solvent was used to elute and desorb the analytes from the surface of the sorbent. The effect of important parameters such as sorbent amount, sample solution volume, extraction time, elution solvent type and volume, desorption time, pH and salt addition on the extraction efficiency of the method was investigated. The developed procedure had linear ranges of 1–100 and 0.5–150 µg L−1 with the limits of detection of 0.37 and 0.19 µg L−1, for Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions, respectively, with flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination. To study the validity of the procedure, the concentration of the analytes was determined in a certified reference material (SPS-WW2) by the proposed method. Finally, the proposed procedure was used for the determination of the concentrations of Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions in different fruit juice and water samples.

Construction of novel stable surface ion-imprinted graphene aerogels for efficient and selective extraction of lithium ion

Selective extraction of lithium from salt lake brine has attracted widespread attention in order to meet the growing global demand for lithium. Due to the high Mg2+/Li+ ratio and low Li+ concentration in salt lake brine, extracting Li+ from salt lake brine is extremely challenging. Herein, a novel approach was employed using graphene oxide (GO) with abundant functional groups as the skeleton material, and trihydroxymethyl aminomethane (Tris) as the pioneering reducing agent. Through the liquid phase self-assembly technology combined with surface modification, the Li+ imprinted three-dimensional block graphene aerogels (IDGAs) were successfully constructed under the assisted cross-linking effect of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). The IDGAs achieve good adsorption capacity (12.55 mg g−1), excellent regeneration performance, and comparatively high selectivity against Na+, K+, and Mg2+ of 4.75, 2.71, and 1.90, respectively. The exceptional properties of IDGAs can be attributed to the synergism resulting from the establishment of adsorption sites through the high specific surface area of the skeleton, as well as the selective recognition of Li+ by 2-hydroxymethyl-12-crown ether-4. Consequently, IDGAs represent a highly promising option for the efficient extraction of lithium from salt lake brine.

Particle simulations of ion-extraction process from a decaying plasma assisted by radio-frequency plasma heating

In this study, two-dimensional kinetic particle simulations were employed to examine the potential of radio-frequency (rf) plasma heating in enhancing ion extraction efficiency in a decaying plasma with the configuration of parallel plates. The numerical results suggest that the application of rf power based on the direct current electrostatic method leads to a remarkable increase in the ion extraction flux, thereby reducing the time required for ion extraction. The increase in the ion extraction flux is attributed to the enhancement of the penetration ability of the rf electric field into the plasma, especially in cases of high rf frequencies, which can elevate the bulk electron temperature to approach 10 eV. The propagation speed of ion rarefaction waves is enhanced by the increased electron temperature, speeding up the process of ion extraction. The study also found that an increase in rf voltage causes more intense plasma oscillations to screen out the rf disturbance, further increasing the electron temperature. Furthermore, as ion extraction continues, the heating effect of rf frequencies was found to be enhanced due to the decay of plasma density.

Phase Equilibria in the Nd3+–Water–Nitric Acid–TODGA–CO2 System and Efficiency of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Neodymium Ions

Phase Equilibria in the Nd3+–Water–Nitric Acid–TODGA–CO2 System and Efficiency of Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Neodymium Ions