Iohexol Research Articles

Evaluation of glomerular filtration rate estimation by means of plasma clearance of iohexol in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

To evaluate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation by means of plasma clearance of iohexol (IOX) in domestic rabbits and to assess accuracy of limited-sampling models for GFR estimation. 6 healthy domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Each rabbit received IOX (64.7 mg/kg [0.1 mL/kg], IV), and blood samples were collected at predetermined times before and after administration. Plasma IOX concentration was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The pharmacokinetics of IOX was determined by a noncompartmental method. For each rabbit, plasma clearance of IOX was determined by dividing the total IOX dose administered by the area under the concentration-time curve indexed to the subject's body weight. The GFR estimated from the plasma IOX concentration at 6 sampling times (referent model) was compared with that estimated from the plasma IOX concentration at 5 (model A), 4 (model B), and 3 (models C, D, and E) sampling times (limited-sampling models). Mean ± SD GFR was 4.41 ± 1.10 mL/min/kg for the referent model and did not differ significantly from the GFR estimated by any of the limited-sampling models. The GFR bias magnitude relative to the referent model was smallest for model D in which GFR was estimated from plasma IOX concentrations at 5, 15, and 90 minutes after IOX administration. Results suggested that plasma clearance of IOX was a safe, reliable, accurate, and clinically feasible method to estimate GFR in domestic rabbits. Further research is necessary to refine the method.

Bailing capsules combined with alprostadil in prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary intervention

Objective To observe the effect of Bailing capsules combined with alprostadil in preventing contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary intervention. Methods Eighty patients taking coronary intervention were enrolled, and were divided into group A (40 cases) and group B (40 cases) according to the treatment mehods. All the patients underwent intraoperative iohexol contrast. Group A were treated with alprostadil from 3 days before to 7 days after the coronary intervention, and group B orally took Bailing capsules on the basis of group A. The renal function level, the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy, the level of oxidative stress [superoxide dismutase (SOD)],and the occurrence of adverse events after 3 months’ follow up were compared. Results The serum levels of creatinine (Scr) and urea nitrogen (BUN) were lower and the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was higher in group B than in group A (P 0.05). Conclusion Bailing capsules combined with alprostadil can effectively prevent the occurrence of contrast-induced nephropathy after coronary intervention and is safe, which may be related to the change of oxidative stress level. Key words: Bailing capsules; Alprostadil; Coronary intervention; Contrast-induced nephropathy

Clinical observation of radiofrequency thermocoagulation combined steroid injection in treatment of the aged cervical spondylotic radiculopathy

Objective In this study, ultrasound and CT-guided radiofrequency ablation combined with injection through the cervical intervertebral foramen in the treatment of geriatric patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR) and just injection in the treatment of geriatric patients with CSR, compared the clinical effects of two different treatments on senile patients with CSR. Methods Forty geriatric patients with CSR were randomly divided into two groups using a random number table (n=20) : The test group (group T), The control group (group C). The course of treatment are under ultrasound for body surface location. Patients in Group T were treated with radiofrequency thermocoagulation (55 ℃ 60 s, 60 ℃ 120 s, 65 ℃ 60 s)+injection antiphlogistic and analgesic (prescription: 0.25% lidocaine+ 10 mg dexamethasone+ iohexol, a total of 4 ml). Patients in Group C were only treated with anti-inflammatory analgesic (prescription: 0.25% lidocaine+ 10 mg dexamethasone+ sterile saline, a total of 4 ml). The effectiveness evaluation mainly used the VAS score before treatment, 1 month after the treatment and 6 months after treatment to evaluate the clinical efficacy at 6 months after the treatment and the patients' satisfaction. Results All patients were treated successfully. During the process of treatment and after treatment, no patient showed vascular and nerve injury. Also, no patient had numbness and neurological dysfunction after operation. Pain VAS scores of group T and group C were lower than the values of before, 1 month and 6 month after the treatment (P<0.05). Among them, pain VAS score of group T decreased more significantly. The excellent rate of group T was 85% but the rate of group C was only 45%. There was significant difference between two groups (P<0.05). Conclusions Ultrasound and CT-guided radiofrequency thermocoagulation combined with injection through the cervical intervertebral foramen in the treatment of senile patients with CSR is a simple, safe and effective treatment method. Key words: Ultrasound; Radio frequency; Aged; Cervical spondylotic radiculopathy

Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of Trace Organic Pollutants in Water by Bi(0)-Doped Bismuth Oxyhalide Thin Films.

Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of Bi(0)-doped bismuth oxyhalide solid solution films for the removal of trace organic pollutants (TrOPs) in water. With the advantage of a viscous AlOOH sol, very high loadings (75 wt %) of bismuth oxyhalides were embedded within the thin films and calcined at 500 °C to develop porous alumina composite coatings. Various concentrations of Bi(0) doping were tested for their photocatalytic activity. Seven TrOPs including iopromide (IPRM), iohexol (IHX), iopamidol (IPMD), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), carbamazepine, venlafaxine, and bezafibrate (BZF) were selected for this study based on their occurrence and detection in effluents and surface waters worldwide. In all tests, with the exception of IPRM, 3% Bi(0)-doped BiOCl0.875Br0.125 showed highest activity, which can be attributed to its unique, highly organized, and compact morphology besides its well-matched energy band positions. Although IPMD, IHX, IPRM, and SMX are susceptible to photolysis, still the photocatalytic activity significantly augmented the removal of all tested compounds. In addition, analysis of the surface charge excluded electrostatic interactions and confirmed the ion-exchange adsorption mechanism for the high degradation rate of BZF in the presence of bismuth oxyhalides.

Assessment of the origin and transport of four selected emerging micropollutants sucralose, Acesulfame-K, gemfibrozil, and iohexol in a karst spring during a multi-event spring response

The assessment of vulnerability in karst systems reveals to be extremely challenging since it varies significantly with time and highly depends on the identification of diffuse and concentrated infiltration from surface karst features. The origin, consumed loads, and transport mode of selected micropollutants (MPs) including two artificial sweeteners (ASWs) Sucralose (SUC) and Acesulfame-K (ACE-K), in addition to other less investigated pharmaceuticals such as the lipid regulator Gemfibrozil (GEM), and the contrast media Iohexol (IOX) were investigated in a karst system under dynamic conditions. A detailed analysis of selected spring responses' chemograph and hydrograph following a multi precipitation event shows that three of the tracked MPs, especially ACE-K, and to the exception of IOX, can be used as specific indicators for point source domestic wastewater in karst systems. They have revealed to be persistent, source specific, conservative, and highly correlated with in-situ parameters easily measurable at the spring (chloride and turbidity). Even if the selected MPs are found in the system during low flow periods, they are mostly transported to the spring through fast flow pathways from flushed wastewater with surface water or flood rainwater. The highest mass inflow of ACE-K, IOX and GEM originated from a sinking stream, while SUC infiltrated exclusively through fast infiltration points (dolines). Their breakthrough curves coincide with the arrival of new waters and turbidity peaks. Unlike IOX, the mass fluxes of ASWs, and GEM to a lesser extent, can be linearly correlated with chloride mass fluxes and turbidity flux. Moreover, the variance of the normalized breakthrough curves of the MPs with respect to a mean transit time, increases in that order IOX<GEM<Turbidity<SUC<ACE-K indicating a higher restitution time for ACE-K with respect to other spring signals.

Electrochemical Reduction of X-ray Contrast Iohexol at Mixed Metal Oxide Electrodes: Process Optimization and By-product Identification

The reduction of commonly used X-ray contrast iohexol (IOX) by the electrooxidation process is presented in this study. To begin with, the effect of anode material was examined, and different mixed metal oxide electrodes (MMOs) such as Ti/RuO2, Ti/Pt, Ti/IrO2-RuO2, Ti/IrO2-Ta2O5, Ti/Ta2O5-SnO2-IrO2, and Pt/SnO2 were used. To assess experimental conditions at Ti/RuO2 anode, provided the highest removal efficiency, the response surface method was applied and the key influencing parameter was the process time. The determined optimal conditions were triplicated with real wastewater samples, and the average degradation efficiency of IOX was found to be 99%. By-products of the IOX degradation on the Ti/RuO2 anode have been identified using density functional theory and LC/MS-MS analysis. The results showed that IOX degradation opened with OH group detachment and resulted in the formation of a by-product with a molecular mass of 804 g mol−1. Further degradation mechanism took place due to the breakup of C4-C10 and C5-I7 bonds with a by-product formed as 603 g mol−1. Iodide atom replacement by OH groups caused the formation of a molecular fragment with 375 g mol−1 molecular weight. The further disintegration of C2-C11 and C6-N16 σ- bonds led to the formation of molecular masses of 133, 126, and 119 g mol−1, respectively.

Application of iodixanol in gemstone spectral imaging with low CT dosage

Objective To study the application value of iodixanol in gemstone spectral imaging with low CT dosage. Methods Forty hundred and twenty-six cancer patients with normal kidney function were selected.All of them underwent enhanced gemstone spectral CT scan with low dosage.They were individed into two groups with random number table, including observation group(n=213) and control group(n=213). The observation group was injected isotonic iodixanol(270mgI/mL) intravenously, while the control group was injected hypertronic iohexol (350mgI/mL) intravenously.With the same injection speed, the acute adverse reaction within 1h and delayed adverse reaction between 1h~7d were recorded.Meanwhile, the changes of Scr and Ccr, the occurrence rate of contrast-induced nephropathy(CIN) and short-term prognosis were also recorded. Results Fifty-three patients occurred acute adverse reaction, among them 18 cases(8.45%) were in the observation group, 35 cases(16.43%) were in the control group, there was statistically significant difference between the two groups(χ2=10.791, P 0.05). Conclusion The intravenous injection of iodixanol can reduce the occurrence of acute adverse reaction, will not increase the incidence of CIN.It can be used safely. Key words: Tomography, X-ray computed; Iodixanol; Contrast media

Effect of anodes decoration with metal and metal oxides nanoparticles on pharmaceutically active compounds removal and power generation in microbial fuel cells

Anodes modified with MnO2, Pd and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and their effects on pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) removal and power generation were investigated. Results showed that anode decoration with MnO2, Fe3O4 and Pd led to different performance in removing PhACs from MFCs. Diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBF) and carbamazepine (CBZ) were more effectively removed in the MFCs with the MnO2, Fe3O4 or Pd anode compared to that with the carbon black (CB) modified control anode, with a removal of 81.5%–84.0% for CBZ, 48.7%–52.6% for DCF and 18.8%–20.1% for IBF, while the corresponding parts attained with the CB anode were 71.0%–78.5% for CBZ, 28.8% for DCF and 14.6% for IBF. Iohexol (IOX) was hardly removed in all the MFCs. When common non-conductive carrier (nonwoven) was used as the anode of MFCs, PhACs were less removed compared to the MFC systems, suggesting MFCs possess specially advantages over PhACs removal. The MFCs with the Pd, MnO2 and Fe3O4 anodes generated a maximum power density of 824 ± 36, 782 ± 37 and 728 ± 33 mW m−2, respectively, higher than that with the control anode (680 ± 28 mW m−2). High-throughput sequencing results showed that the MnO2 and Fe3O4 modified anodes especially enriched the exoelectrogen Geobacter (72.1%), while the Pd decorated anode enriched a high abundance of Geobacter (38.5%) and Sphaerochaeta (16.1%). Enhanced electron transfer, specially enriched microbial community, unique catalytic functions of the metal or metal oxides deposited on the anodes, may contribute to the enhanced performance of MFCs on power generation and PhACs removal.

Dose-response relationship of anhydrous alcohol for thoracic sympathetic block in treating primary palmar hyperhidrosis

Objective To determine the dose-response relationship of anhydrous alcohol for thoracic sympathetic block in treating primary palmar hyperhidrosis. Methods Two hundred patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis, aged 18-33 yr, grade of palmar sweating 3 or 4, scheduled for elective surgery under thoracic sympathetic block, were divided into 5 different mixture of anhydrous alcohol and iohexol(iohexol∶anhydrous alcohol=1∶5)groups(n=40 each)using a random number table.Under CT guidance, thoracic intervertebral puncture was performed between T3 and T4 until the needle tip reached the spot around T4 and above capitis costae.The mixture of anhydrous alcohol 1.0 ml(group R1), 1.5 ml(group R2), 2.0 ml(group R3), 2.5 ml(group R4)and 3.0 ml(group R5)and iohexol was injected into the thoracic sympathetic ganglia on both sides.Effective block was defined as the rise in the palm temperature of both hands more than 3 ℃ and sweating completely disappeared at 10 min after thoracic sympathetic block was performed with anhydrous alcohol.The median effective dose(ED50), ED95 and 95% confidence interval(CI)of anhydrous alcohol for thoracic sympathetic block in treating primary palmar hyperhidrosis were calculated by probit analysis. Results The ED50(95% CI)of anhydrous alcohol for thoracic sympathetic block in treating primary palmar hyperhidrosis was 1.882(1.564-2.201)ml, and the ED95(95% CI)was 2.806(2.420-3.812)ml. Conclusion The ED50 and ED95 of anhydrous alcohol for thoracic sympathetic block in treating primary palmar hyperhidrosis are 1.882 and 2.806 ml, respectively. Key words: Ethanol; Autonomic nerve block; Ganglia, sympathetic; Dose-response relationship, drug; Hyperhidrosis

Experimental study on attenuation of contrast-induced acute kidney injury by enhancing autophagy in rats

Objective To evaluate the effects of autophagy on contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) in rat models. Methods Eighteen male rats were divided into control group (Con), CI-AKI group (CI-AKI) and rapamycin-pretreated group (Rapa). In the CI-AKI group, CI-AKI was induced by intraperitoneal injection of iohexol (12.25 g/kg I). In the Rapa group, rapamycin was given by intraperitoneal injection with a dose of 5 mg/(kg·d) for consecutive 7 days, and then injected with iohexol (12.25 g/kg I). Rats in the Con group were injected by the same dose of saline. The renal function, renal histopathology, and the levels of LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ and Beclin-1 as well as catalase (CAT) in the kidneys of rats were evaluated one day after the injection. Results Compared with the Con group, serum creatinine in the CI-AKI group was significantly increased ((239.93±27.00) μmol/L) vs (51.70±10.59) μmol/L, P<0.05), and the content of CAT was significantly decreased ((14.86 ± 0.32) U/mg vs (18.72±1.46) U/mg, P<0.05). In the CI-AKI group, renal tubules were severely injured, and the expression of autophagy-related proteins LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ and Beclin-1 in renal tissue was increased. Compared with the CI-AKI group, the pretreatment of rapamycin (Rapa group) increased the expression of LC3 Ⅱ/Ⅰ and Beclin-1 as well as the content of CAT in renal tissue ((17.62±1.86) U/mg vs (14.86±0.32) U/mg, P<0.05), and inhibited the increase of contrast-induced serum creatinine ((187.62±47.76) μmol/L vs (239.93±27.00) μmol/L, P<0.05) and renal tubule injury. Conclusions The results showed that contrast administration can induce autophagy activation in kidneys, while enhancing autophagy can attenuate contrast-induced oxidative stress injury and related renal injury. Key words: Contrast-induced acute kidney injury; Autophagy; Oxidative stress

12 Prevention of contrast-media induced renovascular toxicity using lipid nanoparticle encapsulation

Introduction The primary goal of conventional lipid nanoparticles (LiNPs) is to target and release drugs at the site of disease. In comparison, this research aims to minimise drug interactions by entrapping the nephrotoxic contrast agent, iohexol (IOX), within protective particles. Susceptible patients, such as those with diabetes, suffer from pre-existing vascular dysfunction which is exacerbated by IOX.1 Mechanisms of IOX-associated toxicity are unknown, therefore, cell-based assays will be used to examine toxicity and whether it may be prevented through LiNP encapsulation. Method Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), vascular (VSMC) and kidney cells (HEK-293) and were treated with IOX or IOX-encapsulated LiNPs (n=3). A metabolic indicator assay were used to determine metabolic activity after treatment proliferation and toxicity. Cell counting and a dye exclusion assay were used to confirm toxicity. Results Resazurin experiments showed a significant reduction in metabolic activity after 2 hour IOX incubation resulting in a 54%, 15% and 52% reduction in HUVEC, VSMC and HEK-293 metabolic activity respectively. These results were confirmed through cell counting analysis. Encapsulation of IOX within LiNPs was found to prevent IOX-associated renal toxicity as metabolic activity was comparable to non-treated cells (129%) (p Conclusions Treatment of HEK-293 and VSMCs with IOX led to a reduction in viable cells and an increase in toxicity which was mainly influenced by concentration rather than time. Encapsulation of IOX within LiNPs was found to prevent toxicity in vitro. Future work will be carried out to determine mechanisms behind contrast agent-associated toxicity with a focus on ex vivo kidney perfusion and vascular contractile experiments. Reference . Weisberg, et al. Kidney Int 1994;45:259–265.

Ibuprofen and iohexol removal in saturated constructed wetland mesocosms

The removal of pharmaceuticals by constructed wetlands (CWs) has been gaining more interest in the last decade. However, it is still unclear which are the key factors influencing the removal process. The aim of the present study is to investigate the removal efficiency of ibuprofen (IBU) and iohexol (IOH) by saturated CW mesocosms, depending on type of mesocosm (planted with Typha latifolia, Phragmites australis, Iris pseudacorus, Juncus effusus, Berula erecta or unplanted control), season (summer and winter), hydraulic loading rate (HLR) (0.7, 1.8, 3.4, 6.9 and 13.8cmd−1) and initial spiking concentration (10 and 100μgL−1). The results show that the presence of IBU and IOH had no influence on the monitored water parameters, while the type of mesocosm (different plant species and unplanted control) and season were the main factors explaining the differences observed in pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), oxygen saturation (SAT), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium (NH4-N) and phosphate (PO4-P). IBU was more efficiently removed (>80%) by mesocosms planted with J. effusus and B. erecta under low HLR and low initial spiking concentration in summer. For IOH, higher removal efficiency (>80%) was achieved by B. erecta-planted mesocosms under low HLR and high initial spiking concentration. Data on IBU removal from mesocosms could be fitted by the first-order kinetic model, with removal rate constants ranging from 0.2 to 4.0 d−1. For IOH, however, different kinetic models were applied but none could sufficiently describe the removal rate. Regression analysis on IBU demonstrated that 64% of the variation in removal efficiency could be explained by temperature, NH4-N and DO. In contrast, IOH removal correlation with any of the variables studied only accounted for 10.6% of the removal variation observed.

Removal of the pharmaceuticals ibuprofen and iohexol by four wetland plant species in hydroponic culture: plant uptake and microbial degradation.

We aimed at assessing the effects of four wetland plant species commonly used in constructed wetland systems: Typha, Phragmites, Iris and Juncus for removing ibuprofen (IBU) and iohexol (IOH) from spiked culture solution and exploring the mechanisms responsible for the removal. IBU was nearly completely removed by all plant species during the 24-day experiment, whereas the IOH removal varied between 13 and 80 %. Typha and Phragmites were the most efficient in removing IBU and IOH, respectively, with first-order removal rate constants of 0.38 and 0.06 day(-1), respectively. The pharmaceuticals were taken up by the roots and translocated to the aerial tissues. However, at the end of the experiment, plant accumulation constituted only up to 1.1 and 5.7 % of the amount of IBU and IOH spiked initially. The data suggest that the plants mainly function by facilitating pharmaceutical degradation in the rhizosphere through release of root exudates.

Application and nursing of contrast medium on displaying pathological changes of gastric cancer by spectral CT

Objective To investigate the nursing highlight of different contrast medium to detect gastric lesions by spectral CT. Methods A total of 150 patients with gastric cancer were averagely divided into experimental group and control group according to coin toss. The 20 ml iohexol mixed with 1 500 ml warm water were used in the experimental group, but only oral warm water was used in the control group. The monitored result of gastric cancer, adverse reactions and appropriate care were evaluated. Results The corrective rate of spectral CT for gastric cancer detection in the experimental group and control group were 96.0% and 85.3% respectively, and the difference was significant (χ2=5.042, P 0.05). However, 73.3% patients in the experimental group underwent anxiety or depression, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (45.3%), with a statistically significant difference (χ2=12.185, P<0.01). Conclusions Iohexol can be used as a good developer spectrum of spectral CT, which may also improve the detection rate of gastric cancer. Meanwhile, corresponding nursing is also important during the process. Key words: Body section radiology, spiral computer; Gastric cancer; Nursing; Contrast medium

Nephrotoxicity of iodixanol versus iohexol inpatients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary angiographic procedures

Background: The choice of radiographic contrast media for use in patients at increased risk of contrast-induced nephropathy is of ongoing interest. Materials and Methods: The current study is a prospective, randomized in which comparison of nonionic, isoosmolal agent, iodixanol, versus the nonionic, low-osmolal agent, iohexol, on the renal effects was carried out. A total of 526 subjects with impaired baseline renal functionand diabetes mellitus underwent diagnostic and/or therapeutic coronary angiographic procedures. The coprimary end points were the peak increase in serum creatinine and the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy, that is, ≥0.5 mg/dl in serum creatinine from baseline within 72 h of receiving contrast media. Results: Of the 129 patients, 97 received iodixanol and 97 received iohexol randomly. The median peak increase in serum creatinine in the iodixanol arm was 0.10 mg/dl; whereas in the Iohexol arm, the median peak increase was 0.09 mg/dl (P = 0.13). The overall contrast-induced nephropathy incidence was 10.5% in the iodixanol arm and 9.8% in the iohexol arm (P = 0.7). The volume of contrast media, volume of saline administered, frequency of coronary interventional procedures, and severity of baseline kidney disease and of diabetes mellitus were similar between treatments. Conclusions: In the present study, the overall rate of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with chronic kidney disease and diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary angiographic procedures was 10.5%. There was no significant difference between iodixanol and iohexol in either peak increase in serum creatinine or risk of contrast-induced nephropathy.

Evaluation of the diagnostic efficacy and tolerability of the radiopaque agent unihexol (iohexol) in cancer patients

Приведен опыт клинического применения рентгеноконтрастного препарата Юнигексол (йогексол) при проведении компьютерной томографии с внутривенным болюсным усилением. Показаны результаты эффективности контрастного усиления, наличие возможных побочных эффектов у 376 онкологических больных. Ключевые слова: Юнигексол (йогексол), побочные реакции, компьютерная томография, болюсное контрастное усиление. The paper describes the clinical experience with the radiopaque agent unihexol (iohexol) used during intravenous bolus contrastenhanced computed tomography. It shows the results of efficiency of contrast enhancement and the presence of possible of side effects in 376 cancer patients.

Median effective concentration of epidural lidocaine inhibiting herpetic neuralgia

Objective To determine the median effective concentration (EC50) of epidural lidocaine inhibiting herpetic neuralgia.Methods The patients with thoracic or lumbar herpetic neuralgia,aged 20-60 yr,with body mass index of 18-25 kg/m2,of ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,were included in the study.Epidural catheter was placed under the guidance of the digital subtraction angiography (DSA).An injection of iohexol mixed with lidocaine was given under the guidance of DSA to make sure that drug solution covered all the injured nerve roots.The initial concentration of lidocaine was 0.37％.The concentration was determined by up-and-down sequential allocation.Each time the concentration of lidocaine increased/decreased in the next patient depending on whether or not the analgesia was effective.The ratio between the two successive concentrations was 1.06.Effective analgesia was defined as VAS score ≤ 1 within 30 min after administration.The EC50 and 95 ％ confidence interval of lidocaine inhibiting herpetic neuralgia were calculated using Dixon formula.Results The EC50 of lidocaine inhibiting herpetic neuralgia was 0.199 ％ and the 95 ％ confidence interval was 0.168 ％-0.216 ％.Conclusion The EC50 of epidural lidocaine required to inhibit herpetic neuralgia is 0.199％. Key words: Lidocaine ; Analgesia, epidural ; Neuralgia, postherpetic ; Dose-response relationship,drug

Determination of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Adult Horses and Donkeys by Single IV Administration of Iohexol

The aim of the present article was to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using iohexol (IOX) clearance and evaluate the use of limited sampling models to establish an accurate and clinically suitable test in adult horses and donkeys. Iohexol was administered IV as a bolus at the dose of 75.5 mg/kg in eight horses and eight donkeys through the right jugular vein. Samples were collected through the left jugular vein before marker's administration (time 0) and at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360 minutes, and 12 hours after its injection. Iohexol plasmatic concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography; plasma clearance was determined by use of a one-compartment model corrected by use of the Brochner-Mortensen formula. The nine-point clearance value was considered a reference for the evaluation of simplified methods. Correlation analysis between the glomerular filtration rate values obtained by the nine-point clearance method and the GFR values determined by the application of simplified sample combinations were performed using Pearson test, linear regression analysis, and one-way ANOVA test; P < .05 was considered significant. Plasma clearance of IOX in horses was 2.58 ± 0.21 mL/min/kg and 1.80 ± 0.10 mL/min/kg in donkeys. No significant difference in GFR estimation was noted among the values estimated by simplified models to those by nine-point method. The mean plasma clearance of IOX determined with three-point clearance model was 2.36 ± 0.14 mL/minute/kg in horses and 2.05 ± 0.40 mL/minute/kg in donkeys. This article reported the determination of GFR in horses and donkeys by single IV administration of IOX. Simplified models were evaluated.

Effects of lumbar sympathetic nerve modulation guided by computed tomography for treating female pelvic limb hyperhidrosis

A total of 17 cases with pelvic limb hyperhidrosis were selected for lumbar sympathetic nerve modulation. The puncture of lumbar sympathetic nerve was guided by computed tomography (CT) through the gap of L2-3 until the needle tip reached the lateral of the second or third lumbar vertebra body and outside of psoas major. A mixture of 1% lidocaine 3 ml and 30% Iohexol injection 0.3 ml was injected. If the diffusion of lidocaine was observed between lumbar vertebra body and psoas major. After 15 min, 5 ml of absolute alcohol was injected to modulate the lumbar sympathetic nerve. After 5 min, oximetry-derived perfusion index of toe and sole temperature increased (5.9±1.4) folds and (4.16±0.89)℃ on average respectively. Pelvic limb hyperhidrosis was all cured within 6 months and one case recurred after a year. There were no occurrences of complications. Lumbar sympathetic nerve modulation guided by CT may be used for treating female pelvic limbs hyperhidrosis. Key words: Hyperhidrosis; Sympathectomy, chemical

Low concentration of iodixanol used in CT angiography of lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans

To evaluate the clinical diagnostic value of low concentration of iodixanol used in CT angiography (CTA) of lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans (LEASO). 42 patients which were suspect diagnosed with LEASO were divided to A group (270 mgI/ml iodixanol, tube voltage 100 kV) and B group (350 mgI/ml iohexol, tube voltage 120 kV), 21 patients in each group. Measure the body mass index (BMI) before the CTA of lower extremity. CTA results were analyzed with the digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as the "gold standard". There were no statistical difference of age, gender, BMI and CT value of the bifurcation of profunda femoral artery and superficial femoral artery, upper segment of anterior tibial artery and posterior tibial artery between A and B group. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of A and B groups of CTA were 97.0%, 99.1% and 98.3%, 99.5% for occlusion. Regard artery more than moderate stenosis (include moderate stenosis) as the overall statistics, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of A and B groups of CTA were 99.2%, 99.3% and 99.1%, 99.3%, the accuracy were 92.9% and 93.0%, the positive predictive and negative predictive value were 96.9%, 99.3% and 96.6%, 99.3%, respectively. The kappa value of A and B groups of CTA and DSA consistency test were 0.930 and 0.927, respectively. The CTA with low concentration of iodixanol combine with low tube voltage can achieve superior conventional scanning imaging features, and has great clinical value in the diagnosis of LEASO, also is an effective method for the inspection, evaluation and follow-up.