Arguably the biggest man-made challenge of the century is halting climate change. Livestock's methane (CH4) emissions, a greenhouse gas with a higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide (CO2), represent a prime target for reducing anthropogenic impact. While the reduction of enteric methane emissions through feed additives has been demonstrated, potent and affordable compounds inhibiting methanogenesis in ruminants are not yet well established. Reliable methods for reproducible cultivation of the rumen microbiome in the laboratory are an essential tool for the study of methanogenesis. We have developed a versatile setup that allows for the cultivation of the ruminal microbiome in a benchtop configuration and combines, miniaturizes, and improves existing systems. The design is based on standard laboratory equipment, including bottles, serological pipettes, tubing, and Luer-Lock valves. The apparatus enables long-term cultivation of primary cultures extracted from the rumen of slaughtered cattle. We describe rumen content acquisition, preparation, the cultivation procedure, and demonstrate the system's performance. The efficacy of the system is demonstrated through the administration of various concentrations of state-of-the-art methanogenesis inhibitors. These inhibitors include lyophilized Asparagopsis taxiformis (AT), bromoform (BF), iodoform (IF), 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), rapeseed oil, and BF dissolved in rapeseed oil, with maximum CH4 reductions of 96.29% (p = 5.00E-05, Cohen's d = 30.29), 98.22% (p = 2.88E-05, d = 23.07), 96.26% (p = 1.03E-05, d = 30.29), 74.63% (p = 8.88E-05, d = 13.32), 28.96% (p = 0.001, d = 3.99), and 98.51% (p = 4.18E-06, d = 39.94), respectively, in comparison to the negative control. The gas production dynamics in our setup align with previously published results, which supports the validity of the system. Compared to conventional methodologies, the described setup offers enhanced versatility and ease of use. Furthermore, Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy is implemented in a novel and low-cost approach for quantifying CH₄ and CO₂ in the headspace gas. Together, these methodological advances provide an accessible and reproducible platform for long-term in vitro rumen cultivation for the screening of anti-methanogenic additives.

Arguably the biggest man-made challenge of the century is halting climate change. Livestock’s methane (CH4) emissions, a greenhouse gas with a higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide (CO2), represent a prime target for reducing anthropogenic impact. While the reduction of enteric methane emissions through feed additives has been demonstrated, potent and affordable compounds inhibiting methanogenesis in ruminants are not yet well established. Reliable methods for reproducible cultivation of the rumen microbiome in the laboratory are an essential tool for the study of methanogenesis. We have developed a versatile setup that allows for the cultivation of the ruminal microbiome in a benchtop configuration and combines, miniaturizes, and improves existing systems. The design is based on standard laboratory equipment, including bottles, serological pipettes, tubing, and Luer-Lock valves. The apparatus enables long-term cultivation of primary cultures extracted from the rumen of slaughtered cattle. We describe rumen content acquisition, preparation, the cultivation procedure, and demonstrate the system’s performance. The efficacy of the system is demonstrated through the administration of various concentrations of state-of-the-art methanogenesis inhibitors. These inhibitors include lyophilized Asparagopsis taxiformis (AT), bromoform (BF), iodoform (IF), 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), rapeseed oil, and BF dissolved in rapeseed oil, with maximum CH4 reductions of 96.29% (p = 5.00E-05, Cohen’s d = 30.29), 98.22% (p = 2.88E-05, d = 23.07), 96.26% (p = 1.03E-05, d = 30.29), 74.63% (p = 8.88E-05, d = 13.32), 28.96% (p = 0.001, d = 3.99), and 98.51% (p = 4.18E-06, d = 39.94), respectively, in comparison to the negative control. The gas production dynamics in our setup align with previously published results, which supports the validity of the system. Compared to conventional methodologies, the described setup offers enhanced versatility and ease of use. Furthermore, Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy is implemented in a novel and low-cost approach for quantifying CH₄ and CO₂ in the headspace gas. Together, these methodological advances provide an accessible and reproducible platform for long-term in vitro rumen cultivation for the screening of anti-methanogenic additives.

Aim: The literature has not yet reported investigations about the effect of laser photobiomodulation (LPBM) over the cytotoxicity of drugs for endodontic treatments. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate, in vitro, the effect of the association between LPBM and intracanal medications on fibroblasts viability in different exposure times. Methods: Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and iodoform (IO) were used pure or associated to LPBM. Eluates of medications were prepared and placed in contact with the cells in three different periods: 24h, 48h and 72h. Laser irradiation (emitting radiation λ 660nm, power density of 10mW, energy density of 3 J/cm²) has been performed in two sessions within a six hour interval, for 12s per well. After each experimental time, the colorimetric assay (MTT) has been performed. Statistical analysis was applied for Mann-Whitney test with 5% α error admitted test. Results: At 24h, the use of LPBM did not increase cell viability while after 72h cell proliferation was stimulated in the group without medications. LPBM application did not increase cell viability in Ca(OH)2 group and IO at any tested time. Ca(OH)2 cytotoxicity at 24h was higher than iodoform, while at 72h not difference was observed. Therefore, after 72 hours was no statistical difference between the IO and Ca(OH)2 groups. Conclusion: LPBM was able to increase cell viability in 72h in the group without medication, although no improvement was observed in the other groups. Thus, LPBM was not able to reduce the cytotoxic effects of the materials on fibroblasts in vitro.

Formation of toxic iodinated by-products during the oxidation process of iohexol by catalytic ozonation in water

The effects of different compounds on dry socket were evaluated in order to find a new method that can both be antibacterial and osteogenic,providing experimental evidence for future clinical application. Seventy-two male SD rats, with upper left anterior teeth been extracted, were infected by pus to result in dry socket.Seven days later, they were allocated randomly and evenly into 4 groups and received different treatment, i.e. group A: debridement; group B: debridement and filled with iodoform gauzes; group C: debridement and filled with periocline; group D: debridement and filled with TC-PHBHHx/β-TCP. After being treated for 1,4,8 weeks, sequential fluorescent labeling was performed. The animals were sacrificed after the procedure and hard tissue and decalcified sections were harvested for histological and histomorphometrical evaluation. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0 software package. At the same time point, the results of osteogenesis in group A, B and C were not significantly different while the results in group D was significantly different from other groups; accordingly, significant new bone formation was observed. At different observation time, the bone area in group B and C were not significant different over time. In group A, little new bone formation was found but surrounded by a large amount of inflammatory cells at 8 week. However, group D showed bone area increasing gradually with time. TC-PHBHHx/β-TCP has significant anti-inflammatory and osteogenic effects. Iodoform gauzes and periocline have good anti-inflammatory results but not significant osteogenic effects.

Comparison of diatrizoate degradation by UV/chlorine and UV/chloramine processes: Kinetic mechanisms and iodinated disinfection byproducts formation

Degradation of iopamidol by three UV-based oxidation processes: Kinetics, pathways, and formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts

Objective To explore the clinical effects of the combination of the self-made negative pressure drainage and Nano-Silver dressings on postoperative infection of incision. Methods A total of 84 patients with post-operative incision infection in the First People's Hospital of Xiangtan City from January 2013 to December 2015 were selected and divided into the observation group and the control group with 42 cases in each by random number table method. The observation group was treated with self-made negative pressure device combined with Nano-Silver dressing at the early stage, while the control group was treated with iodoform gauze dressing. When the wound bed granulation grew well, the two groups were treated with calcium alginate dressing or two stage suture until healed. The inflammatory index, incision growth and therapeutic effect of the two groups were compared. Results A week after treatment, the white blood cell, C reactive protein, incisional pain score and the change cost of the observation group were (7.62±2.15) ×109/L, (19.33±23.46) mg/L, (2.83±0.82) and (570.13±33.88) Yuan, which were all lower than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (t=2.592, 2.695, 7.497, 7.752; P<0.05) . 100% coverage time of the incisional granulation tissue in the observation group was (3.86±1.37) d, and the healing time of the whole incision was (12.02±2.80) d in the observation group, which were both lower than those in the control group, with statistical significance (t=12.669, 6.954; P<0.01) . Conclusions The self-made negative pressure device combined with Nano-Silver dressing is ideal for the treatment of postoperative incision infection, while improving the therapeutic effect of the patients, and reducing the healing time of the incision and the cost of changing the medicine. Key words: Surgical wound; Infection; Vacuum sealing drainage technique; Nano-Silver dressing

Oxidation of iopamidol with ferrate (Fe(VI)): Kinetics and formation of toxic iodinated disinfection by-products

Objective To investigate the imaging characteristics and nasal endoscopic repair surgery for delayed postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea in patients with pituitary tumor. Methods From June 2009 to November 2014 there were 23 cases with delayed CSF rhinorrhea in our hospital, which occurred one year to 5 years after the operation for pituitary tumor. Pituitary hormone assay, head MRI, cisternal CT and nasal endoscopic examination were performed in all patients. After definite diagnosis the patients underwent nasal endoscopic repair surgery of CSF rhinorrhea. During the operation, large leakage orifices were packed with muscle, and then patched with xenogenic acellular dermal matrix, while the small ones were directly patched with xenogenic acellular dermal matrix after tumor resection, and the sphenoid sinus was packed with gelatin sponge and iodoform gauze. Results Patients were hospitalized for 3 to 5 weeks. Among them, 20 patients were successfully recured after one nasal endoscopic repair surgery, 2 underwent the second surgery, and one underwent the third surgery. Patients were followed up for 3 months to 5 years with no CSF rhinorrhea reoccurred. Conclusions Delayed postoperative CSF rhinorrhea in patients with pituitary tumor were likely due to residual tumor growth and postoperative radiotherapy. Pituitary tumor often occur in sella, thus nasal endoscopic resection and repair surgery is feasible in treatment. The surgery is safe and the success rate is high. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2017.09.012

In this work, the kinetics of transformation of iodide (I–) and hypoiodous acid (HOI) by peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and potential formation of worrisome iodinated products in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) were investigated. As the pH increased from 5 to 10, the apparent second-order rate constants of reaction of PMS with I– gradually decreased from 1.01 × 103 to 3.86 × 102 M–1 s–1, while those for HOI increased dramatically from 1.08 × 102 to 7.90 × 104 M–1 s–1. The obtained pH-dependent rate profiles were explained well by the effects of pH-affected speciation of PMS and/or HOI. Considerable amounts of total organic iodine (TOI) could be formed in the PMS/I–/NOM system over a wide pH range. Under similar conditions, the TOI levels formed in the PMS/I–/NOM system were generally higher than those formed in the case of HOCl but much lower than those formed in the case of NH2Cl. Also, specific iodoform (IF) and monoiodoacetic acid (MIAA) were detected in both simulated and authentic waters during...

Cisplatin and carboplatin are platinum anticancer agents that are used to treat a variety of cancers. Previous X-ray crystallographic studies of carboplatin binding to histidine in hen egg-white lysozyme (HEWL) showed a partial chemical conversion of carboplatin to cisplatin owing to the high sodium chloride concentration used in the crystallization conditions. Also, the co-crystallization of HEWL with carboplatin in sodium bromide conditions resulted in the partial conversion of carboplatin to the transbromoplatin form, with a portion of the cyclobutanedicarboxylate (CBDC) moiety still present. The results of the co-crystallization of HEWL with cisplatin or carboplatin in sodium iodide conditions are now reported in order to determine whether the cisplatin and carboplatin converted to the iodo form, and whether this took place in a similar way to the partial conversion of carboplatin to cisplatin in NaCl conditions or to transbromoplatin in NaBr conditions as seen previously. It is reported here that a partial chemical transformation has taken place to a transplatin form for both ligands. The NaI-grown crystals belonged to the monoclinic space group P21 with two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The chemically transformed cisplatin and carboplatin bind to both His15 residues, i.e. in each asymmetric unit. The binding is only at the N(δ) atom of His15. A third platinum species is also seen in both conditions bound in a crevice between symmetry-related molecules. Here, the platinum is bound to three I atoms identified based on their anomalous difference electron densities and their refined occupancies, with the fourth bound atom being a Cl atom (in the cisplatin case) or a portion of the CBDC moiety (in the carboplatin case).

Iodoacetic acid (IAA) and iodoform (IF) are unregulated iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) found in drinking water. Their presence in the drinking water of China has not been documented. Recently, the carcinogenic potential of IAA and IF has been a concern because of their mutagenicity in bacteria and genotoxicity in mammalian cells. Therefore, we measured their concentrations in Shanghai drinking water and assessed their cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and ability to transform NIH3T3 cells to tumorigenic lines. The concentrations of IAA and IF in Shanghai drinking water varied between summer and winter with maximum winter levels of 2.18 μg/L IAA and 0.86 μg/L IF. IAA with a lethal concentration 50 (LC50) of 2.77 μM exhibited more potent cytotoxicity in NIH3T3 cells than IF (LC50 = 83.37 μM). IAA, but not IF, induced a concentration-dependent DNA damage measured by γ-H2AX staining and increased tail moment in single-cell gel electrophoresis. Neither IAA nor IF increased micronucleus frequency. Prolonged exposure of NIH3T3 cells to IAA increased the frequencies of transformed cells with anchorage-independent growth and agglutination with concanavalin A. IAA-transformed cells formed aggressive fibrosarcomas after inoculation into Balb/c nude mice. This study demonstrated that IAA has a biological activity that is consistent with a carcinogen and human exposure should be of concern.

An optimized method is presented using liquid-liquid extraction and derivatization for the extraction of iodoacetic acid (IAA) and other haloacetic acids (HAA9) and direct extraction of iodoform (IF) and other trihalomethanes (THM4) from drinking water, followed by detection by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). A Doehlert experimental design was performed to determine the optimum conditions for the five most significant factors in the derivatization step: namely, the volume and concentration of acidic methanol (optimized values = 15%, 1 mL), the volume and concentration of Na2SO4 solution (129 g/L, 8.5 mL), and the volume of saturated NaHCO3 solution (1 mL). Also, derivatization time and temperature were optimized by a two-variable Doehlert design, resulting in the following optimized parameters: an extraction time of 11 minutes for IF and THM4 and 14 minutes for IAA and HAA9; mass of anhydrous Na2SO4 of 4 g for IF and THM4 and 16 g for IAA and HAA9; derivatization time of 160 min and temperature at 40°C. Under optimal conditions, the optimized procedure achieves excellent linearity (R2 ranges 0.9990–0.9998), low detection limits (0.0008–0.2 µg/L), low quantification limits (0.008–0.4 µg/L), and good recovery (86.6%–106.3%). Intra- and inter-day precision were less than 8.9% and 8.8%, respectively. The method was validated by applying it to the analysis of raw, flocculated, settled, and finished waters collected from a water treatment plant in China.

Drinking water chlorination plays a pivotal role in preventing pathogen contamination against water-borne disease. However, chemical disinfection leads to the formation of halogenated disinfection by products (DBPs). Many DBPs are highly toxic and are of health concern. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive measurements of DBPs, including iodoacetic acid (IAA), iodoform (IF), nine haloacetic acids and four trihalomethanes in drinking waters from 13 water plants in Shanghai, China. The results suggested that IAA and IF were found in all the water treatment plants, with maximum levels of 1.66 µg/L and 1.25 µg/L for IAA and IF, respectively. Owing to deterioration of water quality, the Huangpu River has higher IAA and IF than the Yangtze River. Our results also demonstrated that low pH, high natural organic matter, ammonia nitrogen, and iodide in source waters increased IAA and IF formation. Compared to chlorine, chloramines resulted in higher concentration of iodinated DBP, but reduced the levels of trihalomethanes. This is the first study to reveal the widespread occurrence of IAA and IF in drinking water in China. The data provide a better understanding on the formation of iodinated disinfection byproducts and the findings should be useful for treatment process improvement and disinfection byproducts controls.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics,operation techniques and keys for acute traumatic eyelid defects.Method 34 cases with traumatic eyelid defects,in which none of the wounds could be repaired by direct closure.In anterior lamella eyelid defects,moderate defects (less than 2/3 involvement) were repaired by advancement,rotation or transposition flaps,and skin grafts from posterior auricular skin and medial upper arm were used for large defects (more than 2/3) followed by tarsorrhaphies afterwards.Moderate full-thickness eyelid defects (＜ 1/2 involvement) were repaired by semicircular flaps with lateral cantholysis,while extensive full-thickness defects (＞ 1/2 involvement) were repaired layer by layer through skin flaps,preserved sclera (replacing the tarsal plate) and advanced conjunctival flaps followed by tarsorrhaphies afterwards.For those special patients with heavy systemic problem or trauma,after copious irrigation washes and through debridement the wound were covered by iodoform gauzes for secondary repair.Result 19 cases of the 25 cases with anterior lamella upper eyelid defects were repaired by various skin flaps,and recovered well.The other 6 cases repaired by skin grafts.There were 9 cases of full-thickness eyelid defects,5 cases with ＜ 1/2 involvement repaired by semicircular flaps with lateral cantholysis and recovered well,and 2 cases were repaired layer by layer through skin flaps,preserved sclera and advanced conjunctival flaps.In the remainder 2 cases,covered by iodoform gauzes there was no infection in the wound,and the eyelid were reconstructed 7 and 20 days later respectively.Conclusion The keys to successful surgery for traumatic eyelid defect are careful debridement,flexible operation skills and meticulous suture of the fragmentized tissues.Additionally,flap is always the first choice to ensure the best contour and optimal function.The special patients who couldn' t endure emergent surgery need reasonable treatment and preparation for secondary repair. Key words: Eyelid defect, traumatic ; Reconstruction

Objective To study the effect of Silver ion dressing and gel foam dressing on the healing of Surface abscess after incision drainage.Methods Totals of 80 cases with body abscess after incision drainage were randomly divided into the observation group and the control group,with 40 cases each group.In observation group,used ions silver dressing to fill the wound,and fixed by gel foam dressing.While in control group,used iodoform gauze for residual cavity wound drainage,and fixed by topical sterile gauze.The two groups were dressing one time after 2-3 days.After the treatment,residual cavity volume,frequency of dressing changes and residual cavity healing time were observed and compared.Results No significant difference was found in the residual cavity volume before the intervention (P ＞ 0.05).Three days after the intervention,no significant difference was found in residual cavity volume between observation group and control group [(3.26 ± 1.17) ml vs (3.48 ± 1.16) ml ; P ＞ 0.05)],while significant difference was in the 7th day and 14th day after the intervention [(1.89 ± 0.92) ml vs (2.73 ± 1.02) ml,(0.61 ± 0.52) ml vs (1.43 ± 0.66) ml;t =3.86,6.17,respectively; P ＜ 0.01)].And the frequency of dressing changes and residual cavity healing time in observation group respectively were (7.87 ± 1.18) times and (18.31 ± 2.67) days,and that in control group were (11.04 ± 1.45) times and (21.24 ± 3.24) days,and the difference was statistically significant (t =4.41,5.62,respectively; P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions Ions silver dressing and gel foam dressing in treating residual cavity on body surface after abscess is a new method to prompt the healing of residual cavity,which can reduce the frequency of dressing change and clinic nursing workload. Key words: Surface abscess; Ions silver dressing; Gel foam dressing; Incision drainage; Wound healing

Objective To explore the etiology and treatment of dental pulp disease.Methods The clinical data on 100 patients with dental pulp disease who had received treatment from October 2007 to November 2010 were retrospectively analyzd.The patients were randomly divided into study group and control group,50 for each group.The control group received formocresol ( FC ) or camphor phenol ( CP ) for temporary close,and then mummification agent or root canal filling agent for permanent filling.The study group was treated with tinidazole,iodoform,and dexamethasone mixture,then twist cotton or cotton balls for CP temporary close.After symptoms disappeared, mixture of tinidazole, iodoform and dexamethasone was applied to fill the root canal,reaching the tip of the canal; zinc phosphate cement powder was used for filling the bottom,and then permanent filling was completed.The success rates of temporary close and permanent filling in both groups were analyzed.Results In the study group,temporary close succeeded in 43 patients but failed in 7,with a success rate of 86.0％; permanent filling succeeded in 43 patients but failed in 7,with a success rate of 86.0％.In the control group,temporary close succeeded in 29 patients and failed in 21,with a success rate of 58.0％ permanent filling succeeded in 26 patients and failed in 24,with a success rate of 52.0％.There were significant differences between the two groups in the success rates of temporary close and permanent filling ( P ＜ 0.01 ).Conclusions The diagnosis of most dental pulp disease can be confirmed based on medical history,clinical symptoms,and examination and analysis.Timely comprehensive treatment can achieve satisfactory outcomes. Key words: Dental pulp disease; Comprehensive treatment; Etiology; Exploration

Objective To investigate the efficacy ofalginate dressing on refractory sinus.Methods 32 patients with refractory infected wounds were randomly divided into study group and control group,16 for each group.The study group received treatment with alginate dressing while the control group received iodoform gauze.The efficacy was determined by comparing time of wound healing,changes in pain level,and medical costs between the two groups.Results The number of wound healing within 28 days was more in the study group than in the control group ( 12 vs.6 ).Pain relief was more obvious in the study group； the number of patients with grade 0,1,2,or 3 pain was 2,14,0,and 0 in the study group and 1,2,13,and 0 in the control group.There was statistically significant difference in medical costs between the study group and the control group ( ￥ 356 vs.￥ 468 ).Conclusions Alginate dressing for refractory sinus can not only shorten the healing time and relieve pain in patients but also can reduce medical costs. Key words: Alginate dressing; Refractory sinus

To introduce a method and the clinical effects of repairing skull base defects and dural defects using vascular pedicled nasoseptal mucoperiosteal flaps through an endoscopic endonasal approach. The clinical and follow-up data for 8 patients who underwent endoscopic endonasal reconstruction of skull base defects and cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea with a vascular pedicled nasoseptal mucoperiosteal flap between July 2008 and March 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were male. The age of these patients ranged from 28 to 60 years (average 41 years). The diagnosis for these patients included one hemangiopericytoma of the anterior skull base one olfactory neuroblastoma (type of Kadish C), one ethmoid sinus cancer, three local recurrent cancers of the nasopharynx after radiotherapy, one carcinoid of skull base and one traumatic cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea with recurrent intracranial infection. There were six anterior skull base defects and two middle cranial fossa defects. An endoscopic endonasal surgical approach was used for the repair. A pedicled flap using the nasal septal mucoperiosteum based on the posterior nasal artery was harvested from the ipsilateral side. The tissue flap was used to cover the dural defects. The margin was covered with gelatin sponge and fixed with fibrin glue. The nasal cavity was packed with iodoform gauze, a Foley catheter balloon and Merocel in this sequence to secure the flap in place. Nasal packing was removed 5 to 7 days postoperatively. Partial septal flap necrosis was found in one case, but the flaps in the other 7 cases survived. A postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak occurred in one case 7 days after surgery. This was re-explored and successfully repaired with abdominal fat. All cases healed well, with no delayed cerebrospinal fluid leaks or intracranial infections during the 6 to 24 months follow-up period. The vascular pedicled nasoseptal mucoperiosteal flap is a reliable choice for endoscopic endonasal skull base reconstruction.