Iodine Solution Research Articles

Comparison of Visual Inspection Methods Using Either Acetic Acid Solution or Lugol’s Iodine Solution with Colposcopy in Screening of Cervical Cancer: A Cross Sectional Study

Background & Objective: We compared two different methods of visual inspection of the cervix, including Visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid (VIA) and Visual inspection of the cervix with Lugol's iodine (VILI) in terms of sensitivity and specificity in diagnosis of pre-malignant cervical lesions in comparison to colposcopy guided biopsy.Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total number of 200 women who were referred to the colposcopy clinic of Arash women’s hospital (Tehran, Iran) for cervical cancer screening, underwent VIA, VILI, and colposcopy guided biopsy during 2018-2019.Results: The calculated sensitivity and specificity of VIA and VILI in this population were (100% and 69.5%) and (100% and 60%), respectively, whereas the sensitivity and specificity of both VIA and VILI tests in combination were 100% and 77.2%. The positive and negative predictive values were 32.7% and 100%, respectively, when combined form of VIA and VILI was applied in this population.Conclusion: VIA and VILI alone or in combination could be used as screening tests to evaluate the presence of cervical cancer and in case of positive results, supplementary tests such as colposcopy guided biopsy could be performed for definite diagnosis.

Recurrent Dermatophytosis: A Comparative Therapeutic Study using Oral Itraconazole Alone and in combination with Topical Tincture of Iodine

Widespread resistant dermatophytosis cases have been increasing in frequency in Iraq, despite prolonged treatment protocol. This study aimed to compare the therapeutic effect of oral itraconazole alone and in combination with topical tincture of iodine as an adjuvant therapy for refractory dermatophytosis. A comparative research was conducted in the Dermatology and Venereology Department, Ramadi Teaching Hospital. A total number of 130 cases with recurrent tenia were enrolled in this study. All patients were diagnosed on clinical basis and direct microscopic examination. They divided into two groups depending on the line of treatment. Only 120 patients completed the study, 82(68.3%) were males, and 38(31.7%) were female. The age ranged (18-60 years) with mean (± SD) 33.3+12.7. Marked improvement and clinical cure at 2 weeks were highly significant level in 44(75.9%) cases of those treated by 5% topical tincture of iodine plus oral itraconazole, VS 14(24.1%) of individual treated by only oral itraconazole. While there was no significant difference in cure rate between both groups at 12 weeks follow up. Topical 5% iodine tincture is recommended as a synergistic antifungal activity in combination with oral itraconazole in treatment of recurrent tinea infections.

225: HYPERTHYROIDISM MASKED BY ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS WITH RESULTING THYROID STORM

Introduction: Thyroid storm is an extremely rare & severe form of hyperthyroidism, and when left untreated can lead to multiorgan failure and death. In this case, we present a 52-year-old female whose hyperthyroidism-like symptoms were thought to be due to acute cholecystitis, with post-operative course complicated by delirium & hemodynamic instability likely due to thyroid storm. Description: Patient is a 52-year-old female with a history of HIV, nephrolithiasis, hypertension, and migraine headaches who presents with right upper quadrant abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting for 2 weeks. She endorses poor appetite for 4 weeks with 30-pound weight loss in that period. In the ED, she was hypertensive and tachycardic. Labs are significant for hypokalemia and leukocytosis of 12.9. CT abdomen/pelvis demonstrated gallbladder wall thickening, trace pericholecystic fluid, right hydronephrosis, and acute cholecystitis. The patient underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy with postoperative course complicated by acute delirium. She continued to deteriorate with BP 177/101, HR 181, and RR 31. She was given neuroleptics without improvement and transferred to the ICU for further management. Thyroid studies revealed hyperthyroidism; thyroid ultrasound revealed multiple isoechoic circumscribed thyroid nodules consistent with thyroid goiter. Burch criteria for thyroid storm was 70, highly suggestive of the condition. The patient was treated with esmolol and dexmedetomidine drips, propranolol for tachycardia, PTU to block conversion of T4 to T3, thionamide & iodine solution to block synthesis & secretion of T4, and hydrocortisone to reduce inflammation & block synthesis of T4 to T3. Discussion: The main challenge in this case is recognizing the overlap of symptoms of acute cholecystitis with underlying and undiagnosed hyperthyroidism. Thyroid storm usually presents as mimic, with this patient experiencing predominantly neuro-type presentations with delirium. The presence of new-onset delirium with hemodynamic instability post-operatively should raise a high index of suspicion for thyroid storm and must be treated without delay. Maintaining a broad differential prior to surgical intervention, a known trigger, could propel the clinician into considering underlying thyroid pathologies and prevent thyroid storm altogether.

Setting a safe target internal atmosphere for starch-based coated fruits and vegetables

Fruit surface coatings reduce gas exchange and modify the internal atmosphere composition. However, to set a safe internal atmosphere target, an optimum starch concentration must be determined for each fruit. To avoid the risk of anaerobiosis, surface coatings must be designed considering specificities in the structure and physiology of the product to be coated, properties of the coating solution, and coating-fruit surface interaction. In this study, it was developed a method for estimating the effective proportion of a starch-based coated surface using digital image processing. The starch-coated areas were stained with iodine solution and quantified using coated/uncoated region color image segmentation. To understand the need for surfactant and the optimal temperature for adding surfactant, 3% cassava starch coatings were prepared with and without Tween 40® as a surfactant. Tween 40® was added into starch matrix coating at 18 and 60 °C. These coatings were applied to bananas, mandarin oranges, and bell peppers. The coatings without and with Tween 40® (added at a warm coating) showed weak adhesion to the fruit peels, especially those with high cutin and wax levels (mandarin and pepper). However, adding Tween 40® to a cooled coating enhanced its adhesion regardless of the structure of the fruit peel surfaces. Thus, these results show for the first time that the temperature for adding the surfactant markedly affects the coated percentage area of fruits. Following this, cassava starch coatings at 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0% with Tween 40® added at 18 °C were tested on banana and papaya. The internal levels of O 2 and CO 2 were assessed to target safe, coated fruit internal atmosphere. Increasing the starch coating content increased the fruit's coated area, resulting in a decrease in O 2 and increase in CO 2 internal levels. The internal atmosphere build-up with the highest starch content (3.0%) and Tween 40® for papaya was O 2 (5.8 kPa) and CO 2 (6.6 kPa), which is suitable for postharvest papaya storage. However, for bananas, this level of starch coating resulted in very low O 2 (1.9 kPa) and high CO 2 levels (48.6 kPa). These results demonstrate that the internal atmosphere build-up for coated fruits with similar starch matrix coating contents is fruit-specific. • An approach for estimating fruit's starch-coated area was developed. • Image segmentation of stained starch-coated fruit was used to assess the coated area. • Cooling starch matrix before adding surfactant enhances fruit coated surface area. • Internal atmosphere build-up at similar starch coating content depends on fruit type.

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Infection: 10% Povidone Iodine Miracle

Gastrostomy is the procedure of inserting a tube through the abdominal wall into the stomach in order to provide nutrition in cases where gastrointestinal system functions are normal but oral intake is not sufficient and enteral nutrition is predicted to take more than 4-6 weeks. Gastrostomy was first introduced in 1980. Although minor complications such as peristomal infection and infiltration, pneumoperitoneum, gastrointestinal bleeding and ulceration may be seen due to gastrostomy; Major complications such as necrotizing fasciitis, colocutaneous fistula and aspiration may also occur. In the literature, 1–4% minor and 8–30% important results related to gastrostomy are reported. Peristomal, which is one of the gastrostomy minor examinations, can already be treated with close and good care. In our case report, infections that may occur at the gastrostomy insertion site were reported, possible causes were discussed, a case with a diagnosed with peristomal infection and treated with povidone iodine solution (baticone/betadine) was presented, and the literature on the subject was compiled.

LBODP104 Thyroid Plasmapheresis: An Alternative Option For Thyroid Storm

Abstract Introduction Thyroid storm is a rare, life-threatening condition with a high mortality rate approaching 10-30%. The mainstay of treatment includes initiation of therapy directed against the thyroid, supportive intensive care, and treatment of any precipitating factors. We report three cases of patients with thyroid storm and successful therapeutic use of plasmapheresis when traditional therapy was contraindicated. Clinical Cases Case 1 A 22-year-old male with no known past medical history, presented with fever, shortness of breath, and syncope. Labs showed TSH 0. 014 mIU/L (range 0.4-4.5), FT4 4.30 ng/dL (range 0.9-2.2), TSI 546% (range <140), and TPO 20 U/mL (range <60). He was diagnosed with thyroid storm due to Graves’ disease (Burch-Wartofsky score of 60). He was initially treated with propylthiouracil (PTU), hydrocortisone, propranolol, and Lugol's iodine solution. He developed transaminitis and shock liver so was not able to continue PTU or trial methimazole. He underwent 4 rounds of plasmapheresis with improvement in thyroid hormone levels and eventually had thyroidectomy. Case 2 A 37-year-old female with known Graves’ disease (non-adherent to antithyroid drug), presented with shortness of breath and palpitations. Labs showed TSH <0. 01 mIU/L (range 0.4-4.5), FT4 4.83 ng/dL (range 0.9-2.2), and FT3 6. 0 pg/mL (range 2.3-4.2). Burch-Wartofsky score was 40 and supported the diagnosis of thyroid storm. She was initially treated with methimazole, hydrocortisone, propranolol, and Lugol's iodine solution. She developed transaminitis and there was also concern for methimazole-induced insulin autoimmune syndrome, so methimazole was discontinued. She underwent 3 rounds of plasmapheresis with improvement in thyroid hormone levels and eventually had thyroidectomy. Case 3 A 31-year-old female with no known past medical history, presented with shortness of breath and altered mental status requiring intubation. Labs showed TSH <0. 01 mIU/L (range 0.4-4.5), FT4 4.65 ng/dL (range 0.9-2.2), FT3 25.2 pg/mL (range 2.3-4.2), TSI 467% (range <140), TPO 375 U/mL (range <60). She was diagnosed with thyroid storm due to Graves’ disease (Burch-Wartofsky score of 90). She was initially treated with methimazole, hydrocortisone, propranolol, and Lugol's iodine solution. She developed pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and it was unclear if this was due to methimazole, thus methimazole was discontinued. She underwent 5 rounds of plasmapheresis with improvement in thyroid hormone levels and eventually had thyroidectomy. Conclusion Plasmapheresis can be an effective and safe treatment option in thyroid storm when there are contraindications for antithyroid drugs or when rapid normalization of thyroid hormone levels is needed. It should be considered as a stabilizing measure as it leads to marked improvement of thyrotoxicosis within 3-5 days, allowing thyroidectomy for definitive therapy. Presentation: No date and time listed

ODP471 Concomitant Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Cancer and Graves’ Disease Presenting as Thyroid Storm

Abstract Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most prevalent form of thyroid cancer with a reported incidence of 4.7-5.3 per 100,000 people over the past 10 years. PTC is more commonly seen in females during the fourth and fifth decades of life. Radiation exposure during childhood and family history are known risk factors for thyroid cancer. Thyroid cancer typically presents as a thyroid nodule detected on physical exam or incidental finding on imaging. Patients may feel swollen glands or a lump in the neck that can cause dysphagia. It is uncommon for PTC to present as hyperthyroidism. However, patients with Graves’ disease have an increased risk of thyroid cancer. We share a rare case of PTC detected following newly diagnosed Grave's disease presenting as thyroid storm. A 27-year-old male with history of polysubstance abuse and bipolar disorder presented to the hospital for altered mentation. He appeared anxious, tremulous, and was persistently tachycardic and febrile. There was an initial concern for drug intoxication or overdose. However, the patient's mother stated that he had not used drugs for the past six months and that his prescription bottles were appropriately filled. Blood alcohol level was elevated however urine toxicology screen was unrevealing. Due to worsening mentation and inability to protect his airway, the patient was intubated and transferred to the ICU. Thyroid levels were checked and TSH was less than 0. 01 with free T4 of 3.6 and free T3 of 13.80. The patient's Burch-Warsofsky score was 40. With endocrinology input, the patient was started on thyroid storm protocol with propylthiouracil, iodine solution, hydrocortisone, and beta blocker. He had significant improvement and was able to be extubated. Propylthiouracil was transitioned to methimazole. Thyroid stimulatingimmunoglobulin was found to be elevated, consistent with Grave's disease. Patient did have a known enlarged thyroid with heterogeneity from a recent ultrasound that had not yet been investigated. A CT scan of the neck was ordered, and this showed cervical lymphadenopathy, diffuse thyroid enlargement without nodule, and anterior mediastinum density. An ultrasound guided cervical lymph node biopsy was consistent with metastatic papillary thyroid cancer. A PET CT showed metastatic adenopathy in the upper neck and chest. Patient is planned to undergo thyroidectomy with lymphadenectomy. He is being followed by oncology and endocrinology for further management outpatient. Concurrent hyperthyroidism from Grave's disease with thyroid cancer is rare, though with increasing reports, particularly with PTC. Thyroid stimulatingimmunoglobulins are thought to accelerate thyroid cancer cell turnover and promote angiogenesis through up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factors, facilitating invasive and metastatic potential. Thyroid cancer with coexisting hyperthyroidism has a poorer prognosis. Having a high clinical suspicion of thyroid cancer in patients with hyperthyroidism can result in prompter diagnosis and treatment which is imperative. Presentation: No date and time listed

Antimicrobial Properties of a Copper/Silicone Composite Membrane Prepared Using a Two-Step Immersion Process in Iodine and Copper Sulfate Solutions.

Silicone (polydimethylsiloxane) materials are widely used in various applications. Due to microbe adherence and biofilm formation at the surface of silicone materials, silicone materials must possess antibacterial properties. To achieve this, we prepared copper (Cu)-silicone composite membranes using a simple two-step process of immersion in iodine and copper sulfate solutions. Subsequent scanning electron microscopy revealed Cu nanoparticles (CuNPs) of 10 to 200 nanometers in diameter on the silicone membrane surface, which were identified as copper iodide using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The mechanical strength of the material did not change significantly as a result of the two-step immersion treatment and the Cu/silicone membrane showed excellent antibacterial efficacy against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, maintaining R > 2 even after a physical impact such as stomacher treatment. Additionally, the Cu ions eluted from the Cu/silicone membrane remained at very low concentrations, suggesting firm immobilization of CuNPs on the silicone membrane. This proposed antimicrobial treatment method does not require special equipment, can be performed at room temperature, and has the potential for use on silicone materials other than membranes.

Use of iodine tincture in the management of wound dehiscence in operated mandibular fracture along with hardware salvage: a case report

Mandibular fractures are one of the most common facial fractures. Depending on the severity, they are treated either by closed reduction or open reduction and internal fixation. Hardware exposure is one of the postoperative complications associated with the latter. Data involving decision regarding removal or salvage of hardware in such cases is lacking. We present a case of wound dehiscence with hardware exposure in an operated mandibular fracture, which was managed by placing tincture iodine dressing, thus obviating the need for hardware removal.

Cytotoxic Effects of Common Irrigation Solutions on Chondrosarcoma and Giant Cell Tumors of Bone.

Irrigation is commonly used as an adjuvant treatment during the intralesional curettage of bone tumors. The goal of the present study was to analyze the in vitro cytotoxicity of commonly used irrigation solutions on chondrosarcoma and giant cell tumor (GCT) cells as there is no consensus on which solution leads to the greatest amount of cell death. An in vitro evaluation was performed by exposing human GCT and human chondrosarcoma cell lines to 0.9% saline solution, sterile water, 70% ethanol, 3% hydrogen peroxide, 0.05% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG), and 0.3% povidone iodine solutions independently for 2 and 5 minutes. A low-cytotoxicity control (LCC) and a high-cytotoxicity control (HCC) were established to determine the mean cytotoxicity of each solution and each solution's superiority to LCC and non-inferiority to HCC. The present study demonstrated that 0.05% CHG was non-inferior to the HCC when chondrosarcoma was exposed for 5 minutes and when GCT was exposed for 2 and 5 minutes (mean cytotoxicity, 99% to 102%) (p < 0.003 for all). Sterile water was superior to the LCC when chondrosarcoma was exposed for 5 minutes and when GCT was exposed for 2 minutes (mean, 28% to 37%) (p < 0.05). Sterile water (mean, 18% to 38%) (p < 0.012) and 3% hydrogen peroxide (mean, 7% to 16%) (p < 0.001) were both inferior to the HCC. The 3 other solutions were non-superior to the LCC (mean, -24% to -5%) (p < 0.023). In vitro irrigation in 0.05% CHG provided high cytotoxicity, comparable with the HCC. Therefore, the use of a 0.05% CHG solution clinically could serve as a potential chemical adjuvant during intralesional curettage of chondrosarcoma and GCT. In an effort to reduce the burden of residual tumor cells, irrigation solutions are often utilized as adjuvant local therapy. Use of a 0.05% CHG solution clinically could serve as a potential chemical adjuvant to intralesional curettage of chondrosarcoma and GCT. Further in vivo studies may be indicated to assess clinical outcomes and safety associated with the use of 0.05% CHG in the treatment of chondrosarcoma and GCT.

A highly effective therapeutic ointment for treating corals with black band disease.

Infectious disease outbreaks are a primary contributor to coral reef decline worldwide. A particularly lethal disease, black band disease (BBD), was one of the first coral diseases reported and has since been documented on reefs worldwide. BBD is described as a microbial consortium of photosynthetic cyanobacteria, sulfate-reducing and sulfide-oxidizing bacteria, and heterotrophic bacteria and archaea. The disease is visually identified by a characteristic dark band that moves across apparently healthy coral tissue leaving behind bare skeleton. Despite its virulence, attempts to effectively treat corals with BBD in the field have been limited. Here, we developed and tested several different therapeutic agents on Pseudodiploria spp. corals with signs of active BBD at Buck Island Reef National Monument in St. Croix, USVI. A variety of therapies were tested, including hydrogen peroxide-based treatments, ointment containing antibiotics, and antiviral/antimicrobial-based ointments (referred to as CoralCure). The CoralCure ointments, created by Ocean Alchemists LLC, focused on the dosing regimen and delivery mechanisms of the different active ingredients. Active ingredients included carbamide peroxide, Lugol's iodine solution, along with several proprietary essential oil and natural product blends. Additionally, the active ingredients had different release times based on treatment: CoralCure A-C had a release time of 24 hours, CoralCure D-F had a release time of 72 hours. The ointments were applied directly to the BBD lesion. Also, jute rope was saturated with a subset of these CoralCure ointment formulations to assist with adhesion. These ropes were then applied to the leading edge of the BBD lesion for one week to ensure sufficient exposure. Corals were revisited approximately three to five months after treatment application to assess disease progression rates and the presence/absence of lesions-the metrics used to quantify the efficacy of each treatment. Although most of the treatments were unsuccessful, two CoralCure rope formulations-CoralCure D rope and CoralCure E rope, eliminated the appearance of BBD in 100% of the corals treated. As such, these treatments significantly reduced the likelihood of BBD occurrence compared to the untreated controls. Additionally, lesions treated with these formulations lost significantly less tissue compared with controls. These results provide the mechanisms for an easily employable method to effectively treat a worldwide coral disease.

Optimized Spectrophotometry Method for Starch Quantification

Starch is a polysaccharide that is abundantly found in nature and is generally used as an energy source and energy storage in many biological and environmental processes. Naturally, starch tends to be in miniscule amounts, creating a necessity for quantitative analysis of starch in low-concentration samples. Existing studies that are based on the spectrophotometric detection of starch using the colorful amylose–iodine complex lack a detailed description of the analytical procedure and important parameters. In the present study, this spectrophotometry method was optimized, tested, and applied to studying starch content of atmospheric bioaerosols such as pollen, fungi, bacteria, and algae, whose chemical composition is not well known. Different experimental parameters, including pH, iodine solution concentrations, and starch solution stability, were tested, and method detection limit (MDL) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined at 590 nm. It was found that the highest spectrophotometry signal for the same starch concentration occurs at pH 6.0, with an iodine reagent concentration of 0.2%. The MDL was determined to be 0.22 μg/mL, with an LOQ of 0.79 μg/mL. This optimized method was successfully tested on bioaerosols and can be used to determine starch content in low-concentration samples. Starch content in bioaerosols ranged from 0.45 ± 0.05 (in bacteria) to 4.3 ± 0.06 μg/mg (in fungi).

Evaluation of Media Conductivity and a Combination of Iodine and Sodium Hypochlorite Surface Disinfection on Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Embryo Viability and Morphology.

Embryo surface disinfection in either an iodine or sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution is commonly performed on imported zebrafish embryos to decrease pathogen introduction into a facility. The impact of the consecutive use of these disinfectants and the conductivity of the culture media on embryo survival and development post-disinfection have not been evaluated. Iodine (12.5-25 ppm) is effective at eliminating several Mycobacterium species, whereas NaOCl (50-100 ppm) reduces the number of viable Pseudoloma neurophilia spores. Casper and T5D (tropical 5D wild type) embryos reared in media of differing conductivities (0-10, 100-200, 750-950, and 1500-2000 μS) with and without exposure to NaOCl 100 ppm at 6 h post-fertilization were evaluated for survival, hatching success, and morphological defects at 5 days post-fertilization. Additionally, the consecutive use of iodine (12.5 ppm for 2 min) followed by NaOCl (75 or 100 ppm for 10 min), as well as the inverse, was evaluated. Embryo survival was not impacted by embryo rearing media alone; however, survival significantly decreased when embryos were disinfected with 100 ppm NaOCl in media with a conductivity >750-950 μS. Iodine (12 ppm) and NaOCl (75 ppm) used sequentially resulted in >50% survival, whereas the use of 100 ppm NaOCl resulted in high levels of embryo mortality.

Outcomes of Resection Surgery in Corrosive Esophageal Stricture

Background: Esophageal stricture is a rarely encountered but a significant issue of worry throughout the world. Treatment options for esophageal stricture include endoscopic dilatation and surgery along with proton pump inhibitors. Surgery is performed if there is failure of enough dilatation and if recurrence occurs despite multiple dilatations. Objective: This study was designed to determine the outcome of resection surgery in adult patients presenting with Corrosive Esophageal Strictures. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out at surgery department, DHQ hospital Gujranwala, from December 2019 to June 2020. 60 consecutive patients, of age 20-60 years of either gender with presence of esophageal strictures caused by intake of corrosive substances and failed to undergo endoscopic dilatation due to difficulty in passing endoscope across the esophageal stricture, were included in the study. All study participants underwent resection surgery procedure under general anesthesia by a single surgical team. The marginal arcade alongside colon was conserved in all cases in which colon was utilized. Feeding jejunostomy was placed in all patients. Duration of surgery was noted. After surgery, patients were followed-up in surgical wards for 48 hours and examined on ultrasound for cervical anastomotic leak. Then patients were followed-up in OPD for 15 days and if dysphagia reoccurred, it was also noted. Results: The mean age of patients was 31.80 ± 7.74 years. There were 47(78.3%) male and 13(21.7%) female cases. There were 33.3% case who took acid, 16.7% took alkalis, 16.7% cases ingested metal salts, 21.7% had formalin, 6.7% cases had iodine tincture and 5.0% cases had other types of corrosive material. The mean operative time was 3.80 ± 0.80 hours. There were 11(18.3%) cases who had cervical anastomotic leak and 10(16.7%) cases had dysphagia related problem. No statistically significant difference (p≥0.05) was found in the outcomes of resection surgery across various groups based on age, gender, BMI, duration of corrosive intake, and type of corrosive substance ingested. Also, No significant difference (p≥0.05) was found in mean operative time in any stratum. Conclusion: It is concluded that outcome of resection surgery in adult patients presenting with Corrosive Esophageal Strictures was favorable with less complications. Hence these cases can be managed with standard surgical procedure to save their life and improve the quality of life. Keywords: Corrosives, Esophageal Stricture, Resection Surgery, Dysphagia, Cervical Anastomotic leak

Staining Starch with Iodine Solution.

Starch is important material in plant tissues, especially for storage tissues. Starches from different plant resources or tissues vary in morphology, content, and physicochemical properties. Starch and iodine can bind specifically to present the shapes and sizes of starch granules in plant tissues. Here, we describe some methods for staining starch in leaf, pollen grain, and starchy seeds with iodine solution. In addition, the isolated starch can also be stained with iodine solution to exhibit its shape and size.

A Novel Technique for Intraoperative Assessment of Surgical Margin Using Lugols Iodine and Frozen Section Methods in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Surgery is considered to be the primary mode of treatment of head and neck malignancies and the ultimate aim of surgical resection is to obtain a tumor-free margin. No uniform criteria to define a clear surgical margin exist among practicing surgeons. This study intends to find the adequacy of surgical margin marking intraoperatively by Lugol’s iodine solution considering the frozen section method for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Intraoperative staining with Lugol’s iodine and Frozen section analysis of margins of the surgical bed was negative in anterior, superior, and inferior specimens in all the cases, except in one case (4.3%), a posterior margin was found to be positive (unstained) for tumor. The chi-square value of the Lugol’s stained margins following resection of the tumor and negative results of frozen section analysis of the same was found to be statistically significant with the P value &lt;0.001. Hence, we conclude that Lugol’s iodine helps in obtaining a clear surgical margin intra-operatively where inter-surgeons bias/judgment errors regarding safe margin can be avoided, especially in cases where the frozen section is not feasible.

Developing novel amine-linked covalent organic frameworks towards reversible iodine capture

Radio iodine is one of the essential gaseous pollutions needed to be removed by the growth in nuclear energy consumption. The current paper deals with preparing an amine-linked covalent organic framework (COF) with certain advantages compared to the mainstream rigid imine-linked COFs. The flexibility and abundance of the NH groups in the structure provide an excellent medium for adopting iodine from liquid and gas phases. A hydrazone-linked COF (Hz-COF) was synthesized in a room temperature solvent-mediated method, and its linkages were reduced using NaBH4 (NH-COF). The synthesized Hz-COF and NH-COF were utilized in the iodine adsorption experiment from solution and gas phases. The NH-COF exhibited an excellent iodine uptake from gas phase at 80 °C as high as 2.60 g g−1 that is higher than Hz-COF at the same conditions (2.05 g g−1). More interestingly, NH-COF represents a qe of 173 mg g−1 for iodine uptake from iodine solution (300 mg L−1). The iodine adsorption isotherm is best fitted to the Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetic obeys the pseudo-second-order model. The flexibility of NH-COF and the presence of –NH– groups in the NH-COF structure endows it with accommodative adaptability to guest molecules, increasing the adsorption capacities compared to Hz-COF. Full reusability, high thermal and chemical stabilities, and a high level of polar functional groups made NH-COF an excellent adsorbent for I2 capture performance.

Evidence-based review of chlorhexidine gluconate and iodine in the preoperative skin preparation of young infants.

The preoperative preparation of young infants' skin requires special considerations. Commonly used solutions for preparing the skin preoperatively include chlorhexidine (CHG) and iodine. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommendations for preparing skin for surgery and other invasive procedures for adults, but they do not have recommendations for young infants' skin. The purpose of this evidence-based literature review is to synthesize the literature, compare, and inform healthcare providers about the safety and efficacy of CHG and iodine as preoperative preparation solutions for young infants' skin. For this project young infants is defined as infants less than 48 weeks' postmenstrual age and those born prematurely and less than 28 days old. We analyze 19 articles that met the inclusion criteria. Three discussion themes emerge: systemic absorption, dermatologic burns, and CHG and iodine efficacy. We need more research regarding the safety and efficacy of CHG and iodine solutions for preoperative preparation of young infants' skin. Findings suggest the cautious use of CHG and iodine solutions on patients born at or before 28 weeks' postmenstrual age, especially those less than 28 days postnatal age.

Novel phenothiazine-based hyper-cross-linked porous polymers containing N, S double electrically rich atoms for efficient iodine capture

Novel phenothiazine-based hyper-cross-linked porous polymers (PZ-HCPs) containing N, S double electron-rich atoms were synthesized using Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption test showed that the specific surface areas (SBET) of the PZ-HCPs were between 131 m2 g−1 and 209 m2 g−1. In addition, the π-electron-conjugated structure and the presence of N and S electron-rich heteroatoms in the PZ-HCPs facilitated its high iodine capture ability in both iodine solution and iodine vapor. Meanwhile, adsorption mechanism studies showed that the adsorbed iodine in the adsorbent existed as I3– and I5– . The adsorption behavior of PZ-HCP-1:4 for iodine conformed to the pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model. This work supplies a strategy for synthesizing HCPs as adsorbents for the treatment of radioactive iodine in nuclear waste.

Silver distribution and binding mode as key determinants of the antimicrobial performance of iron oxide/silver nanocomposites

The emerging threat of bacterial resistance to antibiotics prompts the urgent search for biomaterials for the treatment of infectious disease. Here we report on the synthesis and characterization of a multiphasic nanocomposite comprising magnetic iron oxide and silver nanoparticles. The method of synthesis involved the combustion of a metalorganic complex and reduction of the silver ions that were exchanged and/or adsorbed on the surface of iron oxide. Different physical and chemical treatments coupled to the reduction process, including ultrasound and Lugol's iodine solution, respectively, homogenized the distribution of the silver nanoparticles on the iron oxide phase. Remarkably, using ascorbic acid as a reductant enhanced the magnetic properties of the material as a result of the reduction of the magnetic matrix alongside the silver cations. The treatment with ultrasound detached large amounts of silver from the iron oxide phase and resulted in the lowest amount of silver incorporated in the nanocomposite. Despite that, this treatment led to the highest antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, indicating that the homogeneity of the distribution of silver on the iron oxide matrix is a more important determinant of the antibacterial performance than the amount of silver incorporated in the material. At the same time, the treatment with Lugol's iodine equally increased the distribution homogeneity, but induced excessive ion exchange and crystal lattice substitutions, thereby adversely affecting the antibacterial performance. This has indicated that the mode of binding silver to iron oxide can compensate for the positive effects of homogeneous distribution with respect to the antibacterial performance.