Iodine Preparations Research Articles

Assessment of Healthcare Professionals’ Knowledge and Practices About Radioactive Iodine Preparation in Thyroid Cancer Patients

Assessment of Healthcare Professionals’ Knowledge and Practices About Radioactive Iodine Preparation in Thyroid Cancer Patients

Implementation of Rectal Iodine Preparation in Transrectal US (TRUS) Prostate Biopsies: A Quality Improvement Project Based on EAU Guidelines

Implementation of Rectal Iodine Preparation in Transrectal US (TRUS) Prostate Biopsies: A Quality Improvement Project Based on EAU Guidelines

Preparation of a benziodazole-type iodine(III) compound and its application as a nitrating reagent for synthesis of furazans via a copper-catalyzed cascade process

The existing hypervalent I(III) reagents bearing ONO2 group are limited in types and their applications primarily focused on the nitrooxylation reactions featuring a fully-exo fashion. Herein, a benziodazole-type O2NO-I(III) compound was prepared and its reaction with β-monosubstituted enamines in the presence of CuI could trigger a radical nitration/cyclization/dehydration cascade to provide a series of less explored but biologically interesting furazan heterocycles. Mechanistically, the benziodazole-type O2NO-I(III) compound acts as a nitrating reagent and incorporates its NO moiety into the final furazan product in a fully-endo model, a process of which was proposed to involve nitration, cyclization and dehydration.

Johan August Strindberg – Chemist

An eminent Swedish author and playwright abandoned literary activities and began to pursue scientific interests, especially chemistry, during the period of his personal crisis, which he called inferno. He created a special approach, called by him unitary chemistry (chimie unitaire), according to which all substances are composed of hydrogen units. On the basis of the unitary chemistry, he described atoms and molecules as combinations of arbitrary other substances while maintaining the same atomic or molecular weights. His views on composition and preparation of sulfur and iodine, and especially his famous attempt to produce gold, are described as examples.

ОПТИМИЗАЦИЯ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ И МОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА КРОВИ МОЛОДНЯКА КРУПНОГО РОГАТОГО СКОТА С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИ АКТИВНЫХ ДОБАВОК

Research objective. Determination of effectiveness of selenium and iodine preparations effect in combination with herbal extracts on productive qualities and physiological status of calves. The combined use of micronutrients selenium and iodine against the background of medicinal plant extracts to increase the productivity of farm animals is an urgent problem. The purpose of this work is to determine the effectiveness of the influence of selenium and iodine preparations in combination with extracts of medicinal herbs on the productive qualities and physiological status of calves. Procedure.From the beginning of the main period of the experiment (from 3 months of age), the conditions of housing and feeding for the groups were the same, but the animals of the experimental groups were given various drugs in addition to the main diet. Results. At the end of the experimental tests, compared with the control group, the average live weight of the animal in group 1 was higher by 1.30 %, and in group II it was higher by 3.3 % (P > 0.05). The average daily increase also increased in the first experimental group by 3.0 % (P > 0.05), in the second experimental group by 7.4 % (P > 0.05), compared with the control. Analysis of the morphological composition of blood from young animals subjected to testing showed on the 150th day of the experiment an increase in the number of erythrocytes in the 1st experimental group by 10.4 % (P < 0.05), and in the 2nd experimental group the increase occurred by 13.4 % (P < 0, 05) compared to control. We recorded an increase in the number of leukocytes in the blood of young calves at the end of the study, on day 150, in the first experimental group by 4.60 % (P > 0.05), in the second experimental group by 8.01 % (P < 0, 05), compared to the control group. On the 150th day of experimental tests, when studying the morphological composition of blood from experimental animals, it was found that the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood of young calves was higher in experimental group I by 3.30 % (P > 0.05), in experimental group II it was higher by 9, 74 % (P < 0.05) compared with analogues in the control group. Scientific novelty. The joint use of selenium and iodine micronutrients against the background of extracts of medicinal plants to increase the productivity of farm animals is an urgent problem. For the first time, the effect of various combinations of selenium and iodine preparations in combination with extracts of medicinal herbs on the productivity and physiological status of young cattle was assessed. Optimal doses of said fodder ingredients introduction into their diets are proposed.

Topical povidone-iodine ointment resulting in irritant contact dermatitis of the pinna in a 12-year-old boy

Abstract Povidone-iodine is widely used as an antiseptic and disinfectant. It is available in different forms such as aqueous solution, ointment, tincture, or foam. Povidone-iodine is the most commonly used antiseptic scrubbing solution before performing surgeries. The shortcomings of iodine preparation although rare, irritation to the skin is usually due to oxidative effects of topical iodine preparations such as irritant effects and short-lasting actions are not well known. Nevertheless, allergic contact dermatitis caused by povidone-iodine has not been widely documented in medical literature. In this instance, we present a case of an individual allergic to povidone-iodine who experienced a severe form of contact dermatitis on the pinna and surrounding area subsequent to its local application.

ChemoProtective effects of new iodine coordinated compound in benzo[a]pyrene- induced lung cancer in BALB/c mice

Iodine preparations are widely used in medicine as antiseptic agents. One of the new directions for the use of iodine is the prevention and therapy of certain tumor diseases, particularly breast cancer. The main mechanism of action is the induction of apoptosis. Iodine also has anti-inflammatory activity and affects the polarization of Th1/Th2 lymphocytes and M1/M2 macrophages. The newly developed iodine complex KC-144 includes both dextrin and polypeptides. In this case, lithium enhances the polarization of triiodide. We studied the acute toxicity and prophylactic activity on a model of benz(a)pyrene-induced (BaP) tumor in BALB/c mice. The average lethal dose (LD50) of KC-144 when administered orally was more than 2500 mg/kg, classifying KC-144 as a low-toxicity substance. Intraperitoneal administration of benz(a)pyrene at a dose of 100 mg/kg for two weeks induces tumor development in mice. Oral administration of KC-144 at doses of 2.5 and 25 mg/kg for one week and throughout the entire treatment period increases the lifespan of BaP-induced mice.

IMPROVEMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL STAGES IN BEEKEEPING WITH DISINFECTION MEASURES

Disinfection is a very important technological measure, which is carried out to combat infectious diseases of bees and prevent contamination of beekeeping products with harmful microorganisms. The disinfection procedure is very complex, and its effectiveness depends on a large number of factors: the spectrum of the disinfectant, the method of application, the concentration of the disinfectant, the exposure time, and the properties of the environment to be disinfected. Active components of disinfectants usually affect the metabolism of microorganisms. For disinfection in beekeeping, we can use iodine preparations, bases, acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, oxidizers (hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid). Effective chemical disinfectants are a warm solution of sodium hydroxide, oxidizers, so these disinfectants are most often used in beekeeping. However, the negative properties of these disinfectants should also be considered. There is no perfect disinfectant. Because of the toxicity and other harmful effects of disinfectants, and often their ineffectiveness, physical methods of disinfection should be implemented whenever possible. The article presents the results of studies of such disinfectants as Septox, PHMG – HC and Crystal-700 in concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.5%, as well as a comparative description of their effectiveness during “in vitro” disinfection on test objects (glass, veneer, wax) contaminated with spores of Paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae and Ascosphaera apis. Test controls were: No. 1 – sterile physiological solution; No. 2 – Desvax (4% formaldehyde solution with 0.05% DMSO), a drug approved for disinfection of bee inventory in Ukraine (Deklaratsiinyi patent 61387A, 2003, Rudenko, 2012). The test objects were immersed in the test solutions and kept for 3, 9, 18 hours. To determine the intestinal toxicity, the test substances were fed to bees and the time and number of dead individuals were monitored. According to the results of the sanitary and hygienic assessment of individual indicators of chemical disinfectants, the best disinfecting properties were demonstrated by 1.5% solutions of polyhexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride, sodium hypochlorite and Crystal-700, which are environmentally safe, non-toxic, non-volatile, non-aggressive towards metals, plastics, wood, convenient to use. They can be recommended for long-term antiseptic protection, preventive, forced, current and final disinfection for bacterial, fungal and viral infections.

Preparation of Granular Organic Iodine and Selenium Complex Fertilizer Based on Biochar for Biofortification of Parsley.

This study investigates the potential of biochar derived from various biomass sources: apricot kernel (AK), pine sawdust (PS), rice husk (RH), wheat straw (WS), and reed stem (RS) to enhance the yield, nutritional quality, and environmental sustainability of parsley crops. Comprehensive characterization through SEM, EDAX, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, and FTIR analyses identified AK biochar as the most suitable for further enrichment due to its superior specific surface area (512.3 m2/g) and iodine number (51.23 mg/g). EDAX analysis revealed that AK biochar exhibited the highest carbon content (92.1%), while RH biochar contained the highest silicon content (46%), indicating different potential applications. FTIR analysis identified key functional groups, such as carbonyl (1740 cm⁻1) and hydroxyl (3430 cm⁻1) groups, which contribute to the biochar's reactivity and potential effectiveness in various applications. The effects of selenium (Na2SeO4), iodine (KI), their combination (Na2SeO4 + KI), and BISF (biochar-enriched iodine and selenium fertilizer) on parsley growth, antioxidant properties, and nutrient accumulation were evaluated. The results demonstrated that joint applications of iodide and selenate led to a 3.1-fold increase in iodine content (up to 16.8 mg/kg d.w.) and a 1.2-fold increase in selenium accumulation (up to 2482.1 μg/kg d.w.) in parsley compared to separate treatments. Additionally, BISF treatment significantly improved key biometric parameters, with leaf weight increasing by 1.6 times (up to 326.5 g) compared to the control, and antioxidant content-ascorbic acid, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity-showing increases of 1.56, 1.27, and 1.50 times, respectively. This study underscores the effectiveness of selenium- and iodine-enriched biochar in enhancing parsley crop yield and nutritional quality while also demonstrating the multifunctional role of biochar in environmental remediation.

SAT488 Wolff-Chaikoff’s Revenge: There-and-Back Again Graves Thyrotoxicosis

Abstract Disclosure: A. Akofu: None. S.A. Brietzke: None. N. Sheung: None. A. Uddin: None. N. Akabogu: None. S. Dejhansathit: None. F. marium: None. Grave’s disease is due to autoantibodies activating TSH receptors, driving downstream effects of iodine organification, iodotyrosine coupling, and release of T4 and T3 from intracellular stores. Severe thyrotoxicosis is traditionally treated with high dose thionamides to block thyroid hormone synthesis, iodides to slow iodine transport and block thyroid hormone release (collectively known as the Wolff-Chaikoff effect), and beta-blockers to slow heart rate and relieve tremulousness. We report the case of a health-conscious patient who had taken OTC iodide for years, and whose thyrotoxic condition abruptly worsened with discontinuation of his iodide supplement. A 67-year-old man was found in a delirious state wandering in the woods and was taken to the hospital ED. He had afib with RVR and evidence of high-output CHF. Diffuse goiter twice normal size was obvious on exam, and he was tremulous and diaphoretic. Serum TSH was <0.005 mcU/ml, with FT4 > 7.77 ng/dl and FT3 7.8 pg/ml. Initial treatment was metoprolol 25 mg TID, propylthiouracil (PTU) 300 mg TID, cholestyramine 4g BID and Lugol’s iodine 10 drops TID. Encephalopathy resolved after 2 days and FT4 decreased to 3.72 ng/dl after 8 days. Cholestyramine and Lugol’s iodine were thus discontinued. 2 days later, FT4 further declined to 2.75 ng/dl and he was switched from PTU to methimazole 30 mg twice daily. After 3 days, FT4 had increased to 5.17 ng/dl, and in response methimazole was increased to 40 mg TID. 3 days later FT4 increased further to 6.43 ng/dl, prompting a switch from methimazole back to PTU 300 mg TID. Because of further increase in FT4 and FT3, cholestyramine and Lugol's iodine were resumed. 3 days later, FT4 had declined from > 7.7 to 5.4 ng/dl, and he was discharged with plan to perform thyroidectomy once FT4 and FT3 reached nearly normal levels. Near the end of his hospitalization, he divulged that he had taken iodide drops for “thyroid health” for many years independent of medical advice, but hadn’t taken it for several days during the period of being lost in the woods prior to admission. Possible explanations for resistance of thyrotoxicosis to aggressive prescribed treatment include medication non-adherence, drug malabsorption, hyperaccelerated drug metabolism, anti-drug antibodies and antagonism of thionamide action by excessive intrathyroidal iodine. In this case, we hypothesize that his use of iodide serendipitously attenuated severity of Graves disease, by giving him a prolonged Wolf-Chaikoff effect. Discontinuation of iodide over a matter of days allowed reversal of this phenomenon and prevented control of his hyperthyroid condition until the deliberate restoration of the Wolf-Chaikoff effect with therapeutically prescribed Lugol’s solution. Whenever response to usual hyperthyroidism treatment is ineffective or paradoxical, as in this case patients should be specifically queried regarding use of OTC iodine preparations. Presentation Date: Saturday, June 17, 2023

A-217 IMPACT OF PREOPERATIVE LUGOL'S IODINE ON SURGERY FOR GRAVES DISEASE. SHORT-TERM RESULTS FROM LIGRADIS MULTICENTER RANDOMISED CLINICAL TRIAL

Abstract Background Many clinical guidelines recommend the preoperative administration of Lugol's solution (LS) for patients undergoing thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease (GD), mainly based on low-quality evidence. Our aim was to assess its influence on intra and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing total thyroidectomy (TT) for GD. Methods We performed a nationwide multicentre randomised controlled trial including euthyroid patients scheduled for TT due to GD. Patients were randomised for either receiving or not preoperative LS. Surgeons were blinded for treatment assignment. The primary outcome was the overall rate of postoperative complications. Secondary outcomes were intraoperative events and permanent morbidity. Results 136 patients were included (68 in each arm), without preoperative differences among groups. The rate of patients who developed any complication was 51.5% in LS arm vs. 50% in controls (p=1). Postoperative hypocalcaemia appeared in 45.6% vs. 38.2% (p=0.487). The rate of postoperative vocal cord palsy was 6.1% vs. 3.3% (p=0.682). Median Thyroidectomy Difficulty Scale score was slightly higher in the LS group (10 vs. 9; p=0.031). No differences among groups were observed regarding surgical time, intraoperative bleeding, gland weight, or the rate of loss of signal in neuromonitoring. Long-term results have not yet been evaluated. Conclusion Preoperative iodine preparation can be safely obviated facing TT for GD, regarding the intraoperative difficulty and postoperative complications. If long-term results sustain these results, current advice for presurgical preparation in GD could be challenged.

Easily obtained iodine and silver-iodine doped chitosan for medical and other applications

The complex of polysaccharide chitosan with iodide acid was obtained and characterized. The possibility of obtaining iodine preparations in chitosan matrix with enhanced ability of chitosan to retain iodine is suggested. In this study to improve the stability of iodine, novel chitosan iodine complex was prepared by mixing chitosan with HI. Chitosan iodine complex was obtained as a solution, which can be treated to form bulk samples with open porosity and the enhanced ability to retain iodine. Silver-doped materials comprise insoluble silver iodide in amorphous or nanocrystalline form. The anti-bacterial as well as anti-fungal activity assessment of complexes of chitosan and iodine and chitosan and iodine with Ag has shown that chitosan iodide and chitosan iodide with Ag are more effective against fungi.

Course of pregnancy and childbirth in women with primary hypothyroidism

Introduction. Primary hypothyroidism is observed in women of reproductive age in 2–3 % of cases. The most common thyroid pathology during pregnancy is subclinical hypothyroidism (SHT), which is caused by newly diagnosed autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) or severe iodine deficiency. In some regions of the Russian Federation, the population has a mild iodine deficiency, the average concentration of iodine in the urine being found at 78 µg/L (the normal range is 100–200 µg/L). In women with primary hypothyroidism, complications of pregnancy and childbirth include: premature birth, weakness of labor, eclampsia, premature rupture of premature rupture of membranes (PROM), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), intrauterine growth retardation syndrome, fetal macrosomia, congenital hypothyroidism in the fetus, etc.Aim: to study the features of pregnancy and childbirth course in women with primary hypothyroidism.Materials and Methods. In a retrospective study, there were analyzed 62 birth histories, of which 37 were for patients with thyroid diseases. Two groups were formed: the main group – 25 patients with primary hypothyroidism, the comparison group – 25 patients without thyroid pathology. During the study, the next parameters were analyzed: age, number of pregnancies, number of births, term of delivery, body mass index, level of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), titer of thyroid peroxidase antibodies, newborn body weight, newborn assessment according to Apgar scale.Results. In the main group, the cause of primary hypothyroidism was as follows: newly diagnosed SHT – in 18 (48.6 %), AIT – in 7 (18.9 %) pregnant women. In the first trimester of pregnancy, TSH level in patients with hypothyroidism was 3.06 ± 0.36 mU/L. The following complications of pregnancy and childbirth course were identified: GDM (32.0 %), anemia of the first degree (12.0 %), large fetus (12.0 %), PROM (12.0 %), perineal rupture of the first degree (16.0 %), anomalies of labor activity with ineffective labor stimulation (8.0 %), pelvic-head disproportion (8.0 %).Conclusion. Timely diagnosis and compensation of hypothyroidism with hormone replacement therapy and iodine preparations, prediction of possible complications and correction of identified complications are the main ways to achieve a successful outcome of pregnancy and childbirth for mother and fetus.

Iodine in the Therapy of Graves' Disease: A Century After Henry S. Plummer.

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Features of topical therapy of skin and hair mycosis caused by <i>Microsporum</i> genus fungi: Results of clinical observations

The article summarizes the long-term experience of observing the dynamics of pathological process of tinea corporis caused by Microsporum spp. in children and adults treated at the initial stage with combined topical steroids and without them. The duration of treatment increases by 1.52 times when combined topical steroids are used, while with other mycoses caused by fungi of the genera Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, this does not occur. This can be explained, apparently, by the peculiarities of sporulation of fungi of the genus Microsporum spp.: most dermatomycetes at the time of penetration into the epidermis and dermis rely on the germination of mycelium, and only in fungi of the genus Microsporum spp. at the time of invasion, sporulation activity does not decrease. As a result, the fungus is able to simultaneously infect the epidermis and hair.
 Most modern therapeutic programs for the external treatment of microsporia include iodine preparation and an antimycotic in the form of a cream or ointment. These drugs do not suppress the macrophage reaction in the lesion, and with the onset of treatment, sporulation decreases sharply. When using a topical combination drug containing an antimycotic and combined topical steroids, the fungus continues to actively sporulate, as a result of which the process in the epidermis stops, and the spores that have penetrated into the hair remain viable.

Evaluation of Entamoeba Histolytica on Food and Non-Food Contact Surfaces among Students Residing in School Hostels at the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Amoebiasis stands as a prominent contributor to parasitic-related fatalities on a global scale, an estimated 50 million instances of invasive Entamoeba histolytica disease manifest annually, potentially leading to up to 100,000 deaths. The study examines the presence of E. histolytica on food and non-food contact surfaces among students residing within the hostel of the Obafemi Awolowo University. During the study, 50 samples were randomly collected from different rooms of 7 halls of residence. The study was carried out to determine prevalence of amoebiasis infection among students residing in the halls of residence at the Obafemi Awolowo University. Samples were collected using sterile swab sticks from surfaces in both food contact and non-food contact. Sterile water was added to each of the swab sticks and centrifuged. The saline and iodine preparations from the sediment were examined under microscope using x10 and x 40 objective lens for cyst of the parasite. The result of this study shows a high prevalence of E. histolytica parasites of 22%. Of the hall of residence, the highest prevalence was observed at Fajuyi Hall (8%), followed by Moremi Hall (6%) and Akintola Hall (4%), while the lowest prevalence rate was observed at ETF Hall and PG Hall both at 2%. The prevalence of the E. histolytica parasite among surfaces directly in contact with food was 18%, while the overall prevalence of E. histolytica parasites of non-food contact stood at 4%. On food contact, Moremi hall has the highest prevalence of E. histolytica with 4% on plate, Fajuyi 2% on both pot and frying pan, while 2% were observed on spoon and grater in Akintola respectively. On non-food contact, 2% prevalence was observed on gas cooker and on table top in both Fajuyi and Moremi halls. The high prevalence of E. histolytica can be attributed to the poor hygiene of students and the contamination from the source of purchase of food items and water source. Therefore, it is recommended that the student populace be sensitized on personal hygiene, mode of transmission of the parasite and information on the preventive measures should be passing across to the student in order to prevent further transmission of the parasite.

Первичная заболеваемость тиреоидной системы и йодное обеспечение организма взрослого населения Заводского района г. Минска

Currently, iodine deficiency diseases are one of the most common diseases of non-infectious origin. In the Republic of Belarus, preventive measures are being taken to eliminate the problem of iodine deficiency, in particular, a state strategy has been developed and implemented, the main measure of which is the mandatory use of only iodized salt in the food industry and public catering. Despite the measures taken, the problem of iodine deficiency remains relevant, especially for children and pregnant women. According to the results of the assessment of iodine sufficiency in the world, published by the RIAC on Surveillance for Iodine Deficiency Diseases (ICCIDD) - a global non-commercial, spheral need created for the use of iodine deficiency and the consequences of its negative examination on health, adequate iodine intake is provided in the Republic of Belarus. In 2016, the Global Iodine Network published maps characterizing iodine sufficiency for two main assessment categories - school-age children and pregnant women, confirming the status of the Republic of Belarus as a country with adequate iodine sufficiency. However, despite the results achieved, from the standpoint of medical monitoring, the quality of studies conducted to monitor the iodine supply of the population, the risks of excessive salt intake remain relevant. In this paper, a comparative analysis of the dynamics of the primary incidence of thyroid pathology in the population of the Zavodskoy district of the city of Minsk for the period 2016-2020 was carried out. According to the results of the analysis, a positive trend in the primary incidence of simple goiter, nodular non-toxic goiter and thyroiditis was revealed, while the dynamics of the primary incidence of hypothyroidism did not change. According to the data presented, the presence of iodine deficiency with a median urinary iodine excretion of 196.15 gg/l was revealed in pregnant women of the Zavodskoy district of Minsk in 2021. An analysis of the questionnaire survey of the nature of the nutrition of pregnant women showed that most of the surveyed do not know about the benefits of using iodized salt for the development of the fetus, and therefore the reason for the formation of iodine deficiency in the body of pregnant women is the insufficient intake of iodine in the body and refusal to take iodine preparations. In the surveyed region, 22 % of women do not comply with the prescription of endocrinologists about the need to take iodine-containing drugs.

The Effect of Iodine and Selenium Preparations on the Course and Outcome of Acute Radiation Damage

The Effect of Iodine and Selenium Preparations on the Course and Outcome of Acute Radiation Damage

LBODP100 A Rare Case Of Pembrolizumab Induced Graves’ Disease

Abstract Cancer immunotherapies have recently changed the therapeutic armamentarium of anti-cancer treatments, particularly for melanoma and cancers of the kidneys, lungs, and colon. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis) act on various immune checkpoints. Of them, anti-PD-1 antibodies (such as pembrolizumab) are monoclonal antibodies that act against programmed cell death 1 protein. However, by counteracting the regulators of adaptive immunity, this class of drugs may cause immune-related adverse events that involve multiple organs and endocrine glands, such as the thyroid gland. The symptoms of thyroid dysfunction usually present during the first weeks of ICPis therapy. In the current report, we present a case of a 50-year-old male who presented to the emergency department complaining of fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting for one week. The patient had a history of colon cancer with lymph node metastasis status post tumor resection and colostomy. He began Keytruda® (pembrolizumab) treatment after tumor resection, and the presenting symptoms appeared after receiving the first immunotherapy infusion. His medical history was significant for psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. The patient's history was unremarkable for thyroid diseases, and he did not receive thyroid medications with no previous exposure to intravenous contrast media, over-the-counter iodine preparations, or biotin. At the emergency department, the patient had a temperature of 101.4°F, a heart rate of 110 bpm, and blood pressure of 130/70 mm Hg. On examination, tenderness was indicated upon palpating the anterior part of the neck. The patient was treated with intravenous fluids, steroids, beta-blockers, and broad-spectrum antibiotics. A workup for sepsis was requested, and it revealed negative blood culture and urine culture results. His laboratory indices demonstrated a suppressed level of TSH (0. 01 mIU/mL) and elevated Free T4 (3.16 ng/dl). Still, his TSH level reported at the Oncology clinic before Keytruda administration was (0.9 mIU/mL), and Free T4 was (1.7 ng/dl). Thyroid ultrasound revealed a heterogeneous thyroid gland consistent with thyroiditis. Antibody testing showed positive thyroid antithyroglobulin antibodies and elevated thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSI). A radioactive iodine uptake test was ordered, revealing increased contrast uptake. These findings suggested that the cause of thyroid dysfunction was Graves’ disease. The patient was started on Methimazole 20mg per day and discharged home after scheduling an outpatient follow-up appointment with the endocrinologist. This case is one of the rare cases of thyrotoxicosis attributable to Graves’ disease related to pembrolizumab therapy. To the best of our knowledge, two studies in the literature reported three cases of ICPi-induced thyrotoxicosis with thyroid antibody positivity following anti-PD-1 antibody therapy. Presentation: No date and time listed

Iodine supplementation by women of childbearing potential and in pregnancies - analysis of knowledge among students

Introduction
 Iodine is necessary for the proper production of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, which affect the development and proper functioning of the body. Thyroid hormones are involved in the transformation of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins, and also regulate the processes of cell growth and maturation. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy has many consequences for the fetus and newborn, some of them an increased risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, birth defects or abnormal mental development. Iodine deficiency through lack of supplementation or deficiency in the daily diet, as well as the consumption of an excess amount of this microelement, may be associated with serious and irreversible consequences affecting the development and further functioning of the fetus.
 Aim of the study
 Presentation of the impact of iodine supplementation in reproductive age and pregnancy on fetal development and students' knowledge of the need for this supplementation.
 Materials and method
 A survey of 404 students. The results were compared with the current scientific literature. Statistical analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel.
 
 Results
 In the study group, almost every third student believed that current recommendations recommend that women planning pregnancy should take iodine preparations. Every tenth student gave the correct dose of recommended supplementation of the microelement in question.
 
 Conclusions
 Research shows that more than half of students are not aware of the need to supplement iodine at the reproductive age. The data indicate that young people should be made aware of the need for iodine supplementation.