Iodine In Soil Research Articles

Organic carbon as a factor of iodine differentiation of the soil cover in the Bryansk and Oryol regions by iodine availability

The distribution of stable iodine and humus in the upper horizon (0–20 cm) of various types of soils of the Bryansk and Oryol regions used as pastures has been studied. Soil sampling was carried out with a hand stick drill in layers in the depth interval: 0–5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10–20 cm. Iodine content was determined by kinetic rhodanide-nitrite method. Corg content was determined by the bichromate method of Tyurin. The work includes data from both long-term studies of the iodine content in the soil cover of the Bryansk region (2008–2020) and new data from expeditionary studies in the Oryol region (2022). It is shown that the soils of the Bryansk pastures are depleted of iodine and organic carbon (OC) in comparison with the Oryol region, which corresponds to the change of soil cover composition from west to east. The humus content in soils was determined and statistically significant correlation between iodine and C org. content in pasture soils were obtained (from r = 0.28 in Chernozems to r = 0.49 in Haplic Albeluvisols; in addition, for the whole sample (n = 48) the correlation coefficient ranged from 0.31 in the 0–5 cm layer to 0.43 in the 10–20 cm layer). The dependence of iodine accumulation on the OC content in different types of soils (Chernozems, Grey-Luvic Phaeozems, Umbric Albeluvisols, Haplic Albeluvisols) and their hydromorphism has been established. The identified differences in soil iodine fixation should be considered as they may influence iodine intake levels in pasture animal milk and local rations.

Following the footsteps of goiter expeditions in the Urals

Historically, regions with low levels of iodine in soil and water have been associated with a higher prevalence of goiter. The link between iodine deficiency and goiter has led to innovative efforts to address this problem. The article discusses the history of the study of endemic goiter in the Urals, presents the results of a large complex work of goiter expeditions of 1929-1934, thanks to which numerous data were obtained that served as the basis for the organization of therapeutic and mass preventive anti-goiter measures in places where goiter is endemic.

Quantitative analysis of iodine and bromine in soil using an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer with three-dimensional polarized optics.

A nondestructive and simple method for the determination of bromine and iodine in soil was investigated using an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer equipped with three-dimensional polarized optics. Using a gadolinium X-ray tube and Mo and Al2O3 as optimal secondary target materials, K-lines were detected for bromine and iodine. The minimum detection limits for bromine and iodine were calculated using JSAC0411, a certified reference material of soil for metal composition analysis, and were 0.77mg/kg for bromine and 2.3mg/kg for iodine at a measurement time of 600s. The results of the determination of bromine and iodine in soil samples by the standard addition method were 256 ± 8mg/kg for iodine and 67.9 ± 1.3mg/kg for bromine with JSAC0411, which were in close agreement with the results measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after alkaline extraction with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) solution. The method developed in this study is an excellent technique for direct analysis of soil by X-ray fluorescence analysis without any pretreatment such as alkaline extraction. It is expected to be a practical analytical method for elucidating the dynamics of bromine and iodine in agricultural land and soil.

Spatial variation in iodine content with relation to soil physicochemical properties in lower Himalayan region

Topography of a place has a significant impact on soil characteristics that ultimately influence soil iodine levels. Lower Himalayan region (LHR) in Pakistan has a wide range of climatic and geological variations. Hence, an investigation was conducted to analyze the iodine concentration and other physicochemical properties of soils in two LHR districts, Haripur and Mansehra. Spatial analysis indicated a decrease in iodine levels in the mountainous regions in comparison to the flat portions of LHR. Soil samples obtained from different locations across Haripur had a stronger affinity for iodine due to variations in solubility and adsorption of iodine to soil clay components, which can be attributed to lower pH, higher organic matter, and a higher cation exchange capacity (CEC). In contrast to the plains of Haripur, elevated locations in the Mansehra district had decreased levels of iodine, along with a higher soil pH and reduced soil organic matter. The soil erosion and depletion of soil micronutrients in the hilly region of Mansehra may be attributed to the unfavorable soil conditions and excessive precipitation. Presence of clay, iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) in the soil led to a rise in iodine levels. Iodine concentrations exhibited an inverse relationship with soil acidity. Study revealed a direct correlation between soil iodine levels and their cation exchange capacity (CEC) and clay content. This study aims to gather fundamental data for the chosen regions of LHR to address illnesses caused by iodine deficiency.

Iodine in soils, pasture vegetation cuttings, and local food products of certain regions of Russia affected by the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident

Natural iodine deficiency, which in some regions of Russia provokes thyroid diseases, increases the consequences of the entry of short-lived radioactive isotopes of this element into the food chain as a result of the Chernobyl accident (1986). The aim of the work is to assess the risk of morbidity of the population of the Kaluga, Bryansk and Oryol regions with thyroid cancer at the level of individual settlements based on experimental data. The iodine content in soils and vegetation cuttings of pastures in geochemically contrasting landscapes, as well as in cows' milk and potatoes of private household farms in the regions affected by the Chernobyl accident in 1986: Bryansk (2021), Oryol (2022) and Kaluga (2023) regions was studied. Joint expeditions of the Laboratory of Environmental Biogeochemistry of GEOKHI RAS and the Department of Human Ecology and Bioelementology of the Institute of Ecology of RUDN, carried out on the initiative and with the participation of the authors, revealed a significant variation of iodine concentration in soils and food products, which may be crucial for assessing the risk of thyroid diseases, including thyroid cancer, among the local rural population. The iodine content was found to be highly variable in both topsoil (0.31-3.04 mg/kg) and grass cuttings (0.14-0.29 mg/kg) of the study area. The maximum natural and technogenic risk of thyroid cancer morbidity in the rural population as a result of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident of 1986 is specific for the studied settlements of Zhizdrinsky district of Kaluga region, Bolkhovsky, Dmitrovsky and Sverdlovsky districts of Oryol region, Rognedinsky district of Bryansk region.

Prevalence of Goiter Disease to the Human Population of District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Background: Goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland, continues to be a significant global health issue, affecting approximately ten million people worldwide. The prevalence of goiter is notably influenced by geographical and environmental factors, such as soil iodine content, especially in hilly terrains. Prior research has indicated a gender and age-related predisposition to the condition, with varied prevalence across different regions. Objective: This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence and demographic distribution of goiter in District Buner, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and to compare these findings with data from other regions to better understand the condition's epidemiological characteristics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2021 to September 2022. A total of 280 patients from six tehsils within District Buner were investigated through questionnaires and medical examinations by healthcare professionals. Data collection occurred weekly across multiple healthcare facilities, including medical centers, rural health centers, and the District Headquarters Hospital in Buner. Results: Out of 280 patients, 78% were females, indicating a higher prevalence among women. The highest prevalence among males (33%) was recorded at 70 years of age, while for females, it peaked (86%) at 50 years. The majority of cases belonged to the age group of 30-60 years. Multinodular goiter was the most common type observed. The data also reflected a higher incidence of goiter in hilly regions compared to plain areas, likely due to iodine deficiency. Conclusion: The study confirmed that goiter is more prevalent among females and tends to increase with age. The high incidence in hilly areas supports the association with low soil iodine content. This research underscores the need for targeted public health strategies, including iodine supplementation and education, particularly in at-risk areas.

Total Content and Mobile Forms of Halogens (Fluorine, Bromine, and Iodine) in Soils of Tuva

Total Content and Mobile Forms of Halogens (Fluorine, Bromine, and Iodine) in Soils of Tuva

The Repercussions of the Combined Use of Potassium Iodate and Chitosan Iodate on the Controlled Fractionation of Iodine

Background: Iodine is found in soils in both inorganic and organic forms [Iodate-(IO3-) and Iodide-(I-)]. Iodine is highly prone to leaching and volatilization which results in iodine depletion in soils. Crops cultivated in these soils will be lacking in iodine and humans and animals eating food grown in these soils will be deficient in iodine. Numerous studies have focused on the process by which iodine is absorbed from the soil, but there is still paucity of knowledge on different fractions of iodine in soils. Methods: In our work, we assessed different fractions of iodine (Water Extractable, Exchangeable, Organic bound, Oxide bound and Residual iodine) in soil from different sources of chitosan and potassium iodate alone and combinations. The incubation experiment was carried out in the department of soil science and agricultural chemistry, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore in 2022. Potassium iodate and chitosan were applied in the form of soil alone, soil drenching and chitosan iodate complex at different stages of incubation. Result: The results suggested that combination and potassium iodate and chitosan complex has increased the iodine stability throughout the incubation experiment. As electrostatic interaction between chitosan and iodate prevents volatilization and gradually stabilizes the availability of iodine. Our findings offer more details on iodine mobility and behaviour in soil when it is used alone and combination with chitosan at different rates.

Determination of bromine, iodine, and other components in northern Hainan island soil

The emergence of the integrated wavelength-dispersive and energy-dispersive Zetium X-ray fluorescence spectrometer technique offered new chances to analyze elemental distribution with minimal sample preparation in complex matrix geological samples-northern Hainan island soils. Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence was applied for the measurement of bromine in the northern Hainan island soil. To reduce the fluctuations of the low-bromine-content measurement results, a two-channel measurement of bromine was designed, and the average value of the two-channel measurements was used as the final result. The soil samples in northern Hainan Island were rich in iodine, with a content range of a few µg/g to more than 100 µg/g, and these were particularly suitable to be analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The geological samples in northern Hainan Island were brown, purple, and brown-red soil containing kaolinite, ilmenite, rutile, anatase, and goethite. These soil samples were rich in titanium, aluminum, and iron. The titanium concentration in the northern Hainan Island soil was anomalously high (up to 15.05%), far exceeding the content range of the calibration curve. Owing to the empirical coefficient matrix correction method, unreliable or even unreasonable results were obtained for some elements. By systematically mitigating matrix effects through the development of custom reference materials and building matrix-matched measurement and calibration routines, the quantification of Vanadium, Barium, and major components in northern Hainan Island soil samples was optimized. The efficacy of the X-ray fluorescence spectrometer method was confirmed by comparison with inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy analysis. This work demonstrates the capability of the integrated wavelength-dispersive and energy-dispersive Zetium X-ray fluorescence spectrometer technique for reliable quantitative elemental analysis of complex matrix geological samples.

Spatial distribution of iodine in the pedosphere of China and its influencing factors

The China Geochemical Baseline project (2008–2013) obtained a large amount of reliable baseline data on 76 elements, including iodine, from 3381 top (0–25 cm) and 3380 deep (>100 cm) alluvial soil or sediment samples. Iodine concentrations, ranging from 0.01 to 21.58 mg/kg in the top samples (TS) and 0.01 to 28.30 mg/kg in the deep samples (DS), were determined using colorimetry under strict quality control. The median values of iodine, which were considered geochemical baseline values in the TS and DS, were 1.10 and 0.99 mg/kg, respectively, and the mean values were 1.45 and 1.43 mg/kg, respectively. The majority of the iodine in the pedosphere is obtained from the atmosphere, which in turn is obtained from the oceans. The mobility of iodine in different media was determined by its geochemical behavior. Iodine distribution maps indicated that low iodine concentrations below Q25 (<0.65 and 0.56 mg/kg in TS and DS, respectively) are primarily distributed in Northwest China, Tibet, and Sichuan, which could be mainly attributed to significant atmospheric washout and/or distance from the sea and low iodine fixing capacity of inland deserts. High concentrations are scattered throughout the country and are influenced by various factors, including atmospheric precipitation, soil composition, and mineral distribution, exploitation, and utilization. After the advent of salt iodization in 1995, iodine deficiency disorders have been largely eliminated from China. Although the heavily diseased areas correspond to some low iodine concentration areas, the distribution of the overall iodine deficiency disease areas from before salt iodization, compared using geochemical maps, is not correlated to the distribution of iodine concentration in the soil. These new TS and DS data and iodine geochemical maps provide a deep insight into the factors controlling the distribution of iodine in the pedosphere of China and significantly improve the global database of iodine in soils.

Iodine level of goats from Shiwalik and middle mountains of north-west Himalayas in relation to soil, fodder, and water status

A baseline survey was carried out to determine the iodine status of goats and its relationship with the levels of soil, water, and fodder samples collected from different agro-climatic zones (sub-tropical, lower, and upper-intermediate) of the Jammu division. A total of 74 blood and 60 milk samples from goats, as well as soil (50), water (50), and fodder (56) samples, were collected. Plasma inorganic iodine (PII), milk inorganic iodine (MII), iodide ion (I-), and thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) levels were measured along with biochemical parameters. The average PII, I-, and MII concentrations of goats from unorganized farms were 55.99±4.56 ng/ml, 1.37±0.11 ppm, and 47.3±5.68 ng/ml compared 74.68±8.40 ng/ml, 1.43±0.11 ppm and 62.01±8.55 ng/ml, respectively from the organized farm. Based on PII level, 71.62% of goats had moderate deficiency (level 50-100 ng/ml) and 28.37% had severe deficiency (level &lt;50 ng/ml). The average levels of iodine in soil and water were 0.24 ppm and 0.06 ppm, respectively. Rabi and kharif fodders showed average iodine levels of 1.25 ppm and 0.37 ppm, respectively. Significant changes were recorded in glucose, HDL and T4 levels. Pearson correlation performed between PII (ng/ml) and biochemical parameters established correlation with T4 (r = -0.465), glucose (r = 0.510), HDL (r = -0.355) and cholesterol (r = 0.271). The study concluded that iodine deficiency is prevalent in the goat population due to lower levels in the environment implying an urgent need for regular supplementation in the diet.

Fluorine and Iodine in Soils of the Kulunda Plain

The content and distribution of fluorine (F) and iodine (I) have been studied using the example of a four soils located on the terrace of Kuchukskoye Lake in the Altai kray. Soil sections are located on various elements of the micro relief within the boundaries of the lake terrace. The textural-carbonate stratified chernozem (Calcic Chernozem (Loamic, Areninovic, Bathyraptic)) occupies the top of the micro relief. The Solonchak quasi-gleyed (Calcic Solonchak (Loamic, Sulphatic, Humic) is located in a micro-depression. The absolute difference in elevation between these soils is 1 m. Solonetz dark quasi-gleyed salted (Protosalic Solonetz (Loamic, Humic) and texture-carbonate quasi-gleyed salted (Calcic Gleyic Chernozem (Loamic, Endosalic) are confined to the slope between the Calcic Chernozem and Solonchak. The total content of halogens and their mobile forms were determined: water-soluble for F and salt-soluble for I. The content of total F in soils averaged 277.40 mg/kg (lim 59.83–541.10 mg/kg), water-soluble – 3.47 mg/kg (lim 0.04–16.45 mg/kg). Statistical calculations proved that the content of total F strongly correlates with the content of clay, carbonates and water-soluble sodium-cation, and the value of the correlation coefficient depends on the type of soil and its position on the micro relief. Water-soluble F has a high positive correlation with similar parameters in the Chernozem and in the Solonetz. The results showed that the content of total I in the studied soils is higher than in zonal soils of this territory, averages 13.61 mg/kg of soil (5.27–15.21 mg/kg) and moderately depends on the content of clay and carbonates. The influence of the soil type and its position on the micro relief was not revealed on the content of total I. The average content of salt-soluble I is 0.71 mg/kg (0.01–1.86 mg/kg). For all studied soils except Solonchak the relationship of the content of salt-soluble I with the content of clay, carbonates and water-soluble sodium cation has been established. No significant correlation between the above-mentioned parameters has been established for the Solonchak. The revealed heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of F and I in in the studied soils should be taken into account when conducting regional assessments of the status of these halogens.

Fluorine and Iodine in Soils of the Kulunda Plain

Fluorine and Iodine in Soils of the Kulunda Plain

Residual effect of biofortified iodine in soil, plant, crop yield and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

When iodine levels in the soil are inadequate, resulting in limited crop uptake and as a result, a population with insufficient iodine intake. Iodine deficiency can be avoided by biofortifying commonly consumed crops with iodine. Tomato is the best crop for biofortification study as it is having the capacity to store excess iodine in pholoem. The field experiment was carried out in Thondamuthur block of Viraliyur village at Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu in 2021. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of biofortication of iodine in residual tomato growth, yield, quality and iodine content. Potassium iodate and Chitosan were applied in the form of soil, foliar and Chitosan iodate complex at different stages of plant growth. The results revealed that the soil fertilization of potassium iodate alone resulted in lower uptake of residual iodine in fruits because the iodine was susceptible to high volatilization and less phyto-availability. While foliar spray alone increased the residual iodine content in roots and stem. However, residual higher iodine accumulation in the tomato fruits was achieved through the combination of foliar and iodine Chitosan forms. As electrostatic interaction between Chitosan and iodate prevents volatilization and gradually increases the bioavailability of iodine from soil to fruits. Based on the discussion, biofortification of iodine through potassium iodate Chitosan complex paved the way for the improvement of growth, yield, quality and iodine content in fruits. Hence, biofortification of iodine through iodate Chitosan complex increased the iodine content in tomato fruit and introducing it in our daily diet may be helpful to reduce iodine deficiency disorder.

Recycling and persistence of iodine 127 and 129 in forested environments: A modelling approach

Differences in the source and behaviour of 129I compared to 127I isotopes have been described for a variety of surface environments, but little is known about the cycling rates of each isotope in terrestrial ecosystems. We developed a compartment model of the iodine cycle in a forest ecosystem, with a labile and non-labile pool to simplify the complex fate of iodine in the forest floor and soil. Simulations were performed using atmospheric 127I and 129I inputs for sites differing in climate, vegetation, and soil. In general, considering dry deposition in addition to wet deposition improved model simulations. Model results support the view that soil is the sink for atmospheric iodine deposited in forest ecosystems, while tree vegetation has little influence on long-term iodine budgets. Modelling also showed that iodine cycling reaches equilibrium after a period of about 5000 years, mainly due to a gradual incorporation of iodine into the bulk stabilised soil organic matter. At steady state, this pool of non-labile iodine in soil can retain about 20% of total deposition with a mean residence time of 900 years, while the labile iodine pool is renewed after 90 years. The proportions of modern anthropogenic 129I in each modelled pool reflect those of stable 127I at least several decades after input to the forest; this result explains why isotopic disequilibrium is common in field data analysis. Volatilisation plays a central role in regulating iodine storage in soil and, therefore, its residence time, while drainage is a minor export pathway, except at some calcareous sites. Dynamic modelling has been particularly helpful for gaining insight into the long-term response of iodine partitioning to continuous, single or even varying deposition. Our modelling study suggested that better estimates of dry deposition of atmospheric iodine, weathering of parent rock, and volatilisation of the deposited iodine from soil and vegetation will be required for reliable predictions of iodine cycling in specific forests, because these processes remain insufficiently explored.

Geochemistry of selenium, barium, and iodine in representative soils of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest

The Amazon rainforest is a heterogeneous ecosystem and its soils exhibit geographically variable concentrations of trace elements. In this region, anthropic activities - e.g., agriculture and mining - are numerous and varied, and even natural areas are at risk of contamination by trace elements, either of geogenic or anthropogenic origin. A reliable dataset of benchmark values for selenium (Se), barium (Ba), and iodine (I) concentrations in soils is needed for use as a reference in research and public policies in the region. In this study, 9 selected sites in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest within areas represented by Oxisols and Ultisols were assessed for relevant soil physicochemical characteristics, along with the concentrations of total Se (SeTot), total Ba (BaTot), and sequentially-extracted soluble Se (SeSol) and adsorbed Se (SeAd) in 3 different soil layers (0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm). In addition, organically bound-Se (SeOrg) and total I (ITot) concentrations in the surface layer (0–20 cm) were measured. Soil Se concentrations (SeTot) were considered safe and are likely a result of contributions of sedimentary deposits from the Andes. Available Se (SeSol + SeAd) accounted for 4.5% of SeTot, on average, while SeOrg in the topsoil accounted for more than 50% of SeTot. Barium in the western Amazon (state of Acre) and central Amazon (Anori, state of Amazonas) exceeded national prevention levels (PVs). Furthermore, the average ITot in the studied topsoils (5.4 mg kg−1) surpassed the worldwide mean. Notwithstanding, the close relationship found between the total content of the elements (Se, Ba, and I) and soil texture (clay, silt, and sand) suggests their geogenic source. Finally, our data regarding SeTot, BaTot, and ITot can be used to derive regional quality reference values for Amazon soils and also for updating prevention (PV) and investigation (IV) values established for selected elements by the Brazilian legislation.

BIOCHEMICAL AND CLINICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF IODINE DEFICIENCY DISORDERS IN CENTRAL INDIA

Background: Iodine (I) is a trace element that is required by both humans and animals. It can be found in a variety of chemical forms, including iodine, iodide (I), and iodate (IO3). It is widely distributed across the earth's ecology, with a concentration in the oceans. Iodine entered the natural cycle from the ocean, the atmosphere, and rainfall, as well as from rainfall into streams and rivers. Iodine is absorbed as iodide in human nutrition. Iodine is a necessary micronutrient and a component of thyroid hormones. Fish and seafood have a high iodine level. The amount of iodine in soil and drinking water varies depending on where it comes from. Iodine shortage produces a variety of negative health consequences, which are referred to as iodine deficiency illnesses (IDD). These conditions are caused by a lack of iodine, which causes insufficient thyroid hormone production.&#x0D; Aim: The aim of this study is to characterize the iodine deficiency disorder by biochemical and clinical assessment and to correlate the iodine status with thyroid disorder(s) in adults.&#x0D; Material and Method: The samples for this investigation were taken from patients at the Department of Endocrine Surgery. This study comprised a total of 100 hundred goiter patients, who had their urinary iodine excretion and thyroid hormone levels examined. For all goiter patients, the grading of goitre was established using the WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD approved criteria. TSH, Free T4, Free T3 by using ELISA Method using commercial kits. Anti-microsomal antibody (AMA) or Thyroperoxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) by using ELISA Method using commercial kits. Anti-thyroglobulin antibody (ATG) estimated by using ELISA Method using commercial kits.&#x0D; Results: The data for each group were presented as Median and inter quarter range (IQR) The median and IQR of Urinary iodine excretion of the hypothyroid, hyperthyroid and Euthyroid goiter subjects were respectively and there was significant difference in the median urinary iodine excretion. The median and IQR of Urinary iodine excretion of the thyroiditis, thyrotoxicosis, cancer of thyroid and benign goiter respectively and there was significant difference in the median urinary iodine excretion.&#x0D; Conclusion: For ages, endemic goitre and cretinism have been recognised as public health issues, and iodine deficiency is thought to be the leading cause of preventable mental retardation. Most countries now include iodine deficiency control as part of their national nutrition policies. To eliminate iodine deficiency, several therapies with high efficacy have been employed, including iodized oil capsules (IOC) and universal salt iodisation (USI). Although some progress has been made, efforts to eliminate this devastating health problem must be hastened. Not only should iodine deficiency be monitored, but so should excessive iodine intake, as this is a problem in various areas, including the camps.&#x0D; Keywords: IDD, Goitre, TSH, IOC, USI, ATG, AMA, T4, T3.

Identification of limiting resources in the diets of cows to hypomicroelementoses prevention

The analysis of feed for lactating cows in 19 farms of eight districts of the Belgorod region was carried out from 1985 to 2021. Examined: green feed, roughage of natural and artificial drying, succulent feed (including canned feed), grain and its processed products, food industry waste, feed of animals and bacteriogenic. The minerals in feed were examined in the testing laboratory of the Belgorod State Agrarian University according to state standards. Reference analysis of the minerals in the feed for cows in the farms of the Belgorod region with the data of the "Federal research center for animal husbandry standards" has been carried out. Investigations of diet for lactating cows, taking into account the data presented in the "Recommendations on the chemical composition and nutritional value of feeds used to compose rations for farm animals in the Belgorod region", We found that rations are deficient in phosphorus by 40.9%, copper - by 32.6%, zinc - by 42.8%, cobalt - by 26.8%, iodine - by 32.9% and superfluity of iron. Calcium was over the limit by 31.0%, manganese - by 22.9%. Forage harvested on the farms of the Belgorod Region, a biogeochemical province with a low content of copper, zinc, sulfur and iodine in soils, cannot be considered complete in terms of mineral composition. To lactating cows hypomicroelementoses prevention necessary to set a correction factor when calculating the balance of rations and be sure to use feed mineral supplements, including limited minerals in quantities necessary not only to ensure the normal vital activity of cows, but also to obtain genetically inherent milk productivity from them.

Incidence of iodine deficiency and congenital goitre in goats and kids of Darreh Garm region, Khorramabad, Iran.

One of the thyroid disorders of ruminants is goitre, which is triggered by iodine deficiency. This study evaluates goitre in the goats of the Darreh Garm region in the vicinity of the Khorramabad city. Three goats with congenital enlarged thyroid glands were referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Lorestan University with signs of arrhythmia, dyspnea and anorexia. Clinical examination, radiographic and sonographic evaluations were performed. Afterward, a comprehensive visual observation was accomplished in the outbreak region and blood samples were taken for thyroid hormones measurement in does and kids. Moreover, soil and forage samples were collected to assess the iodine concentration and soil parameters. Results indicated that the thyroid hormone concentration in the serum of the affected does and kids were significantly lower than healthy and treated animals. Treatment with sodium thyroxine significantly increased the concentration of T3 and T4 hormones. Pasture (5.28 ± 1.57 mg/kg) and soil (11.0 ± 1.49 mg/kg) iodine levels were lower than normal levels in this region. Histopathological slides of the thyroid glands from the dead kids indicated thyroid follicles with different sizes and hyperplasia of the glands. Overall, a 0.5 mg/kg iodine in the diet meal of the goats needs to be considered for prevention of the iodine deficiency.

Spatial geochemical differentiation of the iodine-induced health risk and distribution of thyroid cancer among urban and rural population of the Central Russian plain affected by the Chernobyl NPP accident.

The main goal was to study the spatial distribution of thyroid cancer (THYC) among the population of urban and rural settlements of four regions of Russia, which were characterized by different contents of stable iodine in soils and exposed to radioactive fallout of 131I from the Chernobyl NPP. Using GIS technologies, zoning of territories for the deficiency of 127I and pollution with 131I was performed. The resulting risk maps were compared with the THYC distribution. The association between the spatial distribution of the total (natural and man-made) risk assessment and the incidence of THYC at the district level tended to have a higher positive correlation (r = 0.505, p < 0.001, n = 94) compared with the correlation of the latter parameter with a fallout density of 131I (r = 0.468, p < 0.001). After latent period, the incidence of THYC among residents of urban settlements of the Bryansk region was considerably higher than in rural, the difference increasing with time. The correlation between the assessed total risk and THYC distribution in risk zones was significant and higher in the rural areas than in the urban ones. A tendency for a negative significant correlation (r = -0.55, p = 0.01) between daily iodine intake (based on the main components of the diet) and THYC cases among the rural population was found. A definite difference in the influence of geochemical environmental factors on the distribution of THYC among urban and rural populations deserves more detailed study to prevent this disease.