Iodine Fuming Research Articles

Detection of Secret Writing by using Various Methods - A Review

In recent times the secret writing is obtained as key evidence from crime scenes. This plays vital role in solving the crime. Secret writing detection by various methods is easy methods for visualization the invisible messages. numerous techniques have been documented in the literature for revealing secret messages by using various methods. In the present review paper, physical and chemical methods are used for secret writing detection. Secret inks like biological fluids, vegetable juices, fruits juices etc. are use. secret writing using different biological, vegetable, and chemical fluids involves using substances like lemon juice, onion juice, or invisible ink. Heat treatment can reveal hidden messages written with certain substances, while iodine fuming is effective for detecting invisible inks, causing them to become visible.

Development of Latent Fingerprints on Different Types of Gloves by Using Physical and Chemical Methods

Fingerprints are a foundation of forensic evidence collected at crime scenes. But what if the perpetrator tries to be clever and wear gloves? Does this automatically mean no fingerprints will be found? Not quite. Latex gloves abandoned at crime scenes can be potential evidence that leaves the perpetrator's hidden fingerprints behind. However, despite their potential, gloves have proven to be a tricky surface for fingerprint development. This study explores the possibility of extracting fingerprints from gloves left behind by criminals. Sweat residues, dirt, and tiny particles trapped on the glove's inner surface can transfer a latent fingerprint, even if it's smudged. This smudged print can still hold valuable clues about the perpetrator. The study aims to observe the effectiveness of fingerprint development on various glove materials: latex, nitrile, cotton, plastic, and silicone. For this, a range of physical and chemical techniques were employed to reveal these hidden prints. Specialized chemicals like ninhydrin, iodine fuming, silver nitrate, Sudan black, and gentian violet were used to make the latent prints visible. Noninvasive approaches like fingerprint powders were also used to develop latent prints on the surface of gloves. This research highlights the ingenuity of forensic science in uncovering evidence even when criminals attempt to mask their identities.

Thermal Manipulation of Latent Fingerprints using Cyanoacrylate Fuming with Rare Earth Material

Latent fingerprints are used to identify specific individuals during a forensic investigation. Fingerprints provide a clear and concise means of identifying an individual and their history. Traditional techniques for fingerprint analysis include metal powder and magnetic powder dusting; fluorescent dye staining; iodine fuming; vacuum metal deposition and many more. There are several issues with the conventional technologies now in use, including their sensitivity, contrast, background interference, toxicity and complexity. In this study, the cyanoacrylate fuming technique was combined with enhancing agents such as metallic and rare earth minerals to increase the visibility of latent fingerprints in a quick and easy approach. The vapours of ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate react with the fingerprint's natural compounds, increasing the contrast of the impression. Therefore, fingerprints are visible to the human eye after being treated with cyanoacrylate. Rare earth europium oxide was also used to improve the fingerprints. The fingerprints were sprayed with a mixture of europium oxide. Images of the fingerprint samples were taken and they were evaluated. Cyanoacrylate treatment and europium oxide deposition both enhanced the visibility of fingerprints. In contrast to the cyanoacrylate-treated sample, the europium oxide-deposited specimen stood out more clearly. Hence, rare earth elements improved the visibility of hidden fingerprints.

Impact on development techniques by the application of hand sanitizer prior to the fingerprint deposition

The general public's interest in hand sanitizers has soared after the covid-19 pandemic pestilence. This gave rise to the notion that the use of such hand sanitizers may hinder or enhance the visibility of developed fingerprints. Based on this hypothesis, a hand sanitizer was tested to see how it affected the detection of fingerprints left behind after use. Fingerprint detection techniques used included: ninhydrin, silver nitrate, iodine fuming and cyanoacrylate method.

Visualization of thermochromic ink & disappearing ink writings through various techniques on different paper surfaces

Invisible ink are becoming a popular tool for committing various economical and financial frauds. Temperature dependent erasable ink and pH indicator disappearing ink both are widely used for this purpose. In this research paper we have explained different techniques to decipher these invisible writings. Examination through Photoshop software and U.V. Cabinet are very cost-effective, non destructive and easily available technique to decipher these writings. Chemical examination through iodine fuming, NaOH or KOH are also very effective and reliable method but they are destructive in nature. Visualization of invisible writing is best done by viewing the samples under the spot light and U.V. light available in Video Spectral Comparator -8000.

Difference between conventional and modern methods for examination of fingerprints

The impression of frictional ridges of the finger is known as fingerprints. Owing to this uniqueness, the fingerprints have long been used to identify a person since Ancient times. In any crime scene the presence of fingerprint makes the identification of the Culprit very easy. The fingerprints can also easily be embedded on any item such as paper, Clothing and body of the victim. To utilize this uniqueness of fingerprints forensic experts devised many techniques to obtain a clear fingerprint. These come under two categories i.e. Conventional and modern methods. The conventional methods are although important but there are limitations of them. Just take the example of powder method. Powder method require different powders for different Surfaces and colors, but modern method like quantum dots method can easily detect Fingerprints on all surfaces regardless of their color giving great resolution in seconds. Other methods like physical developer method is very time consuming and expensive, carbon Black method creates mess and does not work on porous surface, iodine fuming and Naphthaloflavin does have an advantage that it can bring up prints on skin also but it does not Work on metallic surfaces. VMD also fails on heavy plastic polymers and body oils. But some modern methods like nanotechnology can obtain high resolution prints old and dried prints also within 3 minutes. Laser technology is very fast, accurate and can be used for Fingerprints up toten years old also on any surface without any mess. Multimetal deposition Method can even be used to identify smokers and drug addicts and can be used Porous, non-porous and wet surfaces.

Preliminary efficiency evaluation of development methods applied to aged sebaceous latent fingermarks

Latent fingermarks are important trace evidence found in crime scenes mainly used for identification purposes. Once deposited, the composition of samples changes over time influencing the efficacy of latent fingermark development methods. In this sense, the aims of this work were to characterize the fatty acid (FA) profile of sebaceous latent fingermarks by GC–FID and to preliminarily evaluate the development efficiency of enhancement methods (powder dusting, iodine fuming and silver nitrate method) in a 30-day period of aging under controlled parameters of temperature, photoperiod and humidity. Results showed that myristic (7.51 ± 0.76% − 13.39 ± 1.26%), palmitic (35.91 ± 1.07% − 40.81 ± 2.52%), stearic (6.67 ± 0.36% − 9.13 ± 0.36%) and oleic (18.08 ± 0.25% − 20.93 ± 0.26%) acid varied significantly (p < 0.05) over the 30-day period of analysis. Regarding development efficiency, fluorescent orange powder and the silver nitrate method also increased their efficacy to develop latent fingermarks over time while the iodine fuming method decreased its efficiency. Silver black powder had constant efficacy in the tested period. Changes in the constitution of sebaceous marks possibly influenced the development efficiency of enhancement techniques. This knowledge is important to better understand the kinetic of aging and its influence on the development method.

Impact of hand sanitizer on the fingerprints developmental techniques

BackgroundThe general public's interest in hand sanitizers has soared after the covid-19 pandemic pestilence. This gave rise to the notion that the use of such hand sanitizers may hinder the visibility of developed fingerprints.MethodologyBased on this hypothesis, a hand sanitizer was tested to see how it affected the detection of fingerprints left behind after use. Fingerprint detection techniques used included: ninhydrin, silver nitrate, iodine fuming and cyanoacrylate method.Result and conclusionWhen hand sanitizedfingerprints were compared to non-hand sanitized fingerprints, the alcohol-based hand sanitizers improved the visibility of fingerprints developed with ninhydrin and iodine fuming, and marginally improved those developed with silver nitrate and cyanoacrylate method. To determine the longevity of improved developed quality, various parameters such as time since hand sanitizer application prior to fingerprint deposition was tested.

Chromatographic Analysis of General Otc Anti-Allergic Drug: Cetirizine

Cetirizine as general OTC anti-allergic drug was evaluated through paper chromatography. Twelve cetirizine compositions were analysed wherein each tablet and syrups were six in number. Seven solvent systems were experimented from which chloroform and methanol in ratio 50:50 proved to be best solvent system for both cetirizine tablet and syrup compositions. Other solvent system that showed clear separation of spots were n-hexane, toluene and diethyl ether in ratio 65:25:10 and acetone and methanol in ratio 90:10 for tablet and syrup preparations respectively. Iodine fuming technique and UV radiations were also utilized for visualising some unidentified and invisible spots during the examination procedures.

Novel C stain-based chemical method for differentiating real and forged fingerprints

BackgroundFingerprints are useful evidence for establishing identities. Development and detection of fingerprints are of immense help in criminal investigation. However, forged fingerprints identical to the real ones are emerging as a worldwide problem. Existing methods for development of fingerprints (powder method/iodine fuming method/ninhydrin test/AgNO3) fail to distinguish between real and forged fingerprints when forged fingerprints are fortified with salts and amino acids. The present study was conducted with the objective to test applicability of C stain for real and forged fingerprint differentiation.MethodologyC stain was applied on real and forged fingerprints in combination with conventional methods and was evaluated on the basis of development and differentiation of real and forged fingerprints.ResultsThe proposed technique is successful in differentiating between real and forged fingerprints. Colour difference between real and forged fingerprints was observed by taking a combination of C stain with ninhydrin, black powder and iodine fuming, one at a time.ConclusionC stain method is an effective technique for distinguishing forged fingerprints from the real ones. It works as a distinction tool even when used in combination with existing development methods.

DNA profiling of saliva traces habitually deposited on various documents: a pilot study

BackgroundA study was conducted to determine whether the habitualness among individuals to apply saliva to their fingertips (for moistening) while shuffling through pages of a document can provide evidence in cases pertaining to handling of documents in forensic investigations. It involved 200 volunteers, 50% of which were male and 50% were female. The volunteers shuffled the pages of the three substrates (registers, books and magazines). An attempt was made to detect the transfer of saliva onto the substrate while shuffling and generation of DNA profiles from the transferred saliva. The presence of salivary stains was confirmed using iodine fuming test and starch iodine test. Afterwards, the DNA was recovered with substrate cutting method, extracted using QIAGEN® QIAmp DNA mini kit and amplified using the Power Plex® 21 System Kit.ResultsThe results revealed that 83% of individuals applied saliva onto the documents and majority of females applied saliva. DNA could be successfully recovered from the stains detected on the three substrates, and complete STR profiles could be generated.Main findingA conclusion can be drawn out that majority of subjects under study were in habit of using saliva to turn pages, and this can be an important evidence to help criminal justice system as DNA profiles could be developed successfully from the substrates. This can be a very good evidence in respect of identifying the individual(s) who handled the document.

Volatilised pyrene: A phase 1 study demonstrating a new method of visualising fingermarks with comparisons to iodine fuming

Pyrene is a fluorescent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon that can be volatilised under mild conditions. When fumed, pyrene is rapidly absorbed into the sebaceous residues of fingermarks, enabling their fluorescent visualisation upon excitation with ultraviolet radiation. This new means of fluorescent fingermark detection is more sensitive than the non-fluorescent iodine fuming approach for nonporous surfaces. This is demonstrated here in a phase 1 study using split-print comparisons on metal and glass surfaces. Pyrene-treated fingermarks also retain the volatile fluorophore for comparably long time periods relative to iodine fuming (in the order of hours). The phase 1 study comprised four donors, and 80 natural fingermarks that were grouped into two time periods; aged 24h and 1 week. Iodine fuming was chosen as a reference to showcase the effectiveness of pyrene given it is the most closely-related chemical fuming method in routine use. This study demonstrates that pyrene fuming increases the quantity and quality of fingermark visualisations relative to iodine fuming, and is free of many of the latter method’s drawbacks. Preliminary results shown here also show the effectiveness of pyrene fuming on highly patterned surfaces, and its compatibility with the use of gelatine lifters. Pyrene fuming is thus easy to effect, low-cost, and shows great promise as a new means of visualising fingermarks on non-porous surfaces.

Fixing Transient Iodine on Developed Latent Fingermarks.

In the present study, a simple and novel fume-mist technique is described which can be used efficiently to fix the latent fingermarks developed using iodine. It is well known that the residues left over in the fingermarks interact with iodine to give transient brown impressions which disappear in a short time. Also, iodine forms colored complexes with various organic solvents. Based on iodine-fingermark interaction and iodine-solvent complex formation, latent fingermarks were developed on paper surface using iodine fumes which were subsequently fixed by spraying polar and nonpolar solvents. The fingermarks developed with this technique were not only clear but also permanent in nature. The interaction of fingermark residue, iodine, and solvent forming a ternary structure is believed to be a possible reason for the stability of iodine-developed fingermarks. Ease of method, availability of chemicals, and minimum training make the method adaptable in routine development of forensic fingermarks present on paper surface.

The effectiveness and practicality of using simultaneous superglue & iodine fuming method for fingermark development on ‘low yield’ leather surfaces: A feasibility study

This research successfully demonstrated the first use of simultaneous superglue & iodine fuming on leather surfaces compared to superglue, iodine, superglue–iodine and iodine–superglue fuming methods which typically give low fingermark yields. A novel fuming chamber was developed and used for simultaneous superglue & iodine fuming. Results show that the simultaneous fuming method produced significantly better enhancement for light-coloured leather substrates relative to other processing procedures, but was found to be ineffective on dark-coloured leather. However, superglue, as one of the most common methods in practice, was found to be effective for freshly deposited latent fingermarks on dark-coloured leather. The newly designed chamber for the simultaneous fuming method has proved to be fast, effective and delightfully easy to use.

다공성 표면에서 현출된 지문의 정량적인 평가방법 개발을 위한 농도계 이미지 분석을 이용한 선행연구 및 응용

범죄수사에서 지문인식은 개인 식별을 위한 가장 중요한 기술 중 하나이다. 그러나 다양한 방법으로 각각 현출된 지문을 비교하는 객관적이고 공정한 평가 방법은 존재하지 않는다. 따라서 객관적이고 정량적인 방법의 개발을 위하여 농도계 이미지 분석(densitometric image analysis) 프로그램(CP Atlas 2.0)과 Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)을 이용하여 다공성 표면에서 현출된 지문을 비교, 평가하였다. 먼저 시료지문 채취 상 최적의 압력과 유류시간 조건을 찾기 위하여 두 가지 조건을 변화시켜 날인을 한 비교적 균일한 품질을 가진 잉크지문(Inked fingerprint)을 분석하였다. AFIS 분석을 통해 얻은 특징점(minutia)수와 이미지 분석을 통해 얻은 융선 peaks의 면적 결과를 계산하여 비교한 결과 1.0 kg.f 의 압력으로 5초(sec.) 동안 유류 한 잉크지문이 육안 상 가장 선명한 융선을 보였으며 가장 많은 수의 특징점 수, 가장 넓은 융선의 peaks 면적을 갖는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 또한, 잠재지문 현출에 응용하기 위하여 감열지에 날인 된 잠재재문을 iodine fuming법으로 현출시켜 분석한 결과 1.0 kg.f/5 sec의 조건에서 특징점 수가 가장 많고 융선의 peaks 면적도 가장 넓게 나오는 것을 확인하였다. 추가적으로 프린트 용지에 날인한 잠재지문을 0.5 %와 5 %의 ninhydrin용액으로 현출하여 비교한 결과 2.0 kg.f/5 sec의 조건으로 날인하여 5 %의 ninhydrin용액으로 현출하였을 때 가장 좋은 결과를 갖는 것을 확인하였다. 전반적으로 이미지분석을 통하여 얻은 peaks의 평균면적이 클수록 AFIS를 통해 확인되는 특징점수가 많아진다는 것이 확인되었으며 농도계 이미지 분석을 이용한 지문 평가의 추가적인 연구를 통해 본 방법은 지문 현출 평가에 대한 객관적이고 정량적인 새로운 시험방법이 될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. In crime scene investigation, fingerprint identification is regarded to be one of the most important techniques for personal identification. However, objective and unbiased evaluation methods that would compare the fingerprints with diverse available and developing methods are currently lacking. To develop an objective and quantitative method to improve fingerprint evaluation, a preliminary study was performed to extract useful research information from the analysis with densitometric image analysis (CP Atlas 2.0) and the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) for the developed fingerprints on porous surfaces. First, inked fingerprints obtained by varying pressure (kg.f) and pressing time (sec.) to find optimal conditions for obtaining fingerprint samples were analyzed, because they could provide fingerprints of a relatively uniform quality. The extracted number of minutiae from the analysis with AFIS was compared with the calculated areas of friction ridge peaks from the image analysis. Inked fingerprints with a pressing pressure of 1.0 kg.f for 5 seconds provided the most visually clear fingerprints, the highest number of minutiae points, and the largest average area of the peaks of the friction ridge. In addition, the images of the developed latent fingerprints on thermal paper with the iodine fuming method were analyzed. Fingerprinting condition of 1.0 kg.f/5 sec was also found to be optimal when generating highest minutiae number and the largest average area of peaks of ridges. Additionally, when the concentration of ninhydrin solution (0.5 % vs. 5 %) was used to compare the developed latent fingerprints on print paper, the best fingerprinting condition was 2.0 kg.f/5 sec and 5 % of ninhydrin concentration. It was confirmed that the larger the average area of the peaks generated by the image analysis, the higher the number of minutiae points was found. With additional tests for fingerprint evaluation using the densitometric image analysis, this method can prove to be a new quantitative and objective assessment method for fingerprint development.

Thin layer chromatographic analysis of some common over the counter (OTC) cough–cold preparations

In the present study, potential utility of thin layer chromatography to differentiate some common OTC cough–cold preparations was evaluated. Twenty solvent systems were examined from which a solvent systems A comprising methanol:ammonia in the ratio of 100:1.5(v/v) and B comprising chloroform:methanol in the ratio of 90:10(v/v) were found to be most suitable as it showed a high degree of separation of different components of these preparations. It was also found that iodine fuming technique is the best visualizing method for examining the TLC chromatograms of these drug samples prior to subsequent instrumental analysis.

SILVER NANOPARTICLES FOR ENHANCEMENT OF ACCUMULATION OF CAPSAICIN IN SUSPENSION CULTURE OF CAPSICUM SP.

Secondary metabolites can be very important chemicals for the development of plants. The secondary metabolite in this study is obtained from capsicum. Capsaicin is industrially very important due to its wide use range. Thestudy involved is the use of silver nanoparticles for elicitation of levels of capsaicin. Mediums with different hormonal combinations were prepared and growth was studied using qualitative analysis using iodine fumes, Gibbs Reagent and quantitative analysisusing Phosphomolybdic Acid Method and Folin- Ciocalteu method. This brings down a conclusion that the nanoparticles acted as an elicitor and brought about capsaicin increase effectively. Extraction of the metabolite from these natural sources also prove easier and the product can be obtained in a much purified form.

The Influence of Selected Fingerprint Enhancement Techniques on Forensic DNA Typing of Epithelial Cells Deposited on Porous Surfaces.

Fingerprints deposited at crime scene can be a source of DNA. Previous reports on the effects of fingerprint enhancement methods have focused mainly on fingermarks deposited in blood or saliva. Here, we evaluate the effects of fingerprint enhancement methods on fingerprints deposited on porous surfaces. We performed real-time quantification and STR typing, the results of which indicated that two methods (iodine fuming and 1,2-indanedione in ethyl acetate enhancement) had no effect on the quantity of DNA isolated and resultant STR alleles when compared to control samples. DNA quantities and allele numbers were lower for samples enhanced with silver nitrate and 1,2-indanedione in acetic acid when compared to control samples. Based on DNA quantity, quality, and observable stochastic effects, our data indicated that iodine fuming and 1,2-indanedione in ethyl acetate were the preferred options for the enhancement of fingerprints on porous surfaces.

Fixing latent fingermarks developed by iodine fuming: A new method

The latent fingermarks developed with iodine fumes are not permanent due to the sublimation of iodine. In this paper a new method has been proposed to fix the latent fingermarks developed with iodine fumes.Latent fingermarks were developed on both porous as well as non-porous substrates which were subsequently fixed by treating them with brucine based reagent.The fingermarks fixed with this method were not only permanent but also without any background coloration. Adsorption of the brucine over the iodine has been found to be a possible reason for permanency of iodine developed fingermarks. This research has successfully demonstrated the first use of the brucine solution for fixing latent fingermarks on porous and as well as on non porous substrates.

The recovery of latent text from thermal paper using a simple iodine treatment procedure

Faded, or actively removed text on thermally printed paper samples may be enhanced and retrieved through the use of a simple iodine fuming procedure. The recovery of printed documentation evidence in this fashion is neither affected by prior fingerprint enhancement techniques (such as ninhydrin or DFO), nor by sample age. This method allows, for the first time, evidence to be obtained from completely faded thermal paper samples (receipts, for example) as well as allowing deliberately removed printed text (a consequence of solvent washing pre-treatment in latent fingerprint enhancement procedures) to be recovered.