Iodine Concentration In Tissue Research Articles

Iodine biofortification of four microgreens species and its implications for mineral composition and potential contribution to the recommended dietary intake of iodine

The World Health Organization has identified iodine deficiency as one of the nutritional problems that affect more than a third of the world's population. About 60% of the world's population suffers from ‘hidden hunger’ with subtle and nonspecific health effects, regardless of social and economic status. The agronomic biofortification of leafy vegetables with iodine could increase the uptake of this crucial element. The current study constitutes the first report of results on the agronomic biofortification with iodine of four different species of microgreens (tatsoi, coriander, green basil, and purple basil). Biofortification was applied through the nutrient solution, using two doses of I (4 and 8 µM) plus an untreated control. Iodine supplementation across species had no effect on the dry matter content, color parameters, and nitrate levels of harvested microgreens. However, the 8 µM dose of iodine increased tissue iodine concentration by 226.52% (on average), with the highest values obtained from tatsoi (15.03 µg g − 1 fw). Taking into account the iodine recommended dietary allowance (RDA), consuming one serving of tatsoi biofortified with 8 µM I solution would cover 100.19% and 37.57% of daily requirement for adults and children, respectively. Our results demonstrated significant differences in the response of the four species to biofortification with iodine, highlighting the significant potential of select microgreens species for contributing to the combating of hidden hunger as an efficient and sustainable dietary resource.

The effect of contrast material on radiation dose during computed tomography pulmonary angiography

This study evaluated the impact of contrast material (CM) on radiation dose for adults undergoing computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA). A previously developed physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and phantoms representing the average (reference) adult male and female individual were used to evaluate the iodine concentration in tissues as a function of time elapsed since the initiation of iodinated contrast medium administration. In order to estimate the radiation dose more accurately, a detailed model of pulmonary vessels was added to the phantoms. Then, the material composition of phantoms was modified to include the iodine concentration in different organs and tissues at different acquisition times after CM injection. The calculations were performed using Monte Carlo N-Particle extended code (MCNPX) version 2.6.0.The radiation dose estimates during CTPA were provided as a function of scan acquisition time after injection considering the distribution of iodinated CM within ICRP reference phantoms. It was shown that the estimated radiation dose to the lungs could be 31–40% (27–34%) larger when considering the effect of iodinated contrast administration with injection rate of 5 (3)mL/s. Moreover, the effective dose for contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) would be utmost 10–13% larger than that for non-enhanced CT (NECT). The radiation doses to the other organs in-/outside the scanned region would be decreased if the scan performed on time. In case of late scanning, absorbed dose decreases slightly for lungs (∼15–20%) whereas becomes (∼10% or more) higher than its NECT value for some organs such as heart muscle, kidneys, and spleen. To sum up, the late scanning (Δt>5s after the end of injection) is not recommended because of higher dose delivered to other organs than the lungs (particularly heart muscle).

Mass-transfer based modeling to investigate iodine staining effects for enhanced contrast X-ray computed tomography

Iodine staining combined with X-ray computed tomography (CT) has become a core approach in anatomy, offering three-dimensional and essentially non-destructive imaging of soft tissues. Although there have been rapid advances in methodologies and techniques, the mechanisms underlying diffusible iodine contrast-enhanced CT are not yet fully understood. The protocols for staining samples of differing sizes and tissue types have not yet been justified theoretically. Here we utilize mass transfer modeling to simulate iodine diffusion and predict iodine concentrations within distinct tissue types. We also undertake iodine staining experiments to visualize the detailed anatomy and contrast effects on whole-body avian specimens using different concentrations of iodine solution to compare with model simulation results. The simulations effectively explain most observed concentration changes in differently-sized samples over distinct iodine treatment durations. These results also provide insight into the mechanisms behind the efficacy of solution replenishment for enhancing staining effects. Both consistencies and inconsistencies between our simulation and experimental results regarding iodine concentration in tissues will inform further investigations to optimize iodine staining protocols.

Soybean Meal Reduces Tissue Iodine Concentration in Rats Administered Kombu

Soybean Meal Reduces Tissue Iodine Concentration in Rats Administered Kombu

Serum and tissue iodine concentrations in rats fed diets supplemented with kombu powder or potassium iodide.

Serum and tissue iodine concentration was measured in rats fed a diet supplemented with powdered kombu (Saccharina sculpera) or potassium iodide to evaluate the absorption of iodine from kombu. Eighteen male 5-wk-old Wistar rats were divided into three groups and fed a basal AIN93G diet (iodine content, 0.2 mg/kg) or the basal diet supplemented with iodine (183 mg/kg) either in the form of kombu powder or potassium iodine (KI) for 4 wk. There were no differences in weight gain or serum biochemistry tests (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity, and total serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentration) after iodine supplementation. In addition, serum levels of the thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine, as well as thyroid-stimulating hormone, were not affected. On the other hand, serum and tissue (thyroid, liver and kidney) iodine concentrations were markedly elevated after iodine supplementation. There was no difference in thyroid iodine concentration between KI and kombu supplementation. However, there was a significant difference observed in the iodine concentrations of serum, liver and kidney between the two iodine sources; rats fed KI had iodine concentrations in these tissues 1.8 to 1.9 times higher than those in rats fed kombu powder. These results suggest that the absorption of iodine from kombu is reduced compared to that from potassium iodide.

A preliminary study on tailoring of fillet iodine concentrations in adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) through dietary supplementation

The present study was performed to assess to what degree supplemented dietary iodine (I) was retained in selected tissues, including the fillet of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in sea water. Atlantic salmon weighing approximately 1.5 kg were randomly assigned to three net pens per treatment and fed moist pellets (based on minced saithe and herring) supplemented with 0, 40 or 80 mg iodine (as KI) kg−1 on dry weight basis for 150 days. The iodine concentrations in the experimental feeds were analysed to be 10, 54 and 86 mg kg−1 dry weight, respectively. Growth, mortality and blood haemoglobin concentration (Hb) were recorded. Iodine concentrations were measured in muscle, liver and kidney after 90 and 150 days of feeding by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. In addition, plasma thyroxine (T4) and triiodo-thyronine (T3) were determined. The weight gain during the period was approximately 1 kg for all treatments. There were no mortalities, and blood Hb levels were within normal ranges. The iodine concentration in muscle, liver and kidney were all affected by the dietary iodine level, despite wide intratreatment variation. After 150 days, fillets of fish fed 10, 54 and 86 mg I kg−1 showed mean concentrations of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.9 mg I kg−1 wet weight, respectively, whereas the iodine concentration in the liver and the kidney increased approximately three times in the dietary groups. Similarly, plasma T4 and T3 showed great variation within the treatments. No significant correlations were found between individual tissue iodine concentration and thyroid hormone concentration in any of the groups at any sampling time. This preliminary feeding experiment showed that fillet iodine in adult Atlantic salmon can be increased up to 1.4 mg I kg−1 wet weight by dietary iodine 80 times the minimum requirement for salmonids, without impacting health, performance or plasma thyroid hormone status.

Iodine concentrations in porcine blood, urine, and tissues after a single dose of iodised oil

Experimental groups of pigs were treated orally with 120 mg (Group O 120), or 480 mg (Group O 480) of iodine per animal, or intramuscularly with 240 mg (Group I 240) of iodine per animal. Iodine was administered in the form of iodised fatty acid esters (IFAE). The treatment resulted in significantly increased iodine concentrations in tissues and a single dose was sufficient to meet the requirement for the whole fattening period (180 days). Urinary iodine concentrations in all the experimental groups were higher than in the control group C receiving iodine only from conventional feed. Urinary excretion of iodine between days 2 and 5 was more distinctive in orally treated than in intramuscularly treated animals (Figure 1). Iodine concentrations at the end of the fattening period (day 180) were higher in the treated than in the control groups. The treatment effect was more marked in Groups O 480 and I 240 than in Group O 120. The dynamics of blood serum iodine concentrations was similar to urinary concentrations (Figure 2). Mean thyroid gland weights in the groups O 120, O 480, I 240, and C were 9.19, 8.51, 7.10, and 12.01 g, respectively. An opposite tendency was observed for iodine concentrations in thyroid gland dry matter (Figure 3). No effects of any of the treatments on total protein, albumin, total lipids, or cholesterol concentrations in blood serum were observed. Group C showed lower tissue iodine concentrations than any of the experimental groups. The only exception was hepatic tissue in which approximately the same iodine concentrations were found in all the groups. Data obtained in Groups O 120, O 480, and I 240 indicate that decisive for tissue concentrations was rather the dose of iodine than the route of administration. Iodine is stored above all in the thyroid gland and adipose tissue. As can be seen in Figure 4, its concentration was higher in muscles with a higher proportion of fat (neck) than in lean muscles (ham).

Contrast enhancement in abdominal CT: bolus vs. infusion.

The accuracy of in vivo iodine estimations by CT in the aortic blood was determined in the dog. Iodine wash-out curves of five patients each receiving either a bolus of 100 ml diatrizoate 60% or a 10 min infusion of 300 ml diatrizoate 30% and 138 nonenhanced abdominal CT scans with various lesions in 104 patients were analyzed. This investigation suggests: (1) In vivo estimations of iodine concentrations are subject to considerable variation. (2) Iodine accumulation and wash-out for a given contrast administration mode are similar in liver, spleen, and pancreas with tissue iodine concentrations always below blood iodine concentrations, while a significant iodine concentration above iodine blood levels is found in the renal parenchyma. (3) If contrast enhancement is analyzed separately for bolus effect (arteriovenous iodine difference [AVID] greater than 30 H), nonequilibrium phase (AVID 10-30 H) and equilibrium phase (AVID less than 10 H), a good correlation between aortic blood and tissue iodine concentration is found for the latter two phases in the kidney, liver, and spleen which is independent of the contrast administration mode. (4) Visualization of all focal (cystic and solid) lesions is improved in the kidneys after contrast enhancement, while in the other investigated abdominal organs only cystic lesions are always better visualized on the enhanced scan regardless of contrast material dose, administration mode, and time of scanning. (5) Improved visualization of a solid lesion in liver, spleen, and pancreas is most likely achieved by scanning during bolus effect and the nonequilibrium phase, that is, within the first 2 min after a contrast material bolus or during a contrast material infusion. The chance to conceal a lesion in these organs increases significantly when performed at a later stage after contrast administration, that is, in the equilibrium phase.

Roentgen ray fluorescence method for determination of iodine in tissue.

A roentgen ray fluorescence method was developed for the quantitative determination of iodine concentration in tissue. The method is based on the use of two beams, of which one excites the K roentgen rays of iodine, while the other does not. The concentration of iodine was determined from the difference between the counting rates of the fluorescent and the scattered radiation. The measurements were carried out with standard equipment consisting of a generator, a NaI)Tl)-detector and a scaler. An accuracy of 0.1 mg I per g was obtained with the radiation exposure of about 1 R.

In vivo measurement of hepatic iodine concentration using fluorescent excitation analysis.

Hepatic iodine concentration was measured in the live dog by external use of fluorescent excitation analysis. The number of characteristic photons produced by interaction of exciting radiation from an americium-241 source with iodine within the tissue is proportional to the tissue iodine concentrations. A correction is made for absorption of radiation by the abdominal wall and other tissues lying between the volume of liver being assayed and the detector collimator. The technique is applicable to the in vivo measurement of iodine concentrations from 0.5 to 40 mg/g. Accuracy of the technique is approximately +/- 10%, which is within the range of variation in iodine concentration at various sites within the liver. Radiation dose is low, and radiolabeled tracer compounds need not be used.

The hormone synthesis of hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules in euthyroid patients.

ABSTRACT Among fifty consecutive patients operated on for non-toxic goitre, ten were shown to have solitary, hyperfunctioning thyroid nodules. Seven days before operation the patients were given a tracerdose of Na125I orally; all had an increased iodine discharge from the thyroid gland and elevated [125I]PBI. Chromatography of the sera revealed 125I peaks corresponding only to the T4 and T3 bands. Total 1251 concentration ratio nodular/paranodular tissue varied between 11.1 and 0.4 indicating a great variation in metabolic activity in "hot" nodules in the different goitres. The thyroid tissue was chromatographically investigated; the [125I]MIT/DIT ratio of the "hot" nodules was not negatively correlated to the 127I concentration of the tissue as is the case for "cold" adenomata. Significantly more [125I]T4 and [125I]T3 were found in the nodules compared to paranodular tissue. In contrast to simple non-toxic goitre the [125I]T3/T4 ratio in the "hot" nodules was lower than in paranodular tissue in spite of a lower 127I concentration in the former. Thus the hormone synthesis of "hot" nodules was unrelated to tissue iodine concentration.

NON-TOXIC GOITRE

ABSTRACT Among 29 patients operated on for non-toxic goitre 17 had a plasmaiodine concentration and thyroid clearance within the normal range for the region while 12 patients were iodine deficient in comparison to the former group. Extensive investigations of the 29 patients were performed including chromatography of the serum, urine and thyroid-gland digest and measurement of the iodine concentration and content of the goitrous tissue. No qualitative differences were found between the groups, on the contrary, a continuum existed, findings being related to the degree of iodine deficiency. Thus, the group with a low plasma inorganic iodine (PII) showed the largest goitres, lowest thyroid tissue iodine concentration and highest [125I] MIT/DIT and [125I] T3/T4 thyroid-tissue ratio. In the group with a "normal" PII concentration, iodoamino acid distribution in the para-adenomatous tissue was similar to that of "normal" thyroid glands in the present region, whereas nodular tissue compared with the goitrous tissue of the most iodine deficient group. Thus, only quantitative differences were found between the groups, and it is concluded that the goitres of both groups were due to iodine deficiency.