Iodine Value Research Articles

Synthesis of the Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters (FAEE) from Krabok (Irvingia malayana) Seed Oil for Use as the Main Ingredient in the Production of Herbal Massage Oil

This study focused on synthesizing fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) from Krabok (Irvingia malayana) seed oil via transesterification for use as the primary ingredient in herbal massage oil production. Optimal conditions included 5 wt.% of KOH catalyst compared to the oil weight, 15:1 molar ratio of ethanol to Krabok seed oil, 60 min for reaction time and reaction temperature of 78 ± 3 °C, resulting in FAEE yields as high as 99.83 ± 0.17 %. Analysis using FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, and GC techniques revealed FAEE as ester-type compounds, primarily comprising lauric acid (C12:0) and myristic acid (C14:0), constituting 97 wt.% saturated fatty acids and 3 wt.% unsaturated fatty acids. Physicochemical properties indicated clear yellow liquids with viscosity of 1.73 ± 0.03 cSt/s, density of 0.8199 ± 0.0049 g/cm3, cloud point of +4 °C, and pour point of –1 °C. Acid value, free fatty acid content, iodine value, water content and oxidation stability were measured at 0.703 ± 0.001 mg KOH/g of oil, 0.354 ± 0.001 wt.%, 0.59 ± 0.04 g I2/100 g of oil, 1482.3 ± 6.15 ppm, and greater than 12 h, respectively. When the synthesized FAEE was used to produce herbal massage oil products, the results showed that the herbal massage oil products were characterized as a clear yellow liquid with no sediment, low viscosity, and pH in the range of 5 - 6, meeting standard criteria. Thus, FAEE derived from Krabok seed oil is suitable as a primary ingredient for herbal massage oil production, enhancing the value of local resources within the community. HIGHLIGHTS Under optimal conditions of 5 wt.% KOH catalyst, 15:1 ethanol to oil ratio, 60 min at 78 ± 3 °C, FAEE was synthesized from Krabok seed oil for herbal massage oil, yielding 99.83 ± 0.17 %. FAEE, identified via FT-IR, 1H and 13C-NMR, and GC, comprises 97 wt.% saturated fatty acids (lauric acid and myristic acid) and 3 wt.% unsaturated. The herbal massage oil derived from FAEE as the primary ingredient meets clarity, low viscosity, and pH 5 - 6 standards. FAEE from Krabok seed oil enhances the value of local resources. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Environmental Benefits of Palm Oil Biodiesel Enhancement: Urea Complexation Optimization via RSM

Indonesian commercial biodiesel products are unstable due to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The urea inclusion compound (UIC) method is used during the fractionation process on PUFA to enhance its quality. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature, fatty acid ester metal (FAME)/methanol ratio, and crystallization time on increasing the concentration of PUFA concentrates and to produce high-performance biodiesel products with an iodine indicator <30–40 g I2/100 g. According to the most recent research, the UCF phase product is obtained at a combination of temperature and crystallization time of 20 °C and 4 h, respectively. It has an iodine number of 44.01 and an oxidation stability of 18.61 h, which is close to the criteria for high-performance biodiesel (<30 –40 g I2/100 g). Meanwhile, the results of this study obtained a UCF phase product that has an iodine number of 34.18 and yields 86.57% is obtained at a combination of temperature and crystallization time of 20 °C and 6 hr and FAME-methanol ratio of 6, respectively, which is close to the criteria for high-performance biodiesel (<30 –40 g I2/100 g). The longer complexation time and temperature significantly affected the FAME fractionation of the UCF phase.

Physicochemical Properties of Oil Derived from Cucumeropsis mannii (Egusi) and Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) seeds

In this work, physicochemical characteristics of the oils extracted from Cucumeropsis manni (Egusi) and Citrullus lanatus (Watermelon) seeds were determined, and the output for both vegetable oils was compared. Unshelled seeds of both C. mannii and C. lanatus were purchased from modern market, in Lafia local government area of Nasarawa state, Nigeria. Following dehulling, oil was extracted from both seed samples using the cold extraction technique. The physicochemical properties such as density, viscosity, iodine value (IV), acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), and saponification value (SV) of the seed oil samples were then examined. The result revealed that the density for both C. mannii and C. lanatus seed oil were 0.98 ± 0.16 and 0.98 ± 0.16 g/ml, and their viscosity are 72.5 ± 0.03 and 57.5 ± 0.11 Cp respectively. Both C. mannii and C. lanatus seed oil IV was 84.92 ± 0.24 and 80.91 ± 0.12 g/I2/100 g, AV was 2.92 ± 0.26 and 2.44 ± 0.04 mgKOH/g, and PV was 3.77 ± 0.01 and 4.28 ± 0.05 meq peroxide/g respectively. The SV for C. mannii is 243.85 ± 0.31 is higher than that of C. lanatus which is 187.12 ± 0.19 mgKOH/g. In conclusion, the iodine, acid, and peroxide values for both samples show that they are safe to consume. The C. mannii SV demonstrates that it is superior for soap manufacturing. Finally, the PV demonstrates that both samples are suitable for biodiesel production, which can help reduce the impact of climate change on our society as a whole.

Environmentally utilization and chemical analysis of catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) industrial waste

Catfish (Pangasianodon hypothalamus) are known in Asia, specifically in Southeast Asia. Currently, this fish has been exported to almost all countries in the world. This research aimed to examine the existing conditions of the solid waste produced, analyze the chemical composition of the waste, and look for alternatives for the policy and economical use of waste in the catfish processing business. Using the survey method, data were gathered through measurement at the research location and laboratory, interviews with business owners, and field observations. Proximate analysis was conducted on pink slime meat, belly fat, bones, and fish innards. Analysis of acid number, saponification number, iodine number, and fat fatty acid was carried out on stomach fat. Meanwhile, amino acid analysis was carried out for pink slime meat. Handling catfish industrial waste has yet to be carried out properly, which causes a foul smell and disturbs the environment. The catfish industry waste’s chemical content (protein, fat, water content, carbohydrates, and fatty acids) (pink slime meat, belly fat, fish bones, and innards) is still relatively applicable. The study processed fish waste into products like instant porridge, analogous fish sago rice, and fish sago noodles. The proximate analysis results of these products show figures that exceed the minimum standards for similar products.

Exploring the physicochemical properties, fatty acids composition, and nutritional quality indices of oil derived from Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus of different sizes: Impact of processing

Fish oil, known for its health benefits due to its abundant omega-3 fatty acids, can vary in quality and nutritional value depending on the size of the fish and the processing methods used. This study focused on oil derived from Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus of varying sizes, specifically smaller fish (about 12.0 cm) and larger fish (about 26.1 cm), processed through smoking, boiling, or roasting. It was found that larger fish contained more lipids (5.74 g/100 g fresh matter) than their smaller counterparts (2.67 g/100 g fresh matter). However, all processing methods led to a decrease in lipid content per dry matter (2.3–7.4 %), with smoking causing the most significant reduction. In terms of physicochemical properties, smoking had the most impact, followed by roasting, while boiling had the least. Oxidation levels, as indicated by thiobarbituric acid, peroxide, and anisidine values, increased across all processing methods compared to fresh samples (2.0–168.0 % for larger fish and 9.3–191.1 % for smaller fish). Conversely, iodine value decreased, ranging from 14.8 % to 27.4 % for larger fish and 10.8–39.9 % for smaller fish. Boiling exhibited the smallest variation in these values, while smoking showed the highest variation. Otherwise, infrared spectroscopy revealed a consistent oil structure across samples, but unsaturation and oxidation were altered by processing. Interestingly, larger fish yielded healthier oils with a higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (26.40 %) compared to smaller fish (21.87 %). Smoking and roasting methods diminished these beneficial fatty acids, whereas boiling preserved the nutritional value. Understanding the relationship between fish size and processing methods is crucial to maintaining fish oil’s health benefits. Future research should explore these effects in different fish species, considering consumer preferences and environmental impacts.

Synthesis of Bio lubricant from Bhallataka oil

The demand for a renewable and biodegradable lubricant as a substitute for fossil fuel-based lubricant has increased due to strong environmental concerns and expanding regulations over contamination and pollution in the environment. This study investigated the potential of using Semecarpus anacardium L.f. oil, which was identified as a potential raw material for biodiesel, as a feed stock for bio lubricants. Epoxidation and hydrolysis reactions were used to synthesize bio-lubricant. Epoxidized SA L.f oil was made using peroxyformic acid, which was produced on the spot by reacting hydrogen peroxide and formic acid with sulfuric acid acting as a catalyst. The oxirane value of the oil was 3.77, indicating that the unsaturated bonds were almost entirely converted to oxirane, while the iodine value decreased from 90.7 to 2.01 mg I2/g. ESAO

Reduction of 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid herbicide toxicity from aqueous media by adsorption: Experimental and theoretical study using DFT method

This work studies the possibility of reducing the toxicity of water laden with 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) using a commercial activated carbon (AC). Multiple structural and textural characterization techniques including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS), point of zero charge (pHzpc) determination, Boehm titration, iodine number, Methylene blue index, and BET analysis measurements were performed on the commercial AC. Various parameters affecting adsorption were studied and well-known isotherms models in their linear and non-linear forms were applied for fitting equilibrium data. The kinetic data was analyzed using intraparticle diffusion, pseudo-first and second-order kinetic models. Density functional modeling (DFT) of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was used to investigate the origin of the reactivity. The AC surface area was found to be 1017 m2⋅g−1. A contact time of 30 min, an AC dose of 4 g⋅L−1 and a pH of 6.2 resulted in a maximum adsorption capacity of 235.55 ± 6.43 mg⋅g−1. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption process was physical, spontaneous and endothermic. The adsorption process was governed by second-order kinetics and controlled by intraparticle diffusion.

Assessment of the impact of microwave roasting on nutrient content, lipid profile, and oxidative stability of pomegranate seed oil

The pomegranate, Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae), stands as one of the most widely employed oils in the cosmetic industry. However, due to its higher content of conjugated linoleic acid, its susceptibility to oxidation is a major challenge, with the most prominent being punicic acid. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of traditional roasting in a microwave on the lipid content, nutritional value, and oxidative stability of Moroccan pomegranate seed oil. The findings indicated a rise in the amount of oil after 15 min of roasting at 650 W, the amount of oil rose from 27.03 to 30.10 (g/100 g). However, the protein content, UV absorbance values, iodine, and saponification values were not significantly affected by a longer roasting time. The peroxide value increases with roasting (1.00 to 5.00 M.eq. O2/kg oil). The roasting process under 350 W did not significantly alter the fatty acid composition. The total tocopherol content exhibits a decrease with increasing roasting time and power, ranging from 333.36 mg/100 g for unroasted seeds to 316.84 mg/100 g for seeds roasted under the conditions of 650 W for 15 min. The roasting process has proven to be critical for the immediate and long-term preservation of the nutritional and physico-chemical properties of pomegranate seed oil.

Synthesis, Characterization, and Optimization of Antimicrobial Biolubricant Derived from Ocimum lamiifolium and Lactic Acid

Optimal extraction parameters were determined, yielding 12.4% oil at 4.5 hours, with a particle size of 1.375 mm and a solute-to-solvent ratio of 0.28 w/v. The extracted oil exhibited high yield (15% moisture, 0.92 g/mL specific gravity), a volatile lubricant component (3%), a pH of 4.2-5.91, low ash (11.5%), high saponification value (19.7 g KOH/g) and moderate acid number (8.9 mg KOH/g), iodine value of 35.3 g/L, low viscosity (0.1160 Pa.s), and high diffusion capacity (95%). Chemical analysis using UV-Vis spectrophotometry was employed to identify the constituents present in the extract, while FTIR spectra indicated the presence of alcoholic and phenolic components, suggesting interactions with lactic acid. Through GC/MS analysis, a total of 32 phytochemicals were identified, with seven significant ones: Eugenol (Phenol), Isocaryophyllene, Elemicin (benzene), Hexadecanoic acid with methyl ester, Octadecanoic acid with methyl ester, Neophytadiene and Squalene. Evaluation against E. coli, B. subtilis, S. typhimurium, and S. aureus revealed the O. lamiifolium extract and biolubricants most active against S. aureus and E. coli, suggesting potential for superior antibacterial lubricants with this plant extract and lactic acid.

Elaboration of fibrous structured activated carbon from olive pomace via chemical activation and low-temperature pyrolysis

The objective of this study is to examine the preparation of activated carbon with a fibrous structure obtained from olive pomace through a chemical activation process using phosphoric acid (H3PO4) as the activating agent under air at a lower temperature. According to the findings, the most effective conditions to achieve high-performance activated carbon were 22 vol% of H3PO4, a 2-h chemical activation impregnation residence time at 50 °C, and a 500 °C pyrolysis temperature for 1 h. Structural analysis revealed that activated carbons possess highly developed textural and structural properties, resulting in an iodine value of 923 mg/g and a specific surface of 1400 m2/g. In addition to its microporosity, the produced carbon exhibits a highly developed fibrous structure, providing excellent adsorption properties. To confirm these results, SEM, FT-IR, XRF, XRD, Raman, and TGA techniques were employed. The fibrous carbon produced will expand the use of renewable carbon materials for removing various types of contaminants, including organic and inorganic pollutants in water, and numerous other industrial applications.

Improved Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography Method for Iodine Value of Oils

Improved Reverse Phase Liquid Chromatography Method for Iodine Value of Oils

Quality of Reused Frying Oils from Various Fried Food Vendors in Ho Municipality

Background: Frying makes food tasty; therefore, most people prefer the intake of fried foods to unfried foods. Oil for frying is mostly used again due to cost, and this can pose health hazards to the consumer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of reused frying oils. Methods: Twenty samples of reused oils collected from fried food vendors in May 2021. Using an experimental study, the samples were analysed and Peroxide, Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Saponification, Iodine Values as well as rancidity and beta carotene were determined. Data from laboratory assays were analysed with Microsoft excel 2013 and SPSS v.26.0. Results: Moisture content was observed to decrease as median from 1.19% (0.20-4.04%) for oils reused after a day to 0.60% for oils reused after 2 days with a significant effect (p-value=0.049), indicating that the quality of reused frying oil was affected by repeated use. The moisture content was also observed to be higher in oils in which plant products were fried compared to those in which animal products were fried. The Peroxide Value was recorded as 16.80 (5.80-55.80) and 21.90 (11.50-32.30) mEq/kg for oils with 10-20 and 21-40 min frying times, respectively; whilst their moisture content decreased from 0.97 (0.19-2.55) to 0.68% (0.60-0.77%) for 10-20 and 21-40 min, respectively. The authors also observed that factors such as the duration of reuse and storage after frying, conditions of storage, type of food fried in the oil, and the period of frying per food batch impacted the quality attributes of the reused oils. The FFA composition for instance increased with the duration of use of the oils. Furthermore, oils stored in plastic bottles recorded higher FFA values compared to those stored in frying pans. Conclusion: The findings show the need for fried food vendors to reduce the duration of storage of reused frying oil, and avoid storage conditions that expose oils to excess light. Also, the development of quality standards for highly patronised oils needs to be established to ascertain the impact of low-temperature long-time and high-temperature short-time treatments of the oils among non-existent jurisdictions.

The evaluation of Starmerella magnoliae X3 as a biodiesel feedstock based on triacylglycerol (TAG) production, lipid productivity, and fatty acid profile under nitrogen limitation and acidic pH conditions.

The effects of four initial culture pH values (3, 4, 5, and 6) and nitrogen limitation on growth, TAG accumulation, lipid production, fatty acid profile, and estimated biodiesel quality of Starmerella magnoliae X3 were investigated. TAG and lipid levels were measured by Nile Red fluorescence and sulfo-phospho-vanilin (SPV) techniques, respectively. The results showed that a combination of nitrogen limitation and acidic pH significantly (p < 0.05) increased TAG accumulation, total lipid contents, and lipid productivity in Starmerella magnoliae X3 compared to the control group. Under nitrogen limitation, the highest TAG accumulation was achieved at initial pHs of 3 and 5 after 72h of cultivation, and the highest lipid productivity (0.306g L-1 d-1) was observed after 48h at pH 3; the major fatty acids at the four pH values were oleic acid (63.6%-64%), palmitoleic acid (11.3%-12.5%), stearic acid (9.7%-11.4%), and palmitic acid (9.4%-10%). In addition, both stresses were associated with lower iodine value and higher cetane number of the biodiesel compared to the control. These findings suggest that cultivation in a low-nitrogen medium at an initial pH of 3 or 5 holds promise in increasing TAG production in Starmerella magnoliae X3.

Production and optimization of biofuels from locally isolated algal biomass: Strategies for circular economy integration

In the present study, we investigated the potential of locally isolated algal strains as alternative energy sources for sustainable biofuel production. The focus of this study was to identify algal strains that are capable of accumulating oils rich in essential fatty acids. Algal samples were collected from different areas and 14 isolates were obtained. Among the various pretreatment methods tested, hydrothermal pretreatment using sulfuric acid at 95 °C yielded the best results, with sample IIB-14 containing more than 2% reducing sugars. These sugars were then used for fermentation with the S. cerevisiae strain, resulting in an ethanol concentration of 3.52% ± 0.2%. This holistic approach contributes to the development of low-cost and environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional energy sources. While algal biofuels offer a promising substitute for fossil fuels, further advancements are needed before they can be widely adopted in the fuel market. Among these, isolates IIB-8 and IIB-9 showed the highest oil yields of 22.84% and 24.69% (w/w), respectively. The specific environmental settings for optimal growth of these strains were determined, and the physicochemical parameters of the oils, including iodine value, viscosity, density, acid value, saponification value, unsaponifiable mass, and peroxide value, were analyzed. The transesterification of oils into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) revealed the presence of significant amounts of fatty acids, including EPA, DHA, and linoleic acid. Moreover, the study also explored the potential of algal biomass for bioethanol production, addressing the sustainability concerns of renewable energy supplies. Hydrothermal pretreatment using sulfuric acid at 95 °C yielded the highest concentration of reducing sugars (>2%) in IIB-14. Sugar extracted from algal biomass was used for fermentation. The Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain used for the fermentation process yielded an ethanol concentration of 3.52% ± 0.2%. This holistic approach contributes to the development of low-cost and environment-friendly alternatives to renewable energy sources. Algal biofuels may offer a practical substitute for fossil fuels, but there is still a long way to go before they can enter the fuel market and are widely used.

A comprehensive physicochemical characterization and proposed portfolios of applications for the fruits and seeds of 11 accessions of Jatropha curcas L.

The seed oil and extraction cake from 11 accessions of Jatropha curcas from Mexico, El Salvador, and India were comprehensively characterized with the objective of selecting parentals based on desirable traits for a hybridization program. Kernels contained up to 65 % oil and up to 30 % protein. The most abundant protein types were glutelins (48 %) and globulins (24 %), with arginine (0.096 mg/g) and leucine (0.070 mg/g) being the major amino acids. Glucose (0.09 g/g) and arabinose (0.03 g/g) were the most abundant carbohydrates. The oil was primarily composed of oleic (41 %) and linoleic (37 %) acids. The physicochemical properties of the oil included an acid value of 0.28–1.15 %, saponification value of 155–208 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 0.97–1.08 g I2/g, and viscosity of 21.9–40.9 cSt at 40 °C. Six accessions were selected as parental candidates based on their potential as feedstock for a diverse portfolio of products. The most common applicability of oils were lubricants, biopolymers, biofertilizer, and liquid biofuels production. One Mexican accession had a phorbol-ester concentration much lower than the toxicity threshold (0.06 mg/g) and a high protein content, making it attractive for the animal feed industry and for protein extraction. The selected accessions are preserved in a local germplasm bank and will be used for continued genetic improvement through hybridization, aiming to preserve the identified traits while increasing fruit productivity.

Baru nut oil physicochemical properties, fatty acid and mineral nutritional quality: a high source of oligoelement selenium

Baru nut (Dipteryx alata Vogel) oil obtained by cold pressed machine yielded 24% (mg g–1), primarily composed of unsaturated fatty acids (⁓ 79%), with oleic and linoleic acids in the proportion of 2:1. The oxidative stability assessed by Rancimat method, Thermogravimetry analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry revealed thermal stability, which attributed to a higher amount of oleic than linoleic fatty acids, synergistic action of the natural antioxidants and low iodine index. The nutritional qualities were calculated to atherogenic (AI = 0.07), thrombogenic (TI = 0.22) and hypocholesterolemic/ hypercholesterolemic (HH = 13.77), and physicochemical indices: acidity (0.62), peroxide (9.99), saponification (179.93) were higher, whereas iodine (93.00) and relative density (0.9121) were found between the recommended Codex Alimentarius parameters. Mineral elements were quantified using ICP OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy) in decreased order of Mg &gt; Se &gt; Zn &gt; Mn &gt; Al &gt; Cu, whereas As, Co, Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Pb &lt; LOD. In addition, this oil showed optimal indices to non-cancer risk (CR &lt; 10–6), and non-carcinogenic: hazard quotient (HQ), and total hazard indices (HI) &lt; 1. Nevertheless, major attention is necessary for children and Se hypersensitive consumers, which baru oil daily consumption quantity was estimated based on selenium (Se) trace element at 0.7964 g kg–1. Thus, we recommend the consumption of baru nut oil for human health promotion and metabolic disease prevention.

Analysis of chemical properties for biodiesel derived from crude palm oil

AbstractHigh biodiesel purity (98.86% to 99.54%) has been achieved using cooking oil, which undergoes various purification stages before being sold. This inherent purity contributes to the high biodiesel purity produced during solvent‐aided crystallization (SAC). This study aims to investigate the performance of SAC using unpurified oil as the feedstock for crude biodiesel preparation. Crude palm oil (CPO) was used as the feedstock, and the effects of crystallization temperature (6, 8, 10, 12, and 14°C), crystallization time (20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 min), and shaking speed (32, 43, 61, 71, and 84 rpm) were measured. The highest biodiesel purity achieved was 99.05% at 6°C crystallization temperature, 30 min crystallization time, and medium shaking speed. Additionally, all samples met international standards EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 for chemical properties, including iodine and acid value analysis. These results suggest that SAC is an effective method for producing high‐quality biodiesel from less refined feedstock, potentially lowering production costs and expanding the range of viable raw materials for biodiesel production.

Activated carbon derived from Mahachanok mango seeds as a potential material to delay the ripening of mangoes

The mango processing industry in Thailand generates significant waste, with over 60 % consisting of mango seed. Mahachanok mango seeds, a by-product of mango processing, can be processed into highly porous activated carbon with potential application in agricultural and food preservation. This study investigated the potential of activated carbon derived from Mahachanok mango seeds on delaying the ripening of Nam Dok Mai mangoes. The activated carbon was prepared through a two steps process: biochar preparation followed by activation using KMnO4. The morphology of activated carbon was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimal carbonization temperature was determined, and the activated carbon was applied to mango storage. The mango ripening was assessed by measuring weight loss, total color difference (ΔE), firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and TSS/TA ratio as a ripening level indicator. The optimal carbonization temperature was found to be 500 °C, yielding 25.47 % activated carbon with iodine number of 361.77 mg I2/g AC. The activated surface carbon contained hydroxyl and manganyl groups, with a BET-surface area of 0.649 m2/g. Mangoes stored with 10 g of synthesized activated carbon exhibited the best delay in ripening, extending the ripening process by five days compared to the control. On the 8th day of storage, mangoes became early ripe with firmness and TSS/TA values for 10 g of synthesized activated carbon were 0.467 N/mm and 22.35, respectively (p < 0.05). The TSS/TA ratio indicated that this treatment effectively maintained mango quality for up to 14 days of storage. Activated carbon derived from Mahachanok mango seed shows promising results in delaying mango ripening, especially when used at 10 g dosage. This approach utilized food processing waste to create a valuable product for post-harvest handling, potentially improving the freshness of exported fruit.

Catalytic Performance of Newly Synthesized Heterocyclic Hydrazone Derivatives For Production of High Yield Neem Biodiesel

Biodiesel, a sustainable and environmentally friendly substitute for diesel, has attracted growing attention in recent years. The reuse of non-edible neem oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production is affordable and naturally safe. This study aimed to understand the understudied benefits of using heterocyclic organic hydrazone derivatives as catalysts for high yield biodiesel production. The catalysts were characterized using techniques such as EIMS, NMR, CHN and FTIR analysis, which revealed the morphological and functional characteristics of the catalyst. The optimum process conditions were found to be catalyst concentration of 50 mg/10 mL, methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 3:1, reaction temperature of 60 °C, and reaction duration of 60 min; these conditions yielded 95% biodiesel. The produced biodiesel was analyzed using FTIR, and different parameters like moisture content, saponification value, density, acid value, iodine value, and FFA value. The use of neem oil and organic based catalysts for biodiesel production is an economical and environmentally sustainable process.

The Physicochemical and Nutritional Analysis of Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera) Extracted from the Tall Tree Variety

Aims: Coconut (Cocos nucifera) known as the ‘tree of life’ is an ancient fruit belonging to the palm family Arecaceae family and the only species in the genus Cocos. This study aims to characterize and show the nutritional qualities of coconut oil from the tall tree variety. Methodology: The production methods include natural Fermentation, centrifugation, freeze-thawing, and solvent extraction. In physical and chemical properties, the moisture content, impurity, specific gravity, refractive index, oil yield, flash, fire, smoke point, melting point, thiobarbituric acid number, saponification, peroxide, iodine, and fatty acid value were analyzed and all fall within close ranges. Results: The fat-soluble vitamins ranged from 18.65 ± 5.09 (vitamin A), 4.28 ± 0.68 (vitamin E), 4.11 ± 3.11(vitamin D) and 1.03 ± 0.21 (vitamin K) all in mg/100ml. Mineral analysis shows that coconut oil contains calcium, zinc, and iron with concentrations of 2.53 ± 0.23, 1.21 ± 0.19, and 0.53 ± 0.13 in mg/100ml respectively. Fatty acid analysis shows that coconut oil contains lauric, myristic, palmitic, caprylic, oleic, capric, stearic, linoleic, and caproic acid of which lauric acid was the highest with a range of 48.40 ± 0.23. Conclusion: The result shows that coconut is a good source of nutrients and the fatty acids make it a good moisturizer.