Iodate In Salt Research Articles

Deep Eutectic Solvent Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Prior to Smartphone Digital Image Colorimetry for the Determination of Iodate in Table Salt

The development of affordable, easy-to-use methods holds promise to broaden access to food analysis in resource-limited settings that will enhance food safety monitoring and the assessment of public health interventions. In this study, we propose a green extraction method called deep eutectic solvent liquid-liquid microextraction (DES-LLME), coupled with a simple detection technique referred to as the smartphone digital image colorimetry (SDIC), for the quantification of iodate in table salt. Optimization of the DES-LLME-SDIC method was conducted to enhance performance. At the optimum conditions, the proposed method achieved an enrichment factor between 6.1 and 27.8, with a limit of detection (LOD) between 0.52 and 0.84 µmol L−1, and a limit of quantitation (LOQ) between 1.73 and 2.81 µmol L−1. The concentration of iodate exhibited a satisfactory linear correlation with absorbance, as demonstrated by a well-fit regression model as verified by lack of fit test (p > 0.05), within a linear dynamic range from 1.73 to 25.00 µmol L−1. The precision of the method was validated through the relative standard deviation (%RSD) for intraday (3.6%) and interday (6.3%) precision. The developed method was applied for the determination of iodate in various salt samples. Additionally, the accuracy of the proposed SDIC method was evaluated with a separate ultraviolet-visible spectrometry method. Both methods exhibited statistical agreement.

Analyte-triggered cascade signal amplification strategy for highly sensitive detection of iodate in table salt with dual-readout signals

A novel and highly sensitive upconversion fluorescence and colorimetric dual readout iodate (IO3−) nanosensor system was constructed by using both the outstanding optical performance of NaYF4:Yb, Tm upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and the analyte-triggered cascade signal amplification (CSA) technique. The construction of the sensing system consisted of three processes. First, IO3− oxidized o-phenylenediamine (OPD) to diaminophenazine (OPDox), while IO3− was reduced to I2. Second, the generated I2 can further oxidize OPD to OPDox. This mechanism has been verified by 1H NMR spectra titration analysis and HRMS measurement, which effectively improves the selectivity and sensitivity of the measurement of IO3−. Third, the generated OPDox can effectively quench the fluorescence of UCNPs via the inner filter effect (IFE), realize analyte-triggered CSA, and allow quantitative determination of IO3−. Under the optimized conditions, the fluorescence quenching efficiency showed a good linear relationship to IO3− concentration in the range of 0.06–100 μM, and the detection limit reached 0.026 μM (3RSD/slope). Moreover, this method was applied to detect IO3− in table salt samples, yielding satisfactory determination results with excellent recoveries (95.5–105%) and high precision (RSD <5.5%). These results suggest that the dual-readout sensing strategy with well-defined response mechanisms has promising application prospects in physiological and pathological studies.

Digital colorimetric sensor for assessment of iodate in food-grade salt based on paper-based analytical device

A digital colorimetric sensor was developed for the on-site measurement of iodate in food-grade salt. It involved a paper-based analytical device (PAD) containing an immobilized iodide/starch reagent and a smartphone as the detection system. Iodate ions produce a blue-black coloration on the PAD, the smartphone captures a digital image of the PAD, and an installed mobile app performs an analysis to generate color values related to the intensity of the color in the PAD. Parameters in the image acquisition and PAD preparation were optimized, and a matrix-matched calibration plot was employed for quantification. The plot exhibited a linear response in the concentration range of 10 to 100 mg iodate kg−1 of salt, and a detection limit of 2.20 mg kg−1 was determined. The present method was applied to analyze real samples, and the results agreed well with those obtained using the reference method at the 95% confidence level.

Assessment of Iodate in Food-grade Salt Based on a Smartphone Colorimetric Platform

The regular monitoring of iodized salt available in the household and marketplace is necessary for the effective implementation of the national program of salt iodization to control iodine deficiency and its associated diseases. This study describes a colorimetric measurement of iodate in table salt using a smartphone equipped with applications for color analysis and direct readout of iodate levels. The method involved the measurement of the blue component of the colored solution under controlled lighting conditions. The parameters for colorimetric reactions were optimized using a univariate approach – including KI concentration, pH, type and volume of acid, and order of addition of reagents. The effect of NaCl and sample size on the B signal was also investigated. Under optimum conditions, a linear response was observed from 10 to 175 mg iodate per kg of salt (r = 0.9959) with a coefficient of variation of 1.9% over this range and a detection limit of 2.7 mg kg–1 salt. The method was applied for real samples, and the results agreed well with the reference method at the 95% confidence level. The simplicity of operation, compactness, and wide availability of smartphones offer a convenient colorimetric platform for the iodate assessment in table salt.

Smartphone-based optical transduction for the rapid microscale assessment of iodate in table salt

The measurement of iodine in table salt is vital for the successful implementation of the universal salt iodization (USI) program to fight iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs). This paper presents a smartphone-based optical transduction system for iodine measurement in table salt. The method was based on the response in the blue color space generated by the complex formed between the starch/iodide reagent and iodate in the salt sample. The parameters for the color reaction and for the image capture affected the response and were optimized. A matrix effect caused by NaCl was observed and was eliminated through matrix matching by incorporating NaCl in the standard solutions. The optimized method yielded a highly linear response to iodate concentrations ranging from 10 to 160 mg kg−1 (r = 0.9993) with a limit of detection of 2.8 mg kg−1. The method exhibited good accuracy and precision, based on AOAC standards. It produced results that were in agreement with those obtained using the reference method at the 95% confidence level. The smartphone performs optical transduction, as well as signal processing, to yield a display of the iodate concentration in the salt sample. The use of smartphones presents a simple, inexpensive, portable, and widely available device for on-site analysis of iodate in table salt.

In-Vessel Headspace Liquid Phase Microextraction Coupled to Spectrophotometry for Iodate Determination

A new, highly sensitive and selective method for the spectrophotometric determination of iodate is developed based on the in-vessel mode of headspace liquid phase microextraction (IV-HS-LPME). The approach involves converting iodate to vapor iodine with excess of iodide and extracting it into a 50 μL of 1 % potassium iodide, which exposed to the headspace in a specially designed vessel. The extraction proceeds from 8 mL of aqueous solution containing 0.24 mmol L-1 of iodide and 0.5 mol L-1 of Na2SO4 after injection of 2 mL of 25 % H2SO4. The complete equilibrium is established after the aqueous solution stirred at 1200 rpm for 20 minutes. After that, the triiodide complex formed in the acceptor phase is withdrawn with a microsyringe and transferred to a 50 μL quartz micro cell with a 10 mm path length, where the absorbance is measured at 288 or 350 nm. The calibration graph is linear (r2 = 0.9998) in the range of 4 to 180 μg L-1 (as IO3-) with a detection limit of 1.5 μg L-1. The developed method has a high precision of 0.5 – 1.4 %. It was successfully applied to the determination of iodate in table salt, sea, and mineral water samples.

Smartphone digital image colorimetry combined with solidification of floating organic drop-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the determination of iodate in table salt

Smartphone digital image colorimetry (SDIC), combined with solidification of floating organic drop-dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (SFOD-DLLME), was proposed for the determination of iodate ions. A colorimetric box was designed to capture images of sample solutions. Factors affecting the efficiency of SDIC included type of phone, region of interest, position of camera, and distance between camera and sample solution. Optimum SFOD-DLLME conditions were achieved with 1-undecanol (500 µL) as the extraction solvent, ethanol (1.5 mL) as the disperser solvent within 20 s extraction time. Limit of detection (LOD) was found as 0.1 µM (0.2 µg g−1) and enrichment factors ranged between 17.4 and 25.0. Calibration graphs showed good linearity with coefficients of determination higher than 0.9954 and relative standard deviations lower than 5.6%. The proposed method was efficiently applied to determine iodate in table salt samples with percentage relative recoveries ranging between 89.3 and 109.3%.

THE COMPARISON OF POTASSIUM IODATE CONCENTRATION IN JANGKA SALT OF MATANG GLUMPANG DUA PRODUCTION FROM THE COOKING AND NATURAL DRYING PROCESS BY IODOMETRI METHOD

The need for salt at this time is very high, especially in the food sector, so analytes that are declared very good for health must meet the requirements of the KIO 3 compound (potassium iodate), SNI requirements are 30-80 ppm. The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of potassium iodate in term salt with two processes, namely cooking and natural drying. The sample used comes from the term salt produced in Matang Glumpang Dua. The method used in this research is iodometry. The results showed that the average levels of potassium iodate in cooked salt amounted to 32.13 mg/kg and dried salt content amounted to 50.32 mg/kg, with a ratio of levels of 18.19 mg/kg. From the results of the analysis of the two salts meet the requirements specified by SNI 01-3556-2010.

Microfluidic paper-based analytical device for convenient use in measurement of iodate in table salt and irrigation water

We report a convenient microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) for the determination of iodate. The µPAD was fabricated using an ink-stamp with a simple circle design. Colorimetric detection of iodate employs the oxidation of hydroxylamine by the iodate to generate nitrite which reacts with the Griess reagent producing an intense magenta color. The images were recorded by a digital camera, and converted to a green scale color intensity by ImageJ. Calibration of iodate was linear in the range of 50–400 mg L−1 with a detection limit of 38.1 mg L−1. With such a wide linear range, the method can be applied to various kinds of samples with the entire process completed in 50 s. Good precision of measurement was obtained (<2 %RSD). Iodate levels were determined using the µPADs in table salt and irrigation water samples. The measured concentrations of the samples correlated well with the values as found by the standard iodometric titration (no statistical difference at a 95% confidence level). The developed device is simple with easy fabrication and rapid operation. It is portable and cost-effective and therefore suitable for quality control of iodate levels in the manufacturing and agricultural industries.

Determination of iodine level in consumer table salt from production to consumption: a cross-sectional study in occupied Palestinian territory

BackgroundIodination of table salt (salt for table use) is one of the best methods to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) and associated thyroid diseases. Iodate and iodide levels in table salt may vary for many reasons. There are no studies of the concentration of iodine in salt packs on the shelf and in use (open packs). This study aimed to quantify iodine in salt from twelve brands on the Palestinian market, either produced locally or imported, and both on the shelf and in use (opened). MethodsSamples of table salt (99) were collected from randomly selected market places and households in eleven governorates of the occupied Palestinian territory. From each household, three samples were collected; the first when the consumer started to use the salt package, the second when the package was half consumed, and the third when the package was almost empty. In addition, 12 salt packages were purchased from a local market, one package for each studied brand. The samples were treated and the absorbance of iodate in the sample was measured using a spectrophotometer at 665·6 nm, based on a previous method. In brief, a specific mass of salt was dissolved, then potassium iodide, hydrochloric acid, methylene blue, and acetate buffer (pH 4) were added. The solution was mixed and diluted. A reference solution using 99% sodium chloride was also created with this method. Finally, the absorbance of iodate was measured, and the iodate concentration obtained by subtracting the absorbance of the sample solution from that of the reference solution. The iodate content was then compared to the content printed on the salt package. Iodine content was also quantified for a number of samples after exposure to oven heat or being boiled or heated in water, as well as after exposure to light or dark. FindingsOf the 99 samples, 23 had lost 61% of their iodine content, 28 had lost 80%, and nine had lost all of their iodine. A little less than half (43 of 93) of the samples followed the Palestinian Standard regarding iodine content (3·5–5·5 mg per 100 g), and 70% (69 of 99) complied with the UNICEF recommendation (1·5 mg per 100 g). Iodine content in a newly opened pack (measured immediately after opening) was different from samples taken when the pack was half full, and when the pack was almost empty (0·023 mg/g, 0·0206 mg/g, and 0·0195 mg/g, respectively). The study also showed that up to 68% of iodine was lost during heating in a water solution, whereas dry heat led to a loss of 26%. Iodine loss was higher in light than in dark storage conditions (its concentration dropped from 48·2 mg/kg to 23·6 mg/kg in the dark, and decreased to 22·2 mg/kg in light). InterpretationA significant proportion of iodine is lost from salt after production and during consumption. There should be more awareness regarding the importance of using iodised salt, and education for consumers about salt storage. The iodine content in salt packages should be monitored by regulatory authorities. FundingNone.

Solid-phase spectrophotometric iodometric determination of iodate in food salt using а polymethacrylate matrix

A sensitive solid-phase spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of iodate in iodized salt samples using a polymethacrylate matrix is proposed. The procedure is based on the reaction of iodate with excess iodide in the acidic medium (pH 1-2) with the release of free iodine in the amounts equivalent to the iodate to be determined, the extraction of the iodine formed with a polymethacrylate matrix, and the absorbance measurement of the matrix at 365 nm. The developed procedure ensures the determination of 0.2–3.6 mg/L of iodate with limits of detection of 0.03. The effect of interfering ions, that might be present in the table salt samples, on the determination of iodate is also investigated. It is shown that Ca(II), Mg(II), К + , Na + , Cl - , SO 4 2- do not interfere with the determination of iodate. However, Fe(III) causes serious interference, and the addition of fluorides is required to mask iron up to 20-fold. The proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of iodate in salt samples. The iodate contents thus determined in the iodized salt samples by the solid-phase spectrophotometric method were compared with the total iodine determined in the salt samples by iodometric titration according to GOST 51575. The solid-phase spectrophotometric method for iodate determination in salt samples has advantages over the iodometric titration, for example the increased sensitivity, simplicity and speed of the analysis. Тhe applicability of the polymethacrylate matrix as the final analytical form for the rapid visual iodate test is shown. Keywords: iodate, iodometry, polymethacrylate matrix, solid-phase spectrophotometry, visual test determination (Russian) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2018.22.1.009 D.A. Fedan 1 , N . V . Saranchina 2 , N.A. Gavrilenko 1 , M.A. Proskurnin 3 1 National Research Tomsk State University, pr. Lenina, 36, 634050, Tomsk, Russian Federation 2 National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, pr. Lenina, 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russian Federation 3 M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, GSP-1 Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation

Vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction procedure for iodine speciation in water samples

A novel, sensitive and selective method for the spectrophotometric determination of the basic inorganic iodine species was developed based on the vortex-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction (VALLME) of an ion pair formed between colorless tetrabutylammonium cation (TBA) and triiodide anion (I3−). Molecular iodine was determined spectrophotometrically at 295nm by the measurement of the intrinsic triiodide absorbance after the addition of an excess of TBA iodide to the sample and following VALLME of the ion-pair TBA-I3 with amyl acetate. The procedure for iodate determination includes the formation of iodine as a result of iodate reduction with TBA-I in acid solution. The new approach was introduced in order to determine iodide or total inorganic iodine content. N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) was used for the oxidation of iodide to iodate. The excess NBS was removed with oxalic acid. Afterwards, the analysis proceeded as for iodate. The experimental conditions were optimized and found to be: 0.04molL−1 HCl; 0.12mmolL−1 NBS (only for iodide, total iodine); 1mmolL−1 and 1.4mmolL−1 TBA-I for iodide and iodate determination, respectively; 150μL of amyl acetate as the extraction solvent; vortexing, 20s at 3000rpm; and centrifugation, 2min at 3000rpm. The calibration plot was linear in the range 3.8–63 (R2=0.994) and 5.2–88 (R2=0.998) μgL−1 of iodide (as I−) and iodate (as IO3−), respectively. The calibration curve for iodine determination (as I2) is satisfactorily described by the second-order equation (R2=0.999) in the concentration range 6.4–76.2μgL−1 (as I−). The limit of detection (LOD) was 1.1, 2.3 and 1.5μgL−1 of iodide, iodine (as I−) and iodate, respectively. The suggested procedure was successfully applied for the determination of iodide, iodate and iodine in salt, sea and mineral water samples. The accuracy of the method was assessed through comparison with reference methods and by recovery testing.

Reduction of iodate in iodated salt to iodide during cooking with iodine as measured by an improved HPLC/ICP–MS method

Background: Iodate is a strong oxidant, and some animal studies indicate that iodate intake may cause adverse effects. A key focus of the safety assessment of potassium iodate as a salt additive is determining whether iodate is safely reduced to iodide in food. Objective: To study the reduction of iodate in table salt to iodide and molecular iodine during cooking. Materials and Methods: Fifteen food samples cooked with and without iodated salt were prepared in duplicate. The iodine in the cooked food was extracted with deionized water. The iodine species in the extracts were determined by using an improved high-performance liquid chromatography/inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICP–MS). The cooking temperature and the pH of the food were determined. Results: The conversion rate of iodate in iodated salt to iodide and molecular iodine was 96.4%±14.7% during cooking, with 86.8%±14.5% of the iodate converted to iodide ions and 9.6% ±6.2% converted to molecular iodine to lose. The limit of detection, limit of quantification, relative standard deviation and recovery rate of the method HPLC/ICP–MS were 0.70 μg/L for I− (0.69 μg/L for IO3−), 2.10 μg/L for I− (2.06 μg/L for IO3−), 2.6% and 101.6%±2.6%, respectively. Conclusion: Almost all iodate added to food was converted into iodide and molecular iodine during cooking. The improved HPLC/ICP–MS was reliable in the determination of iodine species in food extracts.

Development and evaluation of a simple kit for iodated salt

Regular monitoring of salt at consumption level is very important for the control of iodine deficiency disorders through iodine fortified salt. A simple and inexpensive single solution field kit, specific to iodate, was developed for this purpose. The kit showed reproducible results for the target range of 0–50 parts per million (ppm) of iodine. The minimum detectable iodine level was 1.02 ± 0.012 ppm (mean ± 2SD, 95 % CI). The shelf-life of the kit was more than 2 years. The cost of one kit that monitors 100–150 salt samples was 7 cents (0.07$). Instructions for preparing the field kit are presented. The performance of the kit was evaluated against laboratory iodometric titration. About 2,32,000 salt samples in the field and 1,224 samples in the laboratory were tested. Excellent agreement was observed between the results of the kit and iodometric titration (R2 = 0.999). The intake of adequately iodated salt determined by the kit and iodometric titration was 43 % and 44 % respectively. There were no false positive results when bromate or bleaching powder was substituted in place of iodate in salt.

A single pump cycling-column-switching technique coupled with homemade high exchange capacity columns for the determination of iodate in iodized edible salt by ion chromatography with UV detection

A single pump cycling-column-switching technique has been developed for the iodate analysis in edible salt. Homemade high exchange capacity columns were adopted for the separation of iodate and chloride. Iodate could be retained and concentrated in a homemade concentrator column after eluents passing through the suppressor. With UV detection, iodate exhibited satisfactory linearity in the range of 0.1–10.0mg/L with a correlation coefficient of 0.9996. The detection limit (LOD) was 45.53μg/L, based on the signal-to-noise ratio of 3 (S/N=3) and a 100μL injection volume. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) for retention time, peak area and peak height were all less than 2.1%. Recoveries of added iodate were in the range of 98.4–101.6% for the spiked samples. The quantitative determination of iodate in edible salt was accomplished by this column-switching technique, without any pretreatment and interference. The results on six samples were statistically compared with results determined by conventional titrimetric method.

Highly sensitive and selective amperometric sensor for iodate based on 9,10-phenanthrenequinone derived graphene

We reported on a new amperometric sensor for the sensitive and selective determination of iodate in table salt. The iodate sensor was constructed by the integration of a novel nanocomposite which was made from 9,10-phenanthrenequinone(PQ) and graphene(GP) with a glassy carbon electrode(GCE). The synthesized graphene and the nanocomposite were well characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. We fully studied the electrochemical behavior and kinetic characteristics of the PQ/GP nanocomposite at GCE. The PQ/GP electrode shows a good electrochemical catalytic activity towards the reduction of iodate, which makes itself a sensitive and selective electrochemical sensor for iodate. The iodate sensor displays a high sensitivity(1.04 μA·μmol·L−1), a low detection limit(1.0×10−8 mol/L), a rapid response(less than 2 s), and a broad linear range(from 5.0×10−8 mol/L to 6.0×10−3 mol/L). In addition, the sensor is interference free. The practical application of the proposed sensor was tested by the detection of iodate in table salt.

Validation of a User-Friendly and Rapid Method for Quantifying Iodine Content of Salt

Despite considerable progress made in the past decade through salt iodization programs, over 2 billion people worldwide still have inadequate iodine intake, with devastating consequences for brain development and intellectual capacity. To optimize these programs with regard to salt iodine content, careful monitoring of salt iodine content is essential, but few methods are available to quantitatively measure iodine concentration in a simple, fast, and safe way. We have validated a newly developed device that quantitatively measures the content of potassium iodate in salt in a simple, safe, and rapid way. The linearity, determination and detection limit, and inter- and intra-assay variability of this colorimetric method were assessed and the method was compared with iodometric titration, using salt samples from several countries. Linearity of analysis ranged from 5 to 75 mg/kg iodine, with 1 mg/kg being the determination limit; the intra- and interassay imprecision was 0.9%, 0.5%, and 0.7% and 1.5%, 1.7%, and 2.5% for salt samples with iodine contents of 17, 30, and 55 mg/kg, respectively; the interoperator imprecision for the same samples was 1.2%, 4.9%, and 4.7%, respectively. Comparison with the iodometric method showed high agreement between the methods (R2 = 0.978; limits of agreement, -10.5 to 10.0 mg/kg). The device offers a field- and user-friendly solution to quantifying potassium iodate salt content reliably. For countries that use potassium iodide in salt iodization programs, further validation is required.

A micro-flow-batch analyzer with solenoid micro-pumps for the photometric determination of iodate in table salt

In this study, a micro-flow-batch analyzer (μFBA) with solenoid micro-pumps for the photometric determination of iodate in table salt is described. The method is based on the reaction of iodate with iodide to form molecular iodine followed by the reaction with N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPD). The analytical signal was measured at 520nm using a green LED integrated into the μFBA built in the urethane–acrylate resin. The analytical curve for iodate was linear in the range of 0.01–10.0mgL−1 with a correlation coefficient of 0.997. The limit of detection and relative standard deviation were estimated at 0.004mgL−1 and<1.5% (n=3), respectively. The accuracy was assessed through recovery test (97.6–103.5%) and independent analysis by a conventional titrimetric method. Comparing this technique with the conventional method, no statistically significant differences were observed when applying the paired t–test at a 95% confidence level. The proposed microsystem using solenoid micro-pumps presented satisfactory robustness and high sampling rate (170h−1), with a low reagents consumption and a low cost to build the device. The proposed microsystem is a new alternative for automatic determination of iodate in table salt, comparing satisfactory to the recently flow system.

Determination of iodide and iodate in edible salt by ion chromatography with integrated amperometric detection

Iodised salt compositions formulated with potassium iodate typically have iodate content of 20–40 ppm (μg/g) which translates to iodine content of 15–30 ppm. The technique of iodide estimation in brine by ion chromatography with amperometric detection was applied to iodate estimation in salt. The method involved reduction of iodate to iodide with excess sodium bisulphite followed by estimation of iodide. No other pre-treatment was necessary for iodate estimation in the concentration range of interest for iodised salt. Quantitative analysis was feasible for iodate concentrations ⩾5 ppm in salt. Iodised salt formulations containing iodide and iodate together were also analysed and the two constituents were quantified separately. Interferences from impurities normally present in salt were insignificant. An important advantage of the present method is that it eliminates the possibility of misleading results from potential adulterants which can impart positive iodometric test while, at the same time, keeping the analytical procedure simple.

Downscaling a multicommuted flow injection analysis system for the photometric determination of iodate in table salt

In this work a downscaled multicommuted flow injection analysis setup for photometric determination is described. The setup consists of a flow system module and a LED based photometer, with a total internal volume of about 170 μL. The system was tested by developing an analytical procedure for the photometric determination of iodate in table salt using N,N-diethyl-henylenediamine (DPD) as the chromogenic reagent. Accuracy was accessed by applying the paired t-test between results obtained using the proposed procedure and a reference method, and no significant difference at the 95% confidence level was observed. Other profitable features, such as a low reagent consumption of 7.3 μg DPD per determination; a linear response ranging from 0.1 up to 3.0 m IO 3 −, a relative standard deviation of 0.9% ( n = 11) for samples containing 0.5 m IO 3 −, a detection limit of 17 μg L −1 IO 3 −, a sampling throughput of 117 determination per hour, and a waste generation 600 μL per determination, were also achieved.